Epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal

Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 54-60

  Robb, Bruce W ^a   Mutch, Matthew G ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Anal canal; Epidermoid cancer; Squamous cancer

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; FLUOROURACIL; MITOMYCIN;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANUS CARCINOMA; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RISK; CANCER STAGING; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CIGARETTE SMOKING; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; RECTUM ABDOMINOPERINEAL RESECTION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WART VIRUS;

EID: 33744950159     PISSN: 15310043     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-942345     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics 2005. CA Cancer J Clin 2005;55:10-30
2. Ryan DP, Compton CC, Mayer RJ. Carcinoma of the anal canal. N Engl J Med 2000;342:792-800
3. Nguyen W, Beck DE. Epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2002;15:263-270
4. Greene FL, Page DL, Fleming ID, et al, eds. AJCC Cancer Staging ManualAmerican Joint Committee on Cancer. 6th ed. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2002
5. Morson BC, Sobin LH. Histologic Typing of Intestinal Tumors. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1976:67-69
6. Jass JR, Sobin LH. Histologic Typing of Intestinal Tumors: World Health Organization. 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1989:41-47
7. Tung W, Nivatvongs S. Perianal and anal canal neoplasms. In: Gordon PH, Nivatvons S, eds. Principles and Practice of Surgery for the Colon, Rectum, and Anus. 2nd ed. Saint Louis: Quality Medical Publishing; 1999:401-417
8. Grinvalsky HT, Helwig EG. Carcinoma of the anorectal junction. I. Histologic considerations. Cancer 1956;9:480-488
9. Daling JR, Weiss NS, Hislop TG, et al. Sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases, and the incidence of anal cancer. N Engl J Med 1987;317:973-977
10. Daling JR, Weiss NS, Klopfenstein LL, Cochran LE, Chow WH, Daifuku R. Correlates of homosexual behavior and the incidence of anal cancer. JAMA 1982;247:1988-1990
11. Peters RK, Mack TM. Patterns of anal carcinoma by gender and marital status in Los Angeles County. Br J Cancer 1983; 48:629-636
12. Broker TR, Botchan M. Papillomaviruses: retrospectives and prospectives. Cancer Cells 1986;4:17-36
13. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Gonzales J, Berline J, Ahn DK, Greenspan JS. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal cancer. Cancer Res 1991;51:1014-1019
14. Shroyer KR, Kim JG, Manos MM, Greer CE, Pearlman NW, Franklin WA. Papillomavirus found in anorectal squamous carcinoma, not in colon adenocarcinoma. Arch Surg 1992;127:741-744
15. Frisch M, Glimelius B, van den Brule AJ, et al. Sexually transmitted infection as a cause of anal cancer. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1350-1358
16. Howley PM. On human papillomaviruses. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1089-1090
17. Duggan MA, Boras VF, Inoue M, McGregor SE, Robertson DI. Human papillomavirus DNA determination of anal condylomata, dysplasias, and squamous carcinomas with in situ hybridization. Am J Clin Pathol 1989;92:16-21
18. Williams GR, Lu OL, Love SB, Talbot IC, Northover JM. Properties of HPV-positive and HPV-negative anal carcinomas. J Pathol 1996;180:378-382
19. Holly EA, Whittemore AS, Aston DA, Ahn DK, Nickoloff BJ, Kristiansen JJ. Anal cancer incidence: genital warts, anal fissure or fistula, hemorrhoids, and smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:1726-1731
20. Frisch M, Melbye M, Moller H. Trends in incidence of anal cancer in Denmark. BMJ 1993;306:419-422
21. Melbye M, Rabkin C, Frisch M, Biggar RJ. Changing patterns of anal cancer incidence in the United States, 1940-1989. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:772-780
22. Kiviat N, Rompalo A, Bowden R, et al. Anal human papillomavirus infection among human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive and -seronegative men. J Infect Dis 1990; 162:358-361
23. Williams AB, Darragh TM, Vranizan K, Ochia C, Moss AR, Palefsky JM. Anal and cervical human papillomavirus infection and risk of anal and cervical epithelial abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:205-211
24. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Hogeboom CJ, et al. Virologic, immunologie, and clinical parameters in the incidence and progression of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998;17:314-319
25. Melbye M, Cote TR, Kessler L, Gail M, Biggar RJ. High incidence of anal cancer among AIDS patients. Lancet 1994; 343:636-639
26. Selik RM, Rabkin CS. Cancer death rates associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:1300-1302
27. Rabkin CS, Yellin F. Cancer incidence in a population with a high prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:1711-1716
28. Goedert JJ, Cote TR, Virgo P, et al. Spectrum of AIDS-associated malignant disorders. Lancet 1998;351:1833-1839
29. Frisch M, Biggar RJ, Engels EA, Goedert JJ. Association of cancer with AIDS-related immunosuppression in adults. JAMA 2001;285:1736-1745
30. Bower M, Powles T, Newsom-Davis T, et al. HIV-associated anal cancer. Has highly active antiretroviral therapy reduced the incidence or improved the outcome? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004;37:1563-1565
31. Frisch M, Biggar RJ, Goedert JJ. Human papillomavirus-associated cancers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:1500-1510
32. Penn I. Cancers of the anogenital region in renal transplant recipients: analysis of 65 cases. Cancer 1986;58:611-616
33. Arends MJ, Benton EC, McLaren KM, Stark LA, Hunter JA, Bird CC. Renal allograft recipients with high susceptibility to cutaneous malignancy have an increased prevalence of human papillomavirus DNA in skin tumours and a greater risk of anogenital malignancy. Br J Cancer 1997;75:722-728
34. Holmes F, Borek D, Owen-Kummer M, et al. Anal cancer in women. Gastroenterology 1988;95:107-111
35. Daling JR, Sherman KJ, Hislop TG, et al. Cigarette smoking and the risk of anogenital cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135: 180-189
36. Buckwalter JA, Jurayi MN. Relationship of chronic anorectal disease to carcinoma. Arch Surg 1957;75:352-361
37. Kline RJ, Spencer RJ, Harrison EG Jr. Carcinoma associated with fistula-in-ano. Arch Surg 1964;89:989-994
38. Frisch M, Olsen JH, Bautz A, Melbye M. Benign anal lesions and the risk of anal cancer. N Engl J Med 1994;331:300-302
39. Boman BM, Moertel CG, O'Connell MJ, et al. Carcinoma of the anal canal: a clinical and pathologic study of 188 cases. Cancer 1984;54:114-125
40. Pintor MP, Northover JM, Nicholls RJ. Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus at one hospital from 1948 to 1984. Br J Surg 1989;76:806-810
41. Schlienger M, Kreisch C, Pene F, et al. Epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal treatment results and prognostic variables in a series of 242 cases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;17:1141-1151
42. Touboul E, Schlienger M, Buffat L, et al. Epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal: results of curative-intent radiation therapy in a series of 270 patients. Cancer 1994;73:1569-1579
43. Nigro ND, Vaitkevicius VK, Considine B Jr. Combined therapy for cancer of the anal canal: a preliminary report. Dis Colon Rectum 1974;17:354-356
44. Beahrs OH, Wilson SM. Carcinoma of the anus. Ann Surg 1976;184:422-428
45. Pocard M, Tiret E, Nugent K, Dehni N, Pare R. Results of salvage abdominoperineal resection for anal cancer after radiotherapy. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41:1488-1493
46. Klas JV, Rothenberger DA, Wong WD, Madoff RD. Malignant tumors of the anal canal: the spectrum of disease, treatment, and outcomes. Cancer 1999;85:1686-1693
47. Allal AS, Laurencet FM, Reymond MA, Kurtz JM, Marti MC. Effectiveness of surgical salvage therapy for patients with locally uncontrolled anal carcinoma after sphincter-conserving treatment. Cancer 1999;86:405-409
48. Nilsson PJ, Svensson C, Goldman S, Glimelius B. Salvage abdominoperineal resection in anal epidermoid cancer. Br J Surg 2002;89:1425-1429
49. Renehan AG, Saunders MP, Schofield PF, O'Dwyer ST. Patterns of local disease failure and outcome after salvage surgery in patients with anal cancer. Br J Surg 2005;92:605-614
50. Touboul E, Schlienger M, Buffat L, et al. Epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal: results of curative-intent radiation therapy in a series of 270 patients. Cancer 1994;73:1569-1579
51. Hughes LL, Rich TA, Delclos L, Ajani JA, Martin RG. Radiotherapy for anal cancer: experience from 1979-1987. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;17:1153-1160
52. Leichman L, Nigro N, Vaitkevicius VK, et al. Cancer of the anal canal: model for preoperative adjuvant combined modality therapy. Am J Med 1985;78:211-215
53. UKCCCR Anal Cancer Trial Working Party. Epidermoid anal cancer: results from the UKCCCR randomised trial of radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy, 5-fluorouracil, and mitomycin. Lancet 1996;348:1049-1054
54. Bartelink H, Roelofsen F, Eschwege F, et al. Concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced anal cancer: results of a phase III randomized trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiotherapy and Gastrointestinal Cooperative Groups. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2040-2049
55. Flam M, John M, Pajak TF, et al. Role of mitomycin in combination with fluorouracil and radiotherapy, and of salvage chemoradiation in the definitive nonsurgical treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal: results of a phase III randomized intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 1996;14: 2527-2539
56. Rotman M, Lange CS. Anal cancer: radiation and concomitant continuous infusion chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991;21:1385-1387
57. Bottomley DM, Aqel N, Selvaratnam G, Phillips RH. Epidermoid anal cancer in HIV infected patients. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1996;8:319-322
58. Cleator S, Fife K, Nelson M, et al. Treatment of HIV-associated invasive anal cancer with combined chemoradiation. Eur J Cancer 2000;36:754-758
59. Hocht S, Wiegel T, Kroesen AJ, et al. Low acute toxicity of radiotherapy and radiochemotherapy in patients with cancer of the anal canal and HIV-infection. Acta Oncol 1997;36: 799-802
60. Kim J, Sarani B, Orkin B, et al. HIV-positive patients with anal carcinoma have poorer treatment tolerance and outcome than HIV-negative patients. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44: 1496-1502
61. Hoffman R, Welton ML, Klencke B, Weinberg V, Krieg R, The significance of pretreatment CD4 count on the outcome and treatment tolerance of HIV-positive patients with anal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999;44: 127-131
62. Peddada AV, Smith DE, Rao AR, Frost DB, Kagan AR. Chemotherapy and low-dose radiotherapy in the treatment of HIV-infected patients with carcinoma of the anal canal. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997;37:1101-1105
63. Akbari RP, Paty PB, Guillem JG, et al. Oncologic outcomes of salvage surgery for epidermoid carcinoma of the anus initially managed with combined modality therapy. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:1136-1144