Long-term outcomes of the surgical management of renal cell carcinoma

World Journal of Urology

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 255-266

  Lam, John S ^a   Belldegrun, Arie S ^a   Pantuck, Allan J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Adrenalectomy; Kidney cancer; Laparoscopy; Lymphadenectomy; Nephrectomy; Nephron sparing surgery

Indexed keywords

ADRENALECTOMY; ARTICLE; FEMALE; HUMAN; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; KIDNEY TUMOR; LAPAROSCOPY; LYMPHADENECTOMY; MALE; NEPHRECTOMY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADRENALECTOMY; CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL; FEMALE; HUMANS; KIDNEY NEOPLASMS; LAPAROSCOPY; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; MALE; NEPHRECTOMY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33744958838     PISSN: 07244983     EISSN: 14338726     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00345-006-0055-5     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Abbou CC, Cicco A, Gasman D, Hoznek A, Antiphon P, Chopin DK, Salomon L (1999) Retroperitoneal laparoscopic versus open radical nephrectomy. J Urol 161:1776-1780
2. Allaf ME, Bhayani SB, Rogers C, Varkarakis I, Link RE, Inagaki T, Jarrett TW, Kavoussi LR (2004) Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: evaluation of long-term oncological outcome. J Urol 172:871-873
3. Angermeier KW, Novick AC, Streem SB, Montie JE (1990) Nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma with venous involvement. J Urol 144:1352-1355
4. Becker F, Siemer S, Humke U, Hack M, Ziegler M, Stockle M (2005) Elective nephron sparing surgery should become standard treatment for small unilateral renal cell carcinoma: Long-term survival data of 216 patients. Eur Urol
5. Belldegrun A, Tsui KH, deKernion JB, Smith RB (1999) Efficacy of nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma: Analysis based on the new 1997 tumor-node-metastasis staging system. J Clin Oncol 17:2868-2875
6. Bishoff JT, Chen RB, Lee BR, Chan DY, Huso D, Rodriguez R, Kavoussi LR, Marshall FF (1999) Laparoscopic renal cryoablation: Acute and long-term clinical, radiographic, and pathologic effects in an animal model and application in a clinical trial. J Endourol 13:233-239
7. Blom JH, van Poppel H, Marechal JM, Jacqmin D, Sylvester R, Schroder FH, de Prijck L (1999) Radical nephrectomy with and without lymph node dissection: Preliminary results of the EORTC randomized phase III protocol 30881. EORTC Genitourinary Group. Eur Urol 36:570-575
8. Bosniak MA (1986) The current radiological approach to renal cysts. Radiology 158:1-10
9. Butler BP, Novick AC, Miller DP, Campbell SA, Licht MR (1995) Management of small unilateral renal cell carcinomas: Radical versus nephron-sparing surgery. Urology 45:34-40; discussion 40-31
10. Cadeddu JA, Ono Y, Clayman RV, Barrett PH, Janetschek G, Fentie DD, McDougall EM, Moore RG, Kinukawa T, Elbahnasy AM, Nelson JB, Kavoussi LR (1998) Laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal cell cancer: Evaluation of efficacy and safety: A multicenter experience. Urology 52:773-777
11. Cestari A, Guazzoni G, dell'Acqua V, Nava L, Cardone G, Balconi G, Naspro R, Montorsi F, Rigatti P (2004) Laparoscopic cryoablation of solid renal masses: Intermediate term followup. J Urol 172:1267-1270
12. Chan DY, Cadeddu JA, Jarrett TW, Marshall FF, Kavoussi LR (2001) Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: Cancer control for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 166:2095-2099; discussion 2099-2100
13. Cheng WS, Farrow GM, Zincke H (1991) The incidence of multicentricity in renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 146:1221-1223
14. Chow WH, Devesa SS, Warren JL, Fraumeni JF Jr (1999) Rising incidence of renal cell cancer in the United States. JAMA 281:1628-1631
15. Clayman RV, Kavoussi LR, Soper NJ, Dierks SM, Merety KS, Darcy MD, Long SR, Roemer FD, Pingleton ED, Thomson PG (1991) Laparoscopic nephrectomy. N Engl J Med 324:1370-1371
16. Coll DM, Uzzo RG, Herts BR, Davros WJ, Wirth SL, Novick AC (1999) 3-dimensional volume rendered computerized tomography for preoperative evaluation and intraoperative treatment of patients undergoing nephron sparing surgery. J Urol 161:1097-1102
17. Dechet CB, Sebo T, Farrow G, Blute ML, Engen DE, Zincke H (1999) Prospective analysis of intraoperative frozen needle biopsy of solid renal masses in adults. J Urol 162:1282-1284; discussion 1284-1285
18. Dechet CB, Zincke H, Sebo TJ, King BF, LeRoy AJ, Farrow GM, Blute ML (2003) Prospective analysis of computerized tomography and needle biopsy with permanent sectioning to determine the nature of solid renal masses in adults. J Urol 169:71-74
19. Dekernion JB, Ramming KP, Smith RB (1978) The natural history of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A computer analysis. J Urol 120:148-152
20. Desai MM, Gill IS, Ramani AP, Matin SF, Kaouk JH, Campero JM (2003) Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for cancer with level I renal vein involvement. J Urol 169:487-491
21. Dunn MD, Portis AJ, Shalhav AL, Elbahnasy AM, Heidorn C, McDougall EM, Clayman RV (2000) Laparoscopic versus open radical nephrectomy: A 9-year experience. J Urol 164:1153-1159
22. Fergany AF, Hafez KS, Novick AC (2000) Long-term results of nephron sparing surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma: 10-year followup. J Urol 163:442-445
23. Fernandez-Acenero MJ, Galindo M, Bengoechea O, Borrega P, Reina JJ, Carapeto R (1998) Primary malignant lymphoma of the kidney: Case report and literature review. Gen Diagn Pathol 143:317-320
24. Ficarra V, Righetti R, Pilloni S, D'Amico A, Maffei N, Novella G, Zanolla L, Malossini G, Mobilio G (2002) Prognostic factors in patients with renal cell carcinoma: Retrospective analysis of 675 cases. Eur Urol 41:190-198
25. Ficarra V, Novara G, Galfano A, Novella G, Schiavone D, Artibani W (2004) Application of TNM, 2002 version, in localized renal cell carcinoma: Is it able to predict different cancer-specific survival probability? Urology 63:1050-1054
26. Figlin R, Gitlitz B, Franklin J, Dorey F, Moldawer N, Rausch J, deKernion J, Belldegrun A (1997) Interleukin-2-based immunotherapy for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: An analysis of 203 consecutively treated patients. Cancer J Sci Am 3(Suppl 1):S92-97
27. Flanigan RC, Salmon SE, Blumenstein BA, Bearman SI, Roy V, McGrath PC, Caton JR Jr, Munshi N, Crawford ED (2001) Nephrectomy followed by interferon alfa-2b compared with interferon alfa-2b alone for metastatic renal-cell cancer. N Engl J Med 345:1655-1659
28. Flanigan RC, Mickisch G, Sylvester R, Tangen C, Van Poppel H, Crawford ED (2004) Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cancer: A combined analysis. J Urol 171:1071-1076
29. Frank I, Blute ML, Leibovich BC, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Zincke H (2005) Independent validation of the 2002 American Joint Committee on cancer primary tumor classification for renal cell carcinoma using a large, single institution cohort. J Urol 173:1889-1892
30. Gervais DA, McGovern FJ, Arellano RS, McDougal WS, Mueller PR (2005) Radiofrequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma: Part 1, indications, results, and role in patient management over a 6-year period and ablation of 100 tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185:64-71
31. Ghavamian R, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Weaver AL, Zincke H, Blute ML (2002) Renal cell carcinoma in the solitary kidney: An analysis of complications and outcome after nephron sparing surgery. J Urol 168:454-459
32. Giberti C, Oneto F, Martorana G, Rovida S, Carmignani G (1997) Radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: Long-term results and prognostic factors on a series of 328 cases. Eur Urol 31:40-48
33. Gill IS, Novick AC, Meraney AM, Chen RN, Hobart MG, Sung GT, Hale J, Schweizer DK, Remer EM (2000) Laparoscopic renal cryoablation in 32 patients. Urology 56:748-753
34. Gill IS, Schweizer D, Hobart MG, Sung GT, Klein EA, Novick AC (2000) Retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: The Cleveland clinic experience. J Urol 163:1665-1670
35. Gill IS, Meraney AM, Schweizer DK, Savage SS, Hobart MG, Sung GT, Nelson D, Novick AC (2001) Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in 100 patients: A single center experience from the United States. Cancer 92:1843-1855
36. Gill IS, Desai MM, Kaouk JH, Meraney AM, Murphy DP, Sung GT, Novick AC (2002) Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal tumor: Duplicating open surgical techniques. J Urol 167:467-469; discussion 475-466
37. Gill IS, Matin SF, Desai MM, Kaouk JH, Steinberg A, Mascha E, Thornton J, Sherief MH, Strzempkowski B, Novick AC (2003) Comparative analysis of laparoscopic versus open partial nephrectomy for renal tumors in 200 patients. J Urol 170:64-68
38. Gill IS, Remer EM, Hasan WA, Strzempkowski B, Spaliviero M, Steinberg AP, Kaouk JH, Desai MM, Novick AC (2005) Renal cryoablation: Outcome at 3 years. J Urol 173:1903-1907
39. Glazer AA, Novick AC (1996) Long-term followup after surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma extending into the right atrium. J Urol 155:448-450
40. Gogus C, Baltaci S, Beduk Y, Sahinli S, Kupeli S, Gogus O (2003) Isolated local recurrence of renal cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy: Experience with 10 cases. Urology 61:926-929
41. Guinan P, Sobin LH, Algaba F, Badellino F, Kameyama S, MacLennan G, Novick A (1997) TNM staging of renal cell carcinoma: Workgroup No. 3. Union International Contre le Cancer (UICC) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). Cancer 80:992-993
42. Hafez KS, Fergany AF, Novick AC (1999) Nephron sparing surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma: Impact of tumor size on patient survival, tumor recurrence and TNM staging. J Urol 162:1930-1933
43. Han KR, Bui MH, Pantuck AJ, Freitas DG, Leibovich BC, Dorey FJ, Zisman A, Janzen NK, Mukouyama H, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2003) TNM T3a renal cell carcinoma: Adrenal gland involvement is not the same as renal fat invasion. J Urol 169:899-903; discussion 903-894
44. Han KR, Pantuck AJ, Bui MH, Shvarts O, Freitas DG, Zisman A, Leibovich BC, Dorey FJ, Gitlitz BJ, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2003) Number of metastatic sites rather than location dictates overall survival of patients with node-negative metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Urology 61:314-319
45. Hermanek P, Schrott KM (1990) Evaluation of the new tumor, nodes and metastases classification of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 144:238-241; discussion 241-232
46. Herrlinger A, Schrott KM, Schott G, Sigel A (1991) What are the benefits of extended dissection of the regional renal lymph nodes in the therapy of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 146:1224-1227
47. Hofmann HS, Neef H, Krohe K, Andreev P, Silber RE (2005) Prognostic factors and survival after pulmonary resection of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 48:77-81; discussion 81-72
48. Interferon-alpha and survival in metastatic renal carcinoma: Early results of a randomised controlled trial. Medical Research Council Renal Cancer Collaborators (1999). Lancet 353:14-17
49. Itano NB, Blute ML, Spotts B, Zincke H (2000) Outcome of isolated renal cell carcinoma fossa recurrence after nephrectomy. J Urol 164:322-325
50. Javidan J, Stricker HJ, Tamboli P, Amin MB, Peabody JO, Deshpande A, Menon M (1999) Prognostic significance of the 1997 TNM classification of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 162:1277-1281
51. Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, Samuels A, Tiwari RC, Ghafoor A, Feuer EJ, Thun MJ (2005) Cancer statistics, 2005. CA Cancer J Clin 55:10-30
52. Kallman DA, King BF, Hattery RR, Charboneau JW, Ehman RL, Guthman DA, Blute ML (1992) Renal vein and inferior vena cava tumor thrombus in renal cell carcinoma: CT, US, MRI and venacavography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 16:240-247
53. Kavolius JP, Mastorakos DP, Pavlovich C, Russo P, Burt ME, Brady MS (1998) Resection of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 16:2261-2266
54. Kim HL, Belldegrun AS, Freitas DG, Bui MH, Han KR, Dorey FJ, Figlin RA (2003) Paraneoplastic signs and symptoms of renal cell carcinoma: implications for prognosis. J Urol 170:1742-1746
55. Kim HL, Zisman A, Han KR, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2004) Prognostic significance of venous thrombus in renal cell carcinoma. Are renal vein and inferior vena cava involvement different? J Urol 171:588-591
56. Kletscher BA, Qian J, Bostwick DG, Blute ML, Zincke H (1996) Prospective analysis of the incidence of ipsilateral adrenal metastasis in localized renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 155:1844-1846
57. Kohrmann KU, Michel MS, Gaa J, Marlinghaus E, Alken P (2002) High intensity focused ultrasound as noninvasive therapy for multilocal renal cell carcinoma: Case study and review of the literature. J Urol 167:2397-2403
58. Kozlowski JM (1994) Management of distant solitary recurrence in the patient with renal cancer. Contralateral kidney and other sites. Urol Clin North Am 21:601-624
59. Krishnamurthi V, Novick AC, Bukowski R (1996) Nephron sparing surgery in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 156:36-39
60. Lam JS, Shvarts O, Pantuck AJ (2004) Changing concepts in the surgical management of renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 45:692-705
61. Lam JS, Shvarts O, Leppert JT, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2005) Renal cell carcinoma 2005: New frontiers in staging, prognostication and targeted molecular therapy. J Urol 173:1853-1862
62. Lau WK, Blute ML, Weaver AL, Torres VE, Zincke H (2000) Matched comparison of radical nephrectomy vs nephron-sparing surgery in patients with unilateral renal cell carcinoma and a normal contralateral kidney. Mayo Clin Proc 75:1236-1242
63. Lee CT, Katz J, Shi W, Thaler HT, Reuter VE, Russo P (2000) Surgical management of renal tumors 4 cm or less in a contemporary cohort. J Urol 163:730-736
64. Leibovich BC, Blute ML, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Weaver AL, Zincke H (2004) Nephron sparing surgery for appropriately selected renal cell carcinoma between 4 and 7 cm results in outcome similar to radical nephrectomy. J Urol 171:1066-1070
65. Lerner SE, Hawkins CA, Blute ML, Grabner A, Wollan PC, Eickholt JT, Zincke H (1996) Disease outcome in patients with low stage renal cell carcinoma treated with nephron sparing or radical surgery. J Urol 155:1868-1873
66. Licht MR, Novick AC (1993) Nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 149:1-7
67. Link RE, Bhayani SB, Allaf ME, Varkarakis I, Inagaki T, Rogers C, Su LM, Jarrett TW, Kavoussi LR (2005) Exploring the learning curve, pathological outcomes and perioperative morbidity of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy performed for renal mass. J Urol 173:1690-1694
68. Ljungberg B, Stenling R, Osterdahl B, Farrelly E, Aberg T, Roos G (1995) Vein invasion in renal cell carcinoma: Impact on metastatic behavior and survival. J Urol 154:1681-1684
69. Maldazys JD, deKernion JB (1986) Prognostic factors in metastatic renal carcinoma. J Urol 136:376-379
70. Marcus SG, Choyke PL, Reiter R, Jaffe GS, Alexander RB, Linehan WM, Rosenberg SA, Walther MM (1993) Regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma after cytoreductive nephrectomy. J Urol 150:463-466
71. Matin SF, Gill IS, Worley S, Novick AC (2002) Outcome of laparoscopic radical and open partial nephrectomy for the sporadic 4 cm or less renal tumor with a normal contralateral kidney. J Urol 168:1356-1359; discussion 1359-1360
72. McDougal WS, Gervais DA, McGovern FJ, Mueller PR (2005) Long-term followup of patients with renal cell carcinoma treated with radio frequency ablation with curative intent. J Urol 174:61-63
73. McDougall EM, Elbahnasy AM, Clayman RV (1998) Laparoscopic wedge resection and partial nephrectomy - the Washington University experience and review of the literature. JSLS 2:15-23
74. McKiernan J, Simmons R, Katz J, Russo P (2002) Natural history of chronic renal insufficiency after partial and radical nephrectomy. Urology 59:816-820
75. Micali S, Celia A, Bove P, De Stefani S, Sighinolfi MC, Kavoussi LR, Bianchi G (2004) Tumor seeding in urological laparoscopy: An international survey. J Urol 171:2151-2154
76. Mickisch GH, Garin A, van Poppel H, de Prijck L, Sylvester R (2001) Radical nephrectomy plus interferon-alfa-based immunotherapy compared with interferon alfa alone in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: A randomised trial. Lancet 358:966-970
77. Minervini A, Lilas L, Morelli G, Traversi C, Battaglia S, Cristofani R, Minervini R (2001) Regional lymph node dissection in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma: Is it useful in patients with no suspected adenopathy before or during surgery? BJU Int 88:169-172
78. Moinzadeh A, Libertino JA (2004) Prognostic significance of tumor thrombus level in patients with renal cell carcinoma and venous tumor thrombus extension. Is all T3b the same? J Urol 171:598-601
79. Montie JE, Stewart BH, Straffon RA, Banowsky LH, Hewitt CB, Montague DK (1977) The role of adjunctive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 117:272-275
80. Motzer RJ, Mazumdar M, Bacik J, Berg W, Amsterdam A, Ferrara J (1999) Survival and prognostic stratification of 670 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 17:2530-2540
81. Mukamel E, Konichezky M, Engelstein D, Servadio C (1988) Incidental small renal tumors accompanying clinically overt renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 140:22-24
82. Neves RJ, Zincke H, Taylor WF (1988) Metastatic renal cell cancer and radical nephrectomy: Identification of prognostic factors and patient survival. J Urol 139:1173-1176
83. O'Dea MJ, Zincke H, Utz DC, Bernatz PE (1978) The treatment of renal cell carcinoma with solitary metastasis. J Urol 120:540-542
84. Ono Y, Kinukawa T, Hattori R, Yamada S, Nishiyama N, Mizutani K, Ohshima S (1999) Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: A five-year experience. Urology 53:280-286
85. Pantuck AJ, Belldegrun AS, Figlin RA (2001) Nephrectomy and interleukin-2 for metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 345:1711-1712
86. Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Belldegrun AS (2001) The changing natural history of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 166:1611-1623
87. Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Dorey F, Chao DH, Han KR, Said J, Gitlitz B, Belldegrun AS, Figlin RA (2003) Renal cell carcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Impact on survival and benefits of immunotherapy. Cancer 97:2995-3002
88. Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Dorey F, Chao DH, Han KR, Said J, Gitlitz BJ, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2003) Renal cell carcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph nodes: Role of lymph node dissection. J Urol 169:2076-2083
89. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P (2005) Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 55:74-108
90. Patard JJ, Kim HL, Lam JS, Dorey FJ, Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Ficarra V, Han KR, Cindolo L, De La Taille A, Tostain J, Artibani W, Dinney CP, Wood CG, Swanson DA, Abbou CC, Lobel B, Mulders PF, Chopin DK, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2004) Use of the University of California Los Angeles integrated staging system to predict survival in renal cell carcinoma: an international multicenter study. J Clin Oncol 22:3316-3322
91. Patard JJ, Shvarts O, Lam JS, Pantuck AJ, Kim HL, Ficarra V, Cindolo L, Han KR, De La Taille A, Tostain J, Artibani W, Abbou CC, Lobel B, Chopin DK, Figlin RA, Mulders PF, Belldegrun AS (2004) Safety and efficacy of partial nephrectomy for all T1 tumors based on an international multicenter experience. J Urol 171:2181-2185; quiz 2435
92. Paul R, Mordhorst J, Busch R, Leyh H, Hartung R (2001) Adrenal sparing surgery during radical nephrectomy in patients with renal cell cancer: A new algorithm. J Urol 166:59-62
93. Permpongkosol S, Chan DY, Link RE, Sroka M, Allaf M, Varkarakis I, Lima G, Jarrett TW, Kavoussi LR (2005) Long-term survival analysis after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J Urol 174:1222-1225
94. Peters PC, Brown GL (1980) The role of lymphadenectomy in the management of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am 7:705-709
95. Polascik TJ, Pound CR, Meng MV, Partin AW, Marshall FF (1995) Partial nephrectomy: Technique, complications and pathological findings. J Urol 154:1312-1318
96. Portis AJ, Yan Y, Landman J, Chen C, Barrett PH, Fentie DD, Ono Y, McDougall EM, Clayman RV (2002) Long-term followup after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J Urol 167:1257-1262
97. Rassweiler JJ, Abbou C, Janetschek G, Jeschke K (2000) Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. the European experience. Urol Clin North Am 27:721-736
98. Rassweiler J, Tsivian A, Kumar AV, Lymberakis C, Schulze M, Seeman O, Frede T (2003) Oncological safety of laparoscopic surgery for urological malignancy: Experience with more than 1,000 operations. J Urol 169:2072-2075
99. Robson CJ, Churchill BM, Anderson W (1969) The results of radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 101:297-301
100. Rodriguez R, Chan DY, Bishoff JT, Chen RB, Kavoussi LR, Choti MA, Marshall FF (2000) Renal ablative cryosurgery in selected patients with peripheral renal masses. Urology 55:25-30
101. Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Topalian SL, Schwartzentruber DJ, Weber JS, Parkinson DR, Seipp CA, Einhorn JH, White DE (1994) Treatment of 283 consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer using high-dose bolus interleukin 2. JAMA 271:907-913
102. Sanchez-Ortiz RF, Madsen LT, Bermejo CE, Wen S, Shen Y, Swanson DA, Wood CG (2004) A renal mass in the setting of a nonrenal malignancy: When is a renal tumor biopsy appropriate? Cancer 101:2195-2201
103. Schafhauser W, Ebert A, Brod J, Petsch S, Schrott KM (1999) Lymph node involvement in renal cell carcinoma and survival chance by systematic lymphadenectomy. Anticancer Res 19:1573-1578
104. Scherr DS, Ng C, Munver R, Sosa RE, Vaughan ED Jr, Del Pizzo J (2003) Practice patterns among urologic surgeons treating localized renal cell carcinoma in the laparoscopic age: Technology versus oncology. Urology 62:1007-1011
105. Schrodter S, Hakenberg OW, Manseck A, Leike S, Wirth MP (2002) Outcome of surgical treatment of isolated local recurrence after radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 167:1630-1633
106. Schubert RA, Soldner J, Steiner T, Schubert J, Kaiser WA (1998) Bilateral renal cell carcinoma in a horseshoe kidney: Preoperative assessment with MRI and digital subtraction angiography. Eur Radiol 8:1694-1697
107. Sengupta S, Zincke H, Leibovich BC, Blute ML (2005) Surgical treatment of stage pT3b renal cell carcinoma in solitary kidneys: A case series. BJU Int 96:54-57
108. Shalev M, Cipolla B, Guille F, Staerman F, Lobel B (1995) Is ipsilateral adrenalectomy a necessary component of radical nephrectomy? J Urol 153:1415-1417
109. Shingleton WB, Sewell PE (2004) Percutaneous renal tumor cryoablation: results in the first 90 patients. J Urol 171(Suppl):463, abstract 1751
110. Siemer S, Lehmann J, Kamradt J, Loch T, Remberger K, Humke U, Ziegler M, Stockle M (2004) Adrenal metastases in 1,635 patients with renal cell carcinoma: Outcome and indication for adrenalectomy. J Urol 171:2155-2159; discussion 2159
111. Siemer S, Lehmann J, Loch A, Becker F, Stein U, Schneider G, Ziegler M, Stockle M (2005) Current TNM classification of renal cell carcinoma evaluated: Revising stage T3a. J Urol 173:33-37
112. Siminovitch JP, Montie JE, Straffon RA (1982) Lymphadenectomy in renal adenocarcinoma. J Urol 127:1090-1091
113. Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF (1971) Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases. Cancer 28:1165-1177
114. Skinner DG, Pritchett TR, Lieskovsky G, Boyd SD, Stiles QR (1989) Vena caval involvement by renal cell carcinoma. Surgical resection provides meaningful long-term survival. Ann Surg 210:387-392; discussion 392-384
115. Sobin LH, Wittekind C (2002) TNM classification of malignant tumours, 6 edn. Wiley-Liss, New York
116. Steinberg AP, Finelli A, Desai MM, Abreu SC, Ramani AP, Spaliviero M, Rybicki L, Kaouk J, Novick AC, Gill IS (2004) Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for large (greater than 7 cm, t2) renal tumors. J Urol 172:2172-2176
117. Stifelman MD, Sosa RE, Nakada SY, Shichman SJ (2001) Hand-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. J Endourol 15:161-164
118. Stifelman MD, Handler T, Nieder AM, Del Pizzo J, Taneja S, Sosa RE, Shichman SJ (2003) Hand-assisted laparoscopy for large renal specimens: a multi-institutional study. Urology 61:78-82
119. Tanguay S, Pisters LL, Lawrence DD, Dinney CP (1996) Therapy of locally recurrent renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy. J Urol 155:26-29
120. Terrone C, Guercio S, De Luca S, Poggio M, Castelli E, Scoffone C, Tarabuzzi R, Scarpa RM, Fontana D, Rocca Rossetti S (2003) The number of lymph nodes examined and staging accuracy in renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int 91:37-40
121. Thompson RH, Leibovich BC, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Frank I, Kwon ED, Zincke H, Blute ML (2005) Should direct ipsilateral adrenal invasion from renal cell carcinoma be classified as pT3a? J Urol 173:918-921
122. Thompson RH, Leibovich BC, Lohse CM, Zincke H, Blute ML (2005) Complications of contemporary open nephron sparing surgery: A single institution experience. J Urol 174:855-858
123. Tolia BM, Whitmore WF Jr (1975) Solitary metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 114:836-838
124. Tsivian A, Sidi AA (2003) Port site metastases in urological laparoscopic surgery. J Urol 169:1213-1218
125. Tsui KH, Shvarts O, Barbaric Z, Figlin R, de Kernion JB, Belldegrun A (2000) Is adrenalectomy a necessary component of radical nephrectomy? UCLA experience with 511 radical nephrectomies. J Urol 163:437-441
126. Tsui KH, Shvarts O, Smith RB, Figlin RA, deKernion JB, Belldegrun A (2000) Prognostic indicators for renal cell carcinoma: A multivariate analysis of 643 patients using the revised 1997 TNM staging criteria. J Urol 163:1090-1095; quiz 1295
127. Uzzo RG, Novick AC (2001) Nephron sparing surgery for renal tumors: indications, techniques and outcomes. J Urol 166:6-18
128. van der Poel HG, Roukema JA, Horenblas S, van Geel AN, Debruyne FM (1999) Metastasectomy in renal cell carcinoma: A multicenter retrospective analysis. Eur Urol 35:197-203
129. Van Poppel H, Bamelis B, Oyen R, Baert L (1998) Partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma can achieve long-term tumor control. J Urol 160:674-678
130. Varkarakis IM, Allaf ME, Inagaki T, Bhayani SB, Chan DY, Su LM, Jarrett TW, Kavoussi LR, Solomon SB (2005) Percutaneous radio frequency ablation of renal masses: Results at a 2-year mean followup. J Urol 174:456-460; discussion 460
131. Vasselli JR, Yang JC, Linehan WM, White DE, Rosenberg SA, Walther MM (2001) Lack of retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy predicts survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 166:68-72
132. Walther MM, Patel B, Choyke PL, Lubensky IA, Vocke CD, Harris C, Venzon D, Burtis WJ, Linehan WM (1997) Hypercalcemia in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Effect of nephrectomy and metabolic evaluation. J Urol 158:733-739
133. Walther MM, Lyne JC, Libutti SK, Linehan WM (1999) Laparoscopic cytoreductive nephrectomy as preparation for administration of systemic interleukin-2 in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A pilot study. Urology 53:496-501
134. Whang M, O'Toole K, Bixon R, Brunetti J, Ikeguchi E, Olsson CA, Sawczuk TS, Benson MC (1995) The incidence of multifocal renal cell carcinoma in patients who are candidates for partial nephrectomy. J Urol 154:968-970; discussion 970-961
135. Wille AH, Roigas J, Deger S, Tullmann M, Turk I, Loening SA (2004) Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: Techniques, results and oncological outcome in 125 consecutive cases. Eur Urol 45:483-488; discussion 488-489
136. Wu F, Wang ZB, Chen WZ, Bai J, Zhu H, Qiao TY (2003) Preliminary experience using high intensity focused ultrasound for the treatment of patients with advanced stage renal malignancy. J Urol 170:2237-2240
137. Zisman A, Pantuck AJ, Dorey F, Said JW, Shvarts O, Quintana D, Gitlitz BJ, deKernion JB, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2001) Improved prognostication of renal cell carcinoma using an integrated staging system. J Clin Oncol 19:1649-1657
138. Zisman A, Pantuck AJ, Wieder J, Chao DH, Dorey F, Said JW, deKernion JB, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2002) Risk group assessment and clinical outcome algorithm to predict the natural history of patients with surgically resected renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 20:4559-4566
139. Zisman A, Wieder JA, Pantuck AJ, Chao DH, Dorey F, Said JW, Gitlitz BJ, deKernion JB, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS (2003) Renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extension: Biology, role of nephrectomy and response to immunotherapy. J Urol 169:909-916