The significance of the proposed changes to the Waste Framework Directive

European Environmental Law Review

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 75-87

  Pocklington, David ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; EUROPEAN UNION; WASTE MANAGEMENT;

EID: 33744978531     PISSN: 09661646     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.54648/eelr2006008     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Communication from the Commission, "Towards a thematic strategy on the prevention and recycling of waste", COM (2003), 301, 27 May 2003.
2. Principally those of "waste", "disposal", and "recovery".
3. In "The distinction between product and waste in Community law", Environmental Liability, [2003], 11, (1), 3, Kramer notes that the definition of "waste" in the 1975 version of the Directive referred to national laws in force, and the effect of Art. 2(2) in the amending Directive 91/156/EEC was to introduce a common definition of "waste" and to extend its application to that of a Framework Directive, permitting specific (or supplementary) rules on the management of particular categories of waste to be laid down by means of individual Directives.
4. Commission Decision 96/530/EC.
5. For example, in Mayer Parry, reference the Advocate General stated [at paragraph 114 of the Opinion] that the concept of waste was not retroactively altered by this suggested approach [in relation to the intent of the waste holder].
6. D N Pocklington, "How sustainable is the concept of 'waste'?", ELM [2002], 14, (4), 208.
7. Decision No. 16000/2002/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 22 July 2002 laying down the Sixth Community Environmental Action Programme, OJ 10.9.2002 L242/1.
8. The Commission Consultations on Waste Oils and Hazardous Waste Directive Consultation are summarised in the Communication, reference.
9. Environment Daily, 8 February 2005.
10. In March 2000, the EU Heads of States and Governments agreed to make the EU "the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-driven economy by 2010". The mid-term review at the spring European Council in March 2005 re-launched the Agenda with greater focus on growth and employment, simplification and national ownership via national action.
11. DG Enterprise and Industry, DG Health and Consumer Protection, DG Agriculture and DG Transport and Energy.
12. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European economic and Social Committee, and the Committee of the regions: "Taking sustainable use of resources forward: A Thematic Strategy on the prevention and recycling of waste", COM (2005) 666 final.
13. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on waste, COM (2005) 667 final.
14. A fuller version of this was published on 21 November as the Commission Staff Working Document "Impact Assessment of the Thematic Strategy on the Prevention and Recycling of Waste and its immediate implementation measures".
15. Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on end-of life vehicles, OJ 21.10.2000 L260/34.
16. Directive 2002/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on waste electrical and electronic equipment, (WEEE), OJ 2003 L37/24:
17. Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment, (RoHS), OJ 2003 L37/ 19.
18. Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive, 94/62/EC.
19. Amended by Directives 91/156/EEC and Council Decision 96/350/EC.
20. Reference 14, at "Detailed explanation of the proposal", p. 9.
21. Reference 13, at "The Current Situation", p. 4.
22. European Parliament Environment Committee Report on the Thematic Study on the Prevention and Recycling of Waste, FINAL A5-0176/2004, 18 March. This incorporates the Opinion of the EP Industry Committee.
23. Formerly in Art. 1(b).
24. Adoption of a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the management of waste from the extractive industries, 2003/0107 (COD), 21 December 2005.
25. Case C-1/03 Ministère public v Paul Van de Walle.
26. "On site" and "in situ" are not synonymous in the context of land remediation. Whilst some land remediation processes do in fact treat contaminated land in situ, [such as the use of an auger to mix cement-based products into the contaminated soil], others dig up (i.e. excavate) the contaminated soil, then treat is (by washing/ biological treatment/cement addition) and then return it to its former location on site. Strictly, there latter operations would be ex situ, but "on site".
27. In England and Wales, the Environment Agency holds that the undertaking of such operations requires a waste management licence, and the material remains as "waste" until subsequent tests prove that no leaching etc is occurring from the treated land.
28. Sewage pellets used for fuel were held to be "waste" in Petition of Scottish Power Generation Ltd (Outer House, Court of Session [2004] Scots CS 272, 22 December 2004).
29. D. N. Pocklington, "Opening Pandora's Box - the EU Review of the Definition of 'Waste'" [2003] EELR 204.
30. Criminal Proceedings against Euro Tombesi & Ors, joined cases C-304 /94, C-330/94, C-242/94 and C-224/95.
31. Council Decision 2000/532/EC replaced the Decisions 94/3/EC, (wastes), and 93/904, (hazardous wastes) was itself amended by Council Decisions 2001/119/EC and 2001/573/EC.
32. Council Decision 1999/268/EC OF 28 June 1999 laying down the procedures for the exercise of implementing powers conferred o the Commission, OJ 17.7.1999 L184/23.
33. The importance of using "waste" to replace resources are explored in D. N. Pocklington, "Back to basics? - Recent Considerations on the 're-use' and 'regeneration' of Waste", [2004] EELR 303.
34. Reference, at "The definition of recovery and disposal activities", at p. 14.
35. Case C-228/00 Commission v Germany, case C-458/00 Commission v Luxembourg, and case C-116/01 SIT A EcoService Nederland BV, formerly Verol Recycling Limburg BV and Minister van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer.
36. D. N. Pocklington, "Mascara brushes, sausage skins, and plant pots", ELM [2004], 16, (1), 47.
37. Article 6(1).
38. D. N. Pocklington, "The role of mandatory targets in waste management legislation", Environmental Law and Management, [2003], 15, (5), 285.
39. Working Document of Communication, 20 October 2005 at "Less Waste to Landfill".
40. Reference, under "The definition of recovery and disposal activities", at p. 15
41. "EEB Policy Statement on Credible Recovery Operations", 27 March 2002,
42. based upon the EEB Discussion Paper K. Sander and J. Lohse, "Towards Credible Recovery", December 2002.
43. R. Purdy and R. Macrory, "Geological carbon sequestration: critical legal issues", Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Working Paper 45, January 2003.
44. 2", International Energy Agency, OECD, 2005.
45. Blackland Park Exploration Ltd v Environment Agency [2003] EWCA Civ. 1795, Court of Appeal (Civil Division).
46. See D. N. Pocklington, Environmental Liability, [2003], 11, (3), 120, and [2003], 11, 239.
47. It is however important not to confuse the cost of treatment with waste value, as considered in Vessoso and Zanetti, joined cases C-207/88 and C-208/88, and C-359/00.
48. In 2003, environmental taxes of EU-25 countries accounted for 7.5% of all taxation and 2.9% of GDP, a decline since 2000, see "Structures of the Taxation Systems in the European Union, Data 1995-2003", Eurostat, 2005.
49. Joined cases C-418/97 and C-419/97 ARCO Chemie Nederland Ltd. v Minister van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer and Vereniging Dorpsbelang Hees, Stichting Werkgroep Weurt, Vereniging Stedelijk Leemilieu Nijmegen v Directeur van de dienst Milieu en Water van de provincie Gelderland, joined party Elektriciteitsproducttiemaatschappij Oost- en Noord-Nederland (EPON) NV.
50. Case 444/00 The Queen and Environment Agency, Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions ex p. Mayer Parry Recycling Ltd, intervener Corus (UK) Ltd, Allied Steel & Wire Ltd: Opinion, 4 July 2002; judgment, 19 June 2003.
51. Case C-9/00 Palin Granit Oy and Vehmassalo kansanter-veystyön kuntayhtymän hallitus v Lounais-Suomen Ympäristökeskus.
52. Case C-114/01 AvestaPolarit Chrome Oy.
53. Cases C-416/02 and C-121/03 Commission v Spain: Opinion, 12 and 26 May, respectively; judgments, 8 September 2005.
54. Case C-121/03 at paragraph 58.
55. Waste streams identified by the UK during the consultation process [Letter from Defra to DG Environment Waste Unit, 15 February 2005] are: inert wastes recovered for use as secondary aggregates; municipal/ household waste recovered by composting/other biological transformation processes; homogenous wastes processed/treated for use as secondary aggregates or construction products; used cooking oil/ other wastes processed to produce biodiesel; and used tyres, (if proposed by other Members States).
56. "The Quality Protocol for the Production of Aggregates from Inert Waste", Highways Agency, Quarry Products Association, Waste and Resources Action Programme, June 2004. ISBN 1 86081 381 X.
57. Reference, at "The Management of Biowaste" p. 19.
58. Under Directive 86/278/EEC.
59. Through FEAD and ESA, (Environmental Services Association), see ENDS Report 367, August 2005, "Industry split over moves to classify refuse derived fuel as 'non-waste'".
60. Joined cases C-304/94, C-330/94, C-242/94 and C-224/95 Criminal Proceedings against Euro Tombesi & Ors,:
61. see also case law analyses by M. Purdue, and by A. van Rossen, both in [1990] JEL [1990] 116.
62. Case C-129/96 Inter-Environment Wallonie ASBL v Region Wallonnie.
63. Case C-600/00 Abfall Services AG (ASA) v Bundesminister für Umwelt, Jugend und Familie: Opinion, 15 November 2001; judgment, 27 February 2002.
64. Case C-307/00 Oliehandel Koeweit BV, case C-308/00 Slibverwerking Noor-Brabant NV, Glückauf Sondershausen Entwicklungs- und Sicherungsgesellschaft mbH, case C-309/00 PG Industries Fiber Glass BV, case C-310/00 Stork Veco BV, case C-311/00 Sturing Afvalerwijdering Noord-Brabant NV, Mineralplus Gesellschaft für Mineralstoffaufbereitung und Verwertung mbH, formerly UTR Umwelt GmbH, and Minister van Volkshuisveting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeeer, 27 February 2003.
65. Re: revision of Council Regulation (EEC) No. 259/93, of 1 February 1993, On the supervision and control of shipments of waste within, into and out of the European Community, OJ, 30.6.1993 L30/1.
66. Text of EP Plenary Tuesday 25 October. http://www.europarl.eu.int/omk/ sipade3?TYPE-DOC=TA&REF=P6-TA-2005-0393&MODE=SIP&L= EN&LSTDOC=N
67. For example Case C-424/02 Commission v United Kingdom,
68. and Case C-102/97 Commission v Germany.
69. D. N. Pocklington, "Back to Basics? - Recent Considerations on the 'Re-use' and 'Regeneration' of Waste" [2004] EELR 303.
70. Fédération Européen des Activities du Déchat et de l'Environment.
71. Groupement Européen de l'Industrie de la Régénération
72. Articles 9 and 10 of Directive 75/442/EEC
73. It would be more logical if the proposed WFD Article referred to was Art. 7, not Art. 17.
74. Reference under "Impact Assessment" p. 6.
75. D. N. Pocklington, "The Spectre of Maritime Pollution", Environmental Law and Management [2003], 15, (6), 343.
76. Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restrictions of Chemicals Regulation. See White Paper on the Strategy for a future Chemicals Policy COM (2001) 88 27 February 2001);
77. and DG Enterprise web site for Chemicals Policy Review, http:// europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/reach/index.htm.