Plant diversity in Marmarica (Libya & Egypt): A catalogue of the vascular plants reported with their biology, distribution, frequency, usage, economic potential, habitat and main ecological features, with an extensive bibliography

Candollea

Volumn 59, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 259-308

  Le Houérou, Henry Noël ^a  

^a Arid Land Ecology   (France)

Author keywords

Arid Lands; Desert; Egypt; Ethnobotany; Flora; Land use; Libya; Mediterreanean; Phytogeography; Rangeland; Sahara; Steppe; Vegetation

Indexed keywords

TRACHEOPHYTA;

EID: 33744964966     PISSN: 03732967     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. ABDEL-KADER, F. (1980). Soil erosion. REMDENE n° 1, 4: 4/1-4/27. University of Alexandria.
2. ABDEL-KADER, F. (1981). Semi-detailed soil survey. El Omayed pilot area. REMDENE n° 2, 3(3): 8-33. University of Alexandria.
3. ABDEL-RAHMAN, A. A., M. A. AYYAD & M. M. EL-MONAYARI (1966). Hydroecology of the sand dune habitat at Burg-el-Arab. Bull. Fac. Sci. Cairo Univ. 40: 29-54.
4. ADEL-RAHMAN, A. A. & M. A. HAMMOUDA (1960). Vegetation development in fenced areas at Ras-el-Hekma in four years. U.A.R. J. Bot. 3: 1-11.
5. ABDEL-RAZIK, M. (1976). A study on the vegetation composition, productivity and phenology in a Mediterranean desert ecosystem at Omayed (Egypt). MSc thesis. University of Alexandria. 106 p.
6. ABDEL-RAZIK, M., M. ABDEL-AZIZ & M. A. AYYAD (1984). Multivariate analysis of vegetational variation in different habitats of Omayed (Egypt). Vegetatio 57: 167-175.
7. ABDEL-RAZIK, M., M. A. AYYAD & S. HENEIDY (1988a). Phytomass and mineral composition in range biomass of a Mediterranean arid ecosystem (Egypt). Acta Oecol., Oecol. Pl. 9: 359-370.
8. ABDEL-RAZIK, M., M. A. AYYAD & S. HENEIDY (1988b). Preference of grazing mammals for forage species and their nutritive value in a Mediterranean desert ecosystem (Egypt). J. Arid Environm. 15: 297-305.
9. AHMED, A. M. & M. M. MOUNIR (1982). Regional studies on the natural resources of the NW coastal zone, Egypt. US National Science Foundation. Oklahoma State University and the UNEP Remote Sensing Centre. Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, Cairo. 195 p.
10. ALI, S. I. & S. M. H. JAFRI (eds.) (1976-1977). Flora of Libya. Al Faateh University, Tripoli.
11. ASLAN, M. H. (1959). Adaptability and palatability of some forage plants in the western desert of Egypt. MSc thesis. University of Cairo.
12. ATTA, B. A. M. (1953). Ecological and sociological studies on the plant communities of Mariut. MSc thesis. University of Alexandria. 130 p.
13. AYYAD, M. A. (1957). An ecological study of Ras el Hikma. MSc thesis. University of Cairo. 281 p.
14. AYYAD, M. A. (1971a). An edaphic study of habitats at Ras-el-Hekma. Desert Inst. Bull. 19: 245-259.
15. AYYAD, M. A. (1971b). A study of solar radiation on sloping surfaces at Alexandria. U.A.R. J. Bot. 14: 15: 65-73.
16. AYYAD, M. A. (1973). Vegetation and environment of the western Mediterranean coastal land of Egypt. I The habitat of sand dunes. J. Ecol. 61: 509-523.
17. AYYAD, M. A. (1976). Vegetation and environment of the western Mediterranean coastal land of Egypt. IV The habitat of non-saline depressions. J. Ecol. 64: 713-722.
18. AYYAD, M. A. (1978). A preliminary assessment of the effect of protection on the vegetation of the Mediterranean desert ecosystem. Taeckholmia 9: 85-101.
19. AYYAD, M. A. (1979). Phytomass, phenology and necromass. SAMDENE n° 5, 1: 1/1-1/60. University of Alexandria.
20. AYYAD, M. A. (1981). Soil-vegetation-atmosphere interactions. In: GOODALL, D. W. & R. M. PERRY (eds.), Arid Land Ecosystems: Structure, Functioning and Management 2: 9-31. Cambridge University Press.
21. AYYAD, M. A. (1983a). Some aspects of land transformation in the western Mediterranean desert of Egypt. Advances Space Res. 2(8): 19-29.
22. AYYAD, M. A., M. ABDEL-RAZIK & S. EL-DARIER (1985). Variations in nutrient contents in olive agroecosystems in the western desert of Egypt. Proc. Egypt. Bot. Soc. 4: 1277-1297.
23. AYYAD, M. A., M. ABDEL-RAZIK & N. GHALI (1983). On the phenology of desert species of western Mediterranean coastal region of Egypt. Int. J. Ecol. Environm. Sci. 9: 169-183.
24. AYYAD, M. A. & M. Y. AMMAR (1973). Relationship between local physiographic variations and the distribution of common Mediterranean desert species. Vegetatio 27: 163-176.
25. AYYAD, M. A. & M. Y. AMMAR (1974). Vegetation and environment of the western Mediterranean coastal land of Egypt. II The habitat of inland ridges. J. Ecol. 62: 439-456.
26. AYYAD, M. A. & M. A. EL BAYYOUMI (1979). On the phytosociology of sand dunes of the western desert of Egypt. In: SINGH, J. S. & B. GOPAL (eds.), Glimpses of Ecology: 219-237. International Scientific Publications, Jaipur.
27. AYYAD, M. A. & R. M. EL-GHAREEB (1972). Microvariations in edaphic factors and species distribution in a Mediterranean salt desert. Oikos 23: 125-131.
28. AYYAD, M. A. & R. M. EL-GHAREEB (1973). Correlation of the distribution of common halophilous species at Burg-el-Arab (Egypt) with salinity and level of the water table. Egypt. J. Bot. 16: 379-386.
29. AYYAD, M. A. & R. M. EL-GHAREEB (1982). Salt marshes vegetation of the western Mediterranean desert of Egypt. Vegetatio 49: 3-19.
30. AYYAD, M. A. & A. A. EL-GHONEIMY (1976). Phytosociological and environmental gradients in a sector of the western desert of Egypt. Vegetatio 31: 93-102.
31. AYYAD, M. A. & H. F. EL-KADI (1981). Consumption and behaviour of grazing animals. REMDENE n° 2, 1: 2/1-2/31. University of Alexandria.
32. AYYAD, M. A. & H. F. EL-KADI (1982). Effect of protection and controlled grazing on the vegetation of a Mediterranean desert ecosystem in northern Egypt. Vegetatio 49: 129-139.
33. AYYAD, M. A. & S. I. GHABBOUR (1977). Systems analysis of Mediterranean desert ecosystems of northern Egypt. Environm. Conservation 4: 91-101.
34. AYYAD, M. A. & S. H. HILMY (1974). The distribution of Asphodelus microcarpus and associated species on the western Mediterranean coast of Egypt. Ecology 55: 511-524.
35. AYYAD, M. A. & S. KAMAL (1980). Analysis of vegetation. REMDENE n° 1, 1: 3/1-3/30. University of Alexandria.
36. AYYAD, M. A. & S. KAMAL (1988). Ground surveys and remote sensing of vegetation and land-use in Mariut (Egypt). In: EL-RAEY, M. (ed.), Symposium of Environmental Sciences: 134-154. University of Alexandria.
37. AYYAD, M.A. & E. LE FLOCH (eds) (1983). An ecological assessment of renewable resources for agricultural development in western Mediterranean coastal region of Egypt. CNRS, ORSTOM, REMDENE. Montpellier, Paris, Alexandria. 104 p.
38. AYYAD, M.A., K. H. SHALTOUT, N. N. GHALY, H. F. EL-KADI & S. A. OMAR (1979). Phytomass, phenology and necromass. SAMDENE n° 5, 1:1/1-1/8. University of Alexandria.
39. AYYAD, M. A. & H. VAN KEULEN (eds) (1987). The 'Mariut' project. Final report submitted to Directorate General for International Cooperation (DGIS), part 2: 61-92, part 3. CABO-report, Wageningen. 150 p.
40. BATANOUNY, K. H. (1968). On the autoecology of Pithyranthos tortuosus (Desf.) Benth. & Hook. Bull. Fac. Sci. Cairo Univ. 42: 35-45.
41. BATANOUNY, K. H. & S. ABU EL-SOUOD (1972). Ecological and phytosociological study of a sector in the Libyan desert. Vegetatio 25: 335-356.
42. BATANOUNY, K. H. & M. A. F. ZAKI (1969). Root development of two common species in different habitats in the Mediterranean subregion in Egypt. Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 15: 217-226.
43. BATANOUNY, K. H. & M. A. F. ZAKI (1973). Range potentialities of a sector in the Mediterranean coastal region in Egypt. Vegetatio 27: 115-130.
44. BOULOS, L. (1977). A check list of the Libyan flora. 1: Introduction and Adianthaceae-Orchidaceae. Publ. Cairo Univ. Herb. 7-8: 115-141.
45. BOULOS, L. (1979). A check list of the Libyan flora. 2: Salicaceae-Neuradaceae. Candollea 34: 21-48.
46. BOULOS, L. (1983). Medicinal Plants of North Africa. Réfé rence Publications, Inc.
47. BOULOS, L. (1995). Flora of Egypt. Checklist. Al Hadara Publishing.
48. BOULOS, L. (1999). Flora of Egypt 1. Al Hadara Publishing.
49. BOULOS, L. (2000). Flora of Egypt 2. Al Hadara Publishing.
50. BOULOS, L. & M. EL HADIDI (1984). The Weed Flora of Egypt. American University in Cairo Press.
51. BOULOS, L. & C. JEFFREY (1979). A check list of the Libyan flora. 3: Compositae. Candollea: 34: 307-332
52. CONANT, L. C. & G. H. GOUDARZI (1964). Geologic map of the Kingdom of Libya. Map I - 350 A, Scale 1: 2,000,000. Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations US Geological Survey, Department of the Interior.
53. DRAZ, O. (1954). Some desert plants and their uses in animal feeding (Kochia indica and Prosopis juliflora). Publ. Inst. Désert Egypte 2.
54. DURAND, E. & G. BARRATTE (1910). Florae Libycae Prodromus. Genève.
55. EL-BAYYOUMY, M. A. (1976). Ecological Phytosociological studies on the sand dune vegetation at Mariut area. MSc thesis. University of Tanta. 70 p.
56. EL-GHAREEB, R. M. (1975). A study of the vegetation-environmental complex of saline and marshy habitats on the North Western coast of Egypt. PhD thesis. University of Alexandria. 203 p.
57. EL-GHAREEB, R. M. & K. SHALTOUT (1978). Standing Crop biomass. SAMDENE n° 4, 1: 4/1-4/74. University of Alexandria.
58. EL-GHONEMY, A. A. (1973). Phytosociological and Ecological studies of the maritime sand dunes communities in Egypt. I Zonation of vegetation and soil along a dune side. Bull. Inst. Désert Egypte 23(2): 463-473.
59. EL-GHONEMY, A. A. & A. S. EL-DIN (1978). Root systems of perennials. SAMDENE n° 4, 1: 8/1-8/18. University of Alexandria.
60. EL-GHONEMY, A. A. & E. M. GEWAIFEL (1976). The phytosociological groups and their habitats at Sidi Barrani. Egypt. J. Bot. 19: 77-87.
61. EL-GHONEMY, A. A. & H. F. EL-KADI (1978). Range Management. SAMDENE n° 4, 1: 10/1-10/20. University of Alexandria.
62. EL-GHONEMY, A. A., K. SHALTOUT, W. VALENTINE & A. WALLACE (1977). Distribution pattern of Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. and associated species along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. Bot. Gaz. 138: 479-489.
63. EL-GHONEMY, A. A. & T. M. TADROS (1970). Socio-ecological studies of the natural plant communities along a transect between Alexandria and Cairo. Bull. Fac. Sci. Cairo Univ. 10: 329-407.
64. EL-HADIDI, M. N. & M. A. AYYAD (1974). Floristic and ecological features of Wadi Habis (Egypt). In: GUINOCHET, M., G. GUITTONNEAU, P. OZENDA, P. QUEZEL & C. SAUVAGE (eds.), La Flore du Bassin Méditerranéen: essai de systématique synthétique: 247-258. Editions du CNRS.
65. EL-KADY, H. F. (1980). Effect of grazing pressure on certain ecological parameters of some fodder plants of the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. MSc thesis. University of Tanta. 95 p.
66. EL-KADY, H. F. (1987). A study of range ecosystems of the western Mediterranean coastal desert of Egypt. PhD thesis. Technical University of Berlin.
67. EL-NAGA, M. A. (1980). Nutritive value of the plants at Omayed. REMDENE n° 1, 1: 5/1-5/4. University of Alexandria.
68. EL-NAGA, M. A. (1981). Nutrition of domestic animals. REMDENE n° 2, 1: 3/1-3/8. University of Alexandria.
69. EL-NAGA, M. A. (1982). Nutrition of domestic animals. REMDENE n° 3, 1: 4/1-4/26. University of Alexandria.
70. EL-SHARKAWI, H. (1961). Ecological and sociological studies of the plant communities of the Fuka-Ras el Hikma area western desert of Egypt. MSc thesis. University of Alexandria.
71. EL-SHARKAWI, H. (1977). Water flow and productivity in the ecosystem. SAMDENE n° 3, 1: 4/1-4/11. University of Alexandria.
72. EL-SHARKAWI, H. (1978). Water flow and productivity in the ecosystem. SAMDENE n° 4, 1: 5/1-5/45. University of Alexandria.
73. EL SHARKAWI, H. (1979). Water flow and productivity. SAMDENE n° 5, 1: 3/1-3/31. University of Alexandria.
74. FAO (1970a). Pre-investment survey of the northwest coastal region comprehensive account on the project. Technical Report n° 1. ESE: SF/UAR 49, FAO, Rome. 109 p.
75. FAO (1970b). Pre-investment survey of the northwest coastal region. United Arab Republic. Technical Report n° 3. ESE: SF/UAR 49, FAO, Rome. 335 p.
76. FANTOLI, A. (1952) Le piogge della Libia. Arti Grafici Editrice.
77. FATHY, A. M. & A. M. MEHANNA (1980). Water studies. In: AYYAD, M. A. (ed.), Regional Environmental Management of Mediterranean Desert Ecosystems of Northern Egypt (SAMDENE). Progress report n° 1. University of Alexandria. 41 p.
78. FLORET, C. (1981). The effects of protection on steppic vegetation in the Mediterranean arid zone of southern Tunisia. Vegetatio: 46. 117-129.
79. FLORET, C. & E. LE FLOCH (1973). Production, sensibilité et évolution de la végétation et du milieu en Tunisie pré-saharienne. Document n° 71. CEPE/CNRS, Montpellier. 45 p.
80. FLORET, C., E. LE FLOCH & R. PONTANIER (1983). Phytomasse et production en Tunisie présaharienne. Acta Oecol., Oecol. Pl. 4 (18): 133-152.
81. FLORET, C., E. LE FLOCH, R. PONTANIER & F. ROMANE (1978). Simulation of the impact of different levels of human pressure on the grazing lands in Southern Tunisia. In: Hyder, D. N. (ed.) Proceedings of the 1st International Rangeland Congress: 52-54. 1978 August 14-18. Society for Range Management, Denver.
82. FLORET, C., E. LE FLOCH, F. ROMANE & R. PONTANIER (1981). Dynamique de systèmes écologiques de la zone aride. Acta Oecol., Oecol. Appl. 2: 195-214.
83. GALAL, E. S. F., N. G. SELIGMAN, H. MANSOUR, A. M. ABOUL NAGA, A. M. EL-SERAFY & H. K. ALMADDY (1990). Multiple criterium analysis of lamb production systems in the North-Western coastal zone in Egypt. Cooperative Arid Lands Agriculture Research Program (CALAR), San Diego State University Foundation. 46 p.
84. GHABBOUR, S. I. (1976). Environmental and development of coastal desert. International Serminar on Development and Management of Resources of coastal Areas, Berlin. 27 p.
85. GHABBOUR, S. I. (1983). Pre-proposal report for agricultural development in the NW coastal zone of Egypt: integrating barley cultivation and sheep henling. Institute of Africa Development, University of Cairo. 49 p.
86. GIRGIS, W. A. (1970). Phytosociological studies on the vegetation of Mariut area project. Egypt. J. Bot. 13: 235-254.
87. GIRGIS, W. A. (1973). Phytosociological studies on the vegetation of Ras-el-Hikma-Mersa Matruh coastal plain. Egypt. J. Bot. 16: 393-409.
88. HAMMOUDA, S.A.K. (1988). A study of vegetation and land-use in the western Mediterranean desert of Egypt. PhD thesis. University of Alexandria. 205 p.
89. HERMANS, M. (1982). An autoecological study of Mediterranean desert species at El Omayed, Egypt. III Gymnocarpos decandrum, Rumex pictus, Echiochilon fruticosum & Plantago albicans. Student Report. University of Nijmegen.
90. IBRAHIM, K. M. (1968). Some important native browse and forb forage plant of northern UAR. Their ecology in relation to range management. Pakistan J. Forest. 18: 155-168.
91. IMAM, M. (1978). Seed studies. SAMDENE n° 2, 1: 6/1-6/66. University of Alexandria.
92. IMAM, M. (1979). Seed and seedling studies. In: GHABBOUR, S. I. & M. KASSAS (eds.), Analysis and Management of Mediterranean desert ecosystems: 110-113. Proceedings of the International Workshop of SAMDENE Project. University of Alexandria.
93. JAFRI, S. M. H. & A. A. EL GADI (eds) (1977-1989). Flora of Libya. Al Faateh University, Tripoli.
94. KASSAS, M. (1971). Dynamic of desert vegetation. In: H. ODABASI & S. E. ULUG (eds.), Environmental problems and their international implications: 27-46. Colorado Association University Press.
95. KASSAS, M. (1972). A brief history of land-use in Mareotis region, Egypt. Minerva Biol. 1: 167-174.
96. KASSAS, M. (1979). Mareotis: past, present and future. In: GHABBOUR, S. I. & M. KASSAS (eds.), Analysis and Management of Mediterranean desert ecosystems: 24-28. Proceedings of the International Workshop of SAMDENE Project. University of Alexandria.
97. KASSAS, M. & W. A. GIRGIS (1964). Habitat and plant communities in the Egyptian Desert.: V The limestone plateau. J. Ecol. 52: 107-119.
98. KASSAS, M. & M. IMAM (1954). Habitat and plant communities in the Egyptian desert. III The wadi bed ecosystem. J. Ecol. 42: 424-441.
99. KEITH, H. G. (1965). A preliminary check list of the Libyan flora. Ministry of Agriculture, Tripoli.
100. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1959). Recherches écologiques et floristiques sur la végétation de la Tunisie Méridionale. PhD thesis. 2 vol. Institut de Recherches Sahariennes, Algier. 510 p.
101. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1962). Les pâturages naturels de la Tunisie aride et désertique. Institut des Sciences Economiques Appliquées, Paris-Tunis. 106 p.
102. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1965). Improvement of natural pasture and fodder resources. Report to the Government of Libya. EPTA report n° 1979. Plant Production & Protection Division, FAO. 51 p.
103. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1969). La végétation de la Tunisie steppique. Ann. Inst. Natl. Rech. Agron. Tunisie 42(5): 1-624.
104. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1975). Les pâturages naturels de l'Afrique du Nord: typologie, production, productivité et développement. In: Inventaire et cartographie des pâturages tropicaux africains: 41-55. Actes du Colloque de Bamako (Mali), 3-8 mars 1975. Centre International pour l'Elevage en Afrique (CIPEA), Addis Abeba.
105. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1976). Contribution à une bibliographic écologique des régions arides de l'Afrique et de l'Asie du Sud-Ouest (végétation, pâturages, élevage, agriculture, nomadisme et désertisation). In: MONOD, T. (ed.). La désertification au sud du Sahara: 169-212. Actes du colloque tenu à Nouakchott, 17-19 décembre 1973. NEA, Dakar-Abidjan.
106. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1984). Outline of the bioclimatology of Libya. Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Actual. Bot. 131: 157-178.
107. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1989). Classification écoclimatique des zones arides (s.l.) de l'Afrique du Nord. Ecol. Medit. 15(3/4): 95-143.
108. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1992a). Relations entre la variabilité des précipitations et celles de la production primaire et secondaire en zone aride. In: LE FLOC'H, E., M. GROUZIS, A. CORNET & J. C. BILLE (eds.), L'aridité, une contrainte au développement: 193-216. ORSTOM, Paris.
109. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1992b). Rangeland management in Northern Africa and the Near East: evolution, trends and development outlook. In: GASTON, A., M. KERNICK & H. N. LE HOUÉROU (eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Rangeland Congress 1: 544-553. CIRAD, Montpellier.
110. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1992c). Feeding shrubs to sheep in the Mediterranean arid zone. In: GASTON, A., M. KERNICK & H. N. LE HOUÉROU (eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Rangeland Congress 2: 639-644. CIRAD-UCIST, Montpellier.
111. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1992d). The role of saltbushes (Atriplex spp.) in arid land rehabilitation in the Mediterranean Basin: a review. Agroforest. Systems 18: 107-148.
112. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1995). Bioclimatologie et biogéographie des steppes arides du Nord de l'Afrique - Diversité biologique, développement durable et désertisation. CIHEAM, Montpellier.
113. LE HOUÉROU, H.N. (1997a). Germplasm for Arid Land Rehabilitation: NW Egypt and Jordan. Facilitation Unit, ICARDA, Cairo. 91 p.
114. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1997b). Biogeography of the arid steppeland North of the Sahara. In: BARAKAT, H. N. & A. K. HEGAZY (eds.), Reviews in Ecology: Desert Conservation and Development: 207-228. University of Cairo.
115. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1998a). Restoration and rehabilitation of arid and semi-arid Mediterranean-type vegetation and ecosystems in Western Asia and Northern Africa (WANA): a review. Arid Soils Res. Rehabilit. 14: 3-14.
116. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1998b). Fodder shrubs development in the NW coast of Egypt. Report to the Matrouh Resource Management Project. Facilitation Unit, ICARDA, Cairo. 23 p.
117. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1998c). Fodder production from multipurpose trees and shrubs in the eastern slopes of the West Bank. Report to the Palestinian Authority. Facilitation Unit, ICARDA, Cairo. 24 p.
118. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1998d). Outline of a strategy for rangeland and feed resources development in the Arabian Peninsula. Report to the Arabian Peninsula Regional Programme (APRP). ICARDA, Dubai. 15 p.
119. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (1998e). Biodiversity: native plant Resource Conservation in Marmarica. Report to the Matrouh Resource Management Project. ICARDA, Cairo. 13 p.
120. LE HOUÉROU, H. N. (2001). Biogeography of the arid steppeland north of the Sahara. J. Arid Environm. 48: 103-128
121. LE FLOC'H, E. (1981). Mapping of land occupation. REMDENE n° 2, 1: 5/1-5/2. University of Alexandria.
122. LE FLOC'H, E. (1983). Contribution à une étude ethnobotanique de la flore tunisienne. Imprimerie Officielle de la République Tunisienne.
123. LONG, G. A. (1955). The study of natural vegetation as a basis for pasture improvement in the western desert of Egypt. Bull. Inst. Désert Egypte 5(2): 18-45.
124. LONG, G. A. (1955). Grazing problems in the western desert of Egypt. Plant Production & Protection Division, 55/4/2/2497, FAO. 37 p.
125. LONG, G. A. & M. A. AYYAD (1956). Phytoecological map of Ras el Hekma. Plant Production & Protection Division, 56/9/7130, FAO. 38 p.
126. LONG, G. A. (1978). Premières propositions pour un programme de cartographie des ressources renouvelables et des terres concernant la zone cotière du désert occidental Egyptien. Ecothèque Mediterranéenne, CEPE/CNRS, Montpellier. 21 p.
127. LONG, G. A. (1979). Mapping of renewable resources for land development and land-use decision with special references to the coastal western desert of Egypt. In: GHABBOUR, S. I. & M. KASSAS (eds.), Analysis and Management of Mediterranean desert ecosystems: 37-60. Proceedings of the International Workshop of SAMDENE Project. University of Alexandria.
128. MAGAZZINI, A. (1963). Medie climatici mensili ed annuali per la Libia. Meteorological Service Ministry of Communications, Tripoli. 36p.
129. MIGAHID, A. M. (1958). Plants as ground water indicators in desert areas. Training course on hydrology of arid and semi-arid regions. Desert Research Institute, UNESCO, Cairo. 13 p.
130. MIGAHID, A. M. & M. A. AYYAD (1959a). An ecological study of Ras el Hikma district. I The climatic environment of the vegetation. Bull. Inst. Désert Egypte 9(2): 1-45.
131. MIGAHID, A. M. & M. A. AYYAD (1959b). An ecological study of Ras el Hikma district. II The factor of soil water content. Bull. Inst. Désert Egypte 9(2): 46-73.
132. MIGAHID, A. M. & M. A. AYYAD (1959c). An ecological study of Ras el Hikma district. III Plant habitats and communities. Bull. Inst. Désert Egypte 9(2): 74-98.
133. MIGAHID, A. M., A. A. ABD EL RAHMAN, A. M. EL-SHAFEI & M. A. HAMMOUDA (1955). Types of habitat and vegetation at Ras el Hikma. Bull. Inst. Désert Egypte 5(2): 107-190.
134. MIGAHID, A. M., K. H. BATANOUNY & M. A. F. ZAKI (1971). Phytosociological and ecological study of a sector in the Mediterranean coastal region of Egypt. Vegetatio 23: 113-134.
135. MIGAHID, A. M. & M. N. EL-SHOURBAGUI (1958). The ecological amplitude of the desert fodder grass «Panicum turgidum». II. Edaphic conditions. Bull. Inst. Désert Egypte 8(2): 21-65.
136. MIGAHID, A. M., H. M. EL-SHARKAWI, K. H. BATANOUNY & A. F. SHALABY (1963). Phytosociological and ecological study of Matkila sector of Sidi-Barrani. I. Sociology of the communities. Feddes Repert. 84: 747-760.
137. PAMPANINI, R. (1931). Prodromo della flora Cirenaica. Forli.
138. PAMPANINI, R. (1936). Aggiunte e correzioni al «prodromo delle Flora cirenaica». Arch. Bot. (Forli) 12: 17-53.
139. PENMAN, H. L. (1948). Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B, Math. Phys. Sci. 193: 120-145.
140. REGNER, H. J. (1997). Rainfall distribution in the Norh-South extension at Marsa-Matruh. El Qasr Rural Development Project GTZ. Marsa Matruh and Eschborn. 16 p.
141. SALEM, B. B. M. (1990). Remote sensing and land-use in the North Western desert of Egypt. PhD thesis. University of Alexandria.
142. SHALTOUT, K. H. (1983). An ecological study on Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. in Egypt. PhD thesis. University of Tanta.
143. SHALTOUT, K. H. (1987). Pattern, phenology and sex ratio of Egyptian Thymelaea hirsuta populations. Vegetatio 72: 67-73.
144. SHALTOUT, K. H. & M. A. AYYAD (1988). Structure and standing crop of Egyptian Thymelaea hirsuta populations. Vegetatio 74: 137-142.
145. SHALTOUT, K. H. & R. EL-GHAREEB (1984). Effect of protection on the phytomass and primary production of ecosytems of the western Mediterrannean desert of Egypt. I Ecosystem of non-saline depressions. Bull. Fac. Sci. Alexandria Univ. 25: 109-131.
146. SHOLTEN, M. E., M. W. A. C. HUKKELHOVEN, M. A. AYYAD & M. J. A. WERGER (1981). Vegetation analysis in the coastal dune ecosystem of the western Egyptian desert. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 16: 293-308.
147. TÄCKHOLM, V. (1974). Student's flora of Egypt. Ed. 2. Cairo University.
148. TÄTKHOLM, V. & L. BOULOS (1972). Supplementary notes to student's flora of Egypts. Second edition. Publ. Cairo Univ. Herb. 5.
149. TADROS, T. M. (1953). A phytosociological study of halophilous communities from Mareotis. Vegetatio 4: 103-124.
150. TADROS, T. M. (1956). An ecological survey of the semi-arid coastal strip of the eastern desert of Egypt. Bull. Inst. Désert Egypte 6(2): 28-56.
151. TADROS, T. M. (1958). Plant communities a ground water indicators and the water economy of some desert communities. Training course on hydrogeology of arid and semi-arid regions, Desert Research Center, El-Matariya & UNESCO, Cairo. 6 p.
152. TADROS, T. M. & B. A. M. ATTA (1958a). Further contributions to the study of sociology and ecology of the halophilous plant communities from Mareotis. Vegetatio 8: 137-160.
153. TADROS, T. M. & B. A. M. ATTA (1958b). Plant communities of barley fields and uncultivated desert areas of Mareotis. Vegetatio 8: 161-175.
154. TADROS, T. M. & H. M. EL SHARKAWI (1960a). Phytosociological and ecological studies on the vegetation of Fuka-Ras El Hekma area. I Sociology of the communities. Bull. Inst. Désert Egypte 10(1): 37-60.
155. TADROS, T. M. & H. M. EL-SHARKAWI (1960b). Phytosociological and ecological studies on the vegetation of Fuka-Ras El Hekma area. II Consistency and homogeneity of the open desert communities. Bull. Inst. Désert Egypte 10(1): 61-83.
156. TADROS, T. M. & H. M. EL-SHARKAWI (1960c). Phytosociological and ecological studies on the vegetation of Fuka-Ras el Hekma area. III A vegetation map of the area. Bull. Inst. Désert Egypte 10(1): 85-93.
157. VAN DUIVENBODEN, N. (1985). Animal Husbandry in the North-Western Coastal Zone of Egypt. Theoretical Production Ecology. CABO, Wageningen. 52 p.
158. VAN DUIVENBODEN, N. (1987). Evaluation of Animal Husbandry in the North-Western Coastal Zone of Egypt. (Literature Review and Simulation). CABO Publishing n° 72, Wageningen. 204 p.
159. VAN DUIVENBODEN, N. (1988). The Effect of Grazing on the Growth of Subshrubs and the Water Balance in the North Western Coastal Zone of Egypt. (Measurement and Simulation). Theoretical Production Ecology. CABO, Wageningen. 191 p.
160. VAN DUIVENBODEN, N. (1989). Contributions of various feed components to feed availability in integrated barley/livestock systems in the north-western coastal zone of Egypt: a simulation study. J. Arid Environm. 16: 217-228.
161. VAN KEULEN, H. & G. W. J. VAN DE VEN (1988). Application of interactive multiple goal linear programming techniques for analysis and planning of regional agricultural development: a case study for the Mariut region (Egypt). In: J. M. BOUSSARD (ed.), Agriculture: Socio-Economic Factors in Land Evaluation: 36-57. Proceedings of a conference held in Brussels 7-9 oct. 1987. OPOCE, Luxembourg.
162. VAN DER VEEN, J. P. H. Z. ABU GUENDIA & A. NASSEF, A. (1968). Report on range carrying capacity survey, NW Coastal Zone. UAR. EGDDO/UNSF/FAO Pre-investment survey of NW coastal region project. UAR, FAO, Rome, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo. 22 p. & 1 map 1:500000.
163. WALTER H. & H. LIETH (1960). Klimadiagramm Weltatlas. Veb Gustav Fisher Verlag.
164. ZAHRAN, M. A. (1986). Forage potentialities of Kochia indica and K. prostrata in arid land, with particular reference to Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 4: 53-68.
165. ZAHRAN, M. A., B. K. MUHAMMAD & A. A. EL-DINGAWI (1992). Establishment of Kochia forage halophytes in the salt affected lands of the Arab countries. J. Environm. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 4: 93-113.
166. ZAHRAN, M. A. & A. J. WILLIS (1992). The vegetation of Egypt. Chapman & Hall.