Economically important non-oncogenic immunosuppressive viral diseases of chicken - Current status

Veterinary Research Communications

Volumn 30, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 541-566

  Balamurugan, V ^a   Kataria, J M ^a  

^a INDIAN VETERINARY RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (India)

Author keywords

CAV; Chicken; FAV; IBDV; Immunosuppression; Viruses

Indexed keywords

VIRUS VACCINE;

ANEMIA; ATROPHY; BIRD DISEASE; BREEDING; CELL INCLUSION; CHICK EMBRYO LETHAL ORPHAN VIRUS; CHICKEN; CIRCOVIRIDAE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; ERYTHROID CELL; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS; LIVER CELL; LIVER DISEASE; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM DISEASE; LYMPHOID CELL; LYMPHOID TISSUE; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; OVARY; PERICARDIAL DISEASE; PRE B LYMPHOCYTE; REVIEW; SOCIOECONOMICS; STEM CELL; TISSUE INJURY; VACCINATION; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; VIRUS VIRULENCE;

ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ANIMALS; BIRNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; CHICKEN ANEMIA VIRUS; CHICKENS; CIRCOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FOWL ADENOVIRUS A; INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS; POULTRY DISEASES; VIRUS DISEASES;

ADENOVIRIDAE; CHICKEN ANEMIA VIRUS; FOWL ADENOVIRUS 4; GALLUS GALLUS;

EID: 33744938915     PISSN: 01657380     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3278-4     Document Type: Review

References (205)

1. Abdul-Aziz, T.A. and Al-Attar, M.A., 1991. New syndrome in Iraqi chicks. The Veterinary Record, 129, 272
2. Abdul-Aziz, T.A. and Hasan, S.Y., 1995. Hydropericardium syndrome in broiler chickens: Its contagious nature and pathology. Research in Veterinary Science, 59, 219-221
3. Abe, T., Nakamura, K., Tojo, H., Mase, M., Shibahara, T., Yamaguchi, S. and Yuasa, N., 1998. Histology, immuno-histochemistry and ultra-structure of hydropericardium syndrome in adult broiler breeders and broiler chicks. Avian Diseases, 42, 606-612
4. Adair, B.M., 2000. Immunopathogenesis of chicken anemia virus infection. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 24, 247-255
5. Adair, B.M., McNeilly, F., McConnell, C.D. and McNulty, M.S., 1993. Characterization of surface markers present on cells infected by chicken anemia virus in experimentally infected chickens. Avian Diseases, 37, 943-950
6. Ahmad, I., Afzal, M., Malik, M.I., Hussain, Z. and Hanif, W., 1989. Studies on the disease pattern and etiology of hydropericardium syndrome (Angara disease) in broiler chickens in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture Research, 10, 195-199
7. Akhtar, S., 1992. Studies on the rate of lateral spread of hydropericardium syndrome agent(s). In: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Hydropericardium Syndrome in Poultry, (Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID), Washington DC, USA)
8. Akhtar, S., 1995. Lateral spread of the aetiologic agent(s) of hydropericardium syndrome in broiler chickens. The Veterinary Record, 136, 118-120
9. Akhtar, S., Zahid, S. and Khan, M.I., 1992. Risk factors associated with hydropericardium syndrome in broiler flocks. The Veterinary Record, 131, 481-484
10. Asrani, R.K., Gupta, B.K., Sharma, S.K., Singh, S.P. and Katoch, R.C., 1997. Hydropericardium hepatopathy syndrome in Asian poultry. The Veterinary Record, 141, 271-273
11. Babiuk, L.A., Gomis, S. and Hecker, R., 2003. Molecular approaches to disease control. Poultry Science, 82, 870-875
12. Balamurugan, V., 1999. Characterization of fowl adenovirus serotype-4 associated with hydropericardium syndrome in chicken and evaluation of serological techniques for detection of virus, (MVSc, thesis, Deemed University, IVRI. Izatnagar, India)
13. Balamurugan, V. and Kataria, J.M., 2004. The hydropericardium syndrome in poultry - a current scenario. Veterinary Research Communications, 28, 127-148
14. Balamurugan, V., Kataria, J.M., Verma, K.C., Tiwari, A.K. and Nanthakumar, T., 1999. Detection of fowl adenovirus group I antigens in chicken by Dot-ELISA. Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 20, 11-13
15. Balamurugan, V., Kataria, J.M., Tiwari, A.K., Verma, K.C., Toroghi, R. and Jadhao, S. J., 2001. Development of sandwich ELISA for the detection of fowl adenovirus 4 associated with hydropericardium syndrome in experimentally infected chicken. Acta Virologica, 45, 95-100
16. Ball, N.W., Smyth, J.A., Weston, J.H., Borghmans, B.J., Palya, V., Glavits, R., Ivanics, E., Dan, A. and Todd, D., 2004. Diagnosis of goose circovirus infection in Hungarian geese samples using polymerase chain reaction and dot blot hybridization tests. Avian Pathology, 33, 51-58
17. Becht, H. and Muller, H., 1991. Infectious bursal disease'B cell dependent immunodeficiency syndrome in chickens. Behring Institute Research Communications, 89, 217-225
18. Boot, H.J., ter Huurne, A.A., Hoekman, A.J., Peeters, B.P. and Gielkens, A.L., 2000. Rescue of very virulent and mosaic infectious bursal disease virus from cloned cDNA: VP2 is not the sole determinant of the very virulent phenotype. Journal of Virology, 74, 6701-6711
19. Borisov, V.V., Borisov, A.V. and Gusev, A.A., 1997. Hydropericardium syndrome in chickens in Russia. Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of World Veterinary Poultry Association, (Budapest, Hungary), 18-22 Aug, 258
20. Bounous, D.I., Goodwin, M.A., Brooks, R.L. Jr., Lamichhane, C.M., Campagnoli, R.P., Brown, J. and Snyder, D.B., 1995. Immunosuppression and intracellular calcium signaling in splenocytes from chicks infected with chicken anemia virus, CL-1 isolate. Avian Diseases, 39, 135-140
21. Brandt, M., Yao, K., Liu, M., Heckert, R.A. and Vakharia, V.N., 2001. Molecular determinants of virulence, cell tropism, and pathogenic phenotype of infectious bursal disease virus. Journal of Virology, 75, 11974-11982
22. Butter, C., Sturman, T.D., Baaten, B.J. and Davison, T.F., 2003. Protection from infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV)-induced immunosuppression by immunization with a fowlpox recombinant containing IBDV-VP2. Avian Pathology, 32, 597-604
23. Calnek, B.W., Lucio-Martinez, B., Cardona, C., Harris, R.W., Schat, K.A. and Buscaglia, C., 2000. Comparative susceptibility of Marek's disease cell lines to chicken infectious anemia virus. Avian Diseases, 44, 114-124
24. Cardona, C., Lucio, B., O'Connell, P., Jagne, J. and Schat, K.A., 2000a. Humoral immune responses to chicken infectious anemia virus in three strains of chickens in a closed flock. Avian Diseases, 44, 661-667
25. Cardona, C.J., Oswald, W.B. and Schat, K.A., 2000b. Distribution of chicken anaemia virus in the reproductive tissues of specific-pathogen-free chickens. Journal of General Virology, 81, 2067-2075.
26. Caterina, K.M., Frasca, S.J.R., Girshick, T. and Khan, M.I., 2004. Development of a multiplex PCR for detection of avian adenovirus, avian reovirus, infectious bursal disease virus, and chicken anemia virus. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 18, 293-298
27. Chandra, R., Shukla, S.K., Kumar, M. and Garg, S.K., 1997. Electron microscopic demonstration of an adenovirus in the hepatocytes of birds experimentally infected with hydropericardium syndrome. The Veterinary Record, 140, 70-71
28. Chang, H.C., Lin, T.L. and Wu, C.C., 2001. DNA-mediated vaccination against infectious bursal disease in chickens. Vaccines, 20, 328-335
29. Chang, H.C., Lin, T.L and Wu, C.C., 2003. DNA vaccination with plasmids containing various fragments of large segment genome of infectious bursal disease virus. Vaccines, 21, 507-513
30. Cheema, A.H., Ahmad, J. and Afzal, M., 1989. An adenovirus infection of poultry in Pakistan. Revue Scientifique et Technique del'Office International des Epizooties, 8, 789-795
31. Chettle, N., Stuart, J.C. and Wyeth, P. J., 1989. Outbreak of virulent infectious bursal disease in East Anglia. The Veterinary Record, 125, 271-272
32. Cloud, S.S., Lillehoj, H.S. and Rosenberger, J.K., 1992a. Immune dysfunction following infection with chicken anemia agent and infectious bursal disease virus. I. Kinetic alterations of lymphocyte subpopulations. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 34, 337-352
33. Cloud, S.S., Rosenberger, J.K. and Lillehoj, H.S., 1992b. Immune dysfunction following infection with chicken anemia agent and infectious bursal disease virus. II. Alterations of in vitro lymphoproliferation and in vivo immune function. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 34, 353-366
34. Coombes, A.L. and Crawford, G.R., 1998. Recommended storage and resuscitation conditions for the MDCC-MSB1 cell line. Avian Diseases, 42, 168-172
35. Cowen, S., 1992. Inclusion body hepatitis-anaemia and hydropericardium syndrome; aetiology and control. World's Poultry Science Journal, 48, 247-253
36. Dahiya, S., Srivastava, R.N., Hess, M. and Gulati, B.R., 2002. Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 associated with outbreaks of infectious hydropericardium in Haryana, India. Avian Diseases, 46, 230-233
37. Darteil, R., Bublot, M., Laplace, E., Bouquet, J.F., Audonnet, J.C. and Riviera, M., 1995. Herpesvirus of turkey recombinant viruses expressing infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) VP2 immunogen induce protection against an IBDV virulent challenge in chickens. Virology, 211, 481-490
38. DeBoer, G.F., Van Roozelaar, D.J., Moormann, R.J., Jeurissen, S.H.M., Van den Wingaard, J.C., Hilbink, F. and Koch, G., 1994. Interaction between chicken anemia virus and live Newcastle disease virus vaccine. Avian Pathology, 23, 263-275
39. Deepak, J.N., 1998. Studies on pathogenicity and immunosuppressive effects of fowl adenovirus serotype-4 isolated from hydropericardium syndrome in chicken, (MVSc, thesis, Deemed University, IVRI, Izatnagar, India)
40. Deepak, J.N., Kataria, J.M., Verma, K.C. and Somvansh, R., 1998. Immunosuppressive effects of fowl adenovirus serotype-4 isolated from cases of hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome. Proceeding of the 5th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium of the International Union of Immunological Societies (VIC-IUIS), (PAU, Ludhiyana, India, 8-13 November), 197
41. Dhama, K., 2002. Pathogenicity and immunosuppressive effects of chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) in chicks and evaluation of diagnostic tests for its detection, (PhD, Thesis, Deemed University, IVRI, Izatnagar, India)
42. Dhama, K., Kataria, J.M., Dash, B.B., Senthil Kumar, N. and Tomar, O., 2002. Chicken infectious anaemia (CIA): A review. Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 23, 1-15
43. Dobos, P., Hill, B.J., Hallett, R., Kells, D.T., Becht, H. and Teninges, D., 1979. Biophysical and biochemical characterization of five animal viruses with bisegmented double-stranded RNA genomes. Journal of Virology, 32, 593-605
44. Domanska, K., Mato, T., Rivallan, G., Smietanka, K., Minta, Z., de Boisseson, C., Toquin, D., Lomniczi, B., Palya, V. and Eterradossi, N., 2004. Antigenic and genetic diversity of early European isolates of infectious bursal disease virus prior to the emergence of the very virulent viruses: Early European epidemiology of infectious bursal disease virus revisited? Archives of Virology, 149, 465-480
45. Dybing, J.K. and Jackwood, D.J., 1998. Antigenic and immunologic properties of baculovirus-expressed infectious bursal disease viral proteins. Avian Diseases, 42, 80-91
46. Engstrom, B.E., 1999. Prevalence of antibody to chicken anaemia virus (CAV) in Swedish chicken breeding flocks correlated to outbreaks of blue wing disease (BWD) in their progeny. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 40, 97-107
47. Eterradossi, N., Picault, J.P., Drouin, P., Guittet, M., L'Hospitalier, R. and Bennejean, G., 1992. Pathogenicity and preliminary antigenic characterization of six infectious bursal disease virus strains isolated in France from acute outbreaks. Zentralblatt für Veterinarmedizin Reihe B, 39, 683-691
48. Eterradossi, N., Arnauld, C., Toquin, D. and Rivallan, G., 1998. Critical amino acid changes in VP2 variable domain are associated with typical and atypical antigenicity in very virulent infectious bursal disease viruses. Archives of Virology, 143, 1627-1636
49. Fodors, I., Horvath, E., Fodor, N., Nagy, E., Rencendorth, A., Vakharia, V.N. and Dube, S.K., 1999. Induction of protective immunity in chickens immunized with plasmic DNA encoding infectious bursal disease virus antigens. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 47, 481-492
50. Francois, A., Eterradossi, N., Delmas, B., Payet, M.L. and Langlois, P., 2001. Construction of avian adenovirus CELO recombinants in cosmids. Journal of Virology, 75, 5288-5301 5288-5301
51. Francois, A., Chevalier, C., Delmas, B., Eterradossi, N., Toquin, D., Rivallan, G. and Langlois, P., 2004. Avian adenovirus CELO recombinants expressing VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus induce protection against bursal disease in chickens. Vaccines, 22, 2351-2360
52. Ganesh, K., Raghavan, R., Gowda, R.N.S., Satyanarayana, M.L. and Suryanarayana, V.V.S., 2001. Purification and characterization of the aetiological agent of hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome from infected liver tissues of broiler chickens. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 34, 7-17
53. Ganesh, K., Suryanarayana, V.V.S. and Raghavan, R., 2002. Detection of fowl adenovirus associated with hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome by polymerase chain reaction. Veterinary Research Communications, 26, 73-80
54. Goodwin, M.A. and Brown, J., 1992. Inability of so-called chicken anemia agent (CAA) infections to be diagnosed by anemia and hematopoietic organ atrophy alone. Avian Diseases, 36, 353-355
55. Goryo, M., Shibata, Y., Suwa, T., Umemura, T. and Itakura, C. 1987. Outbreak of anemia associated with chicken anemia agent in young chicks. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science, 49, 867-873
56. Gowda, R.N.S. and Satyanarayana, M.L., 1994. Hydropericardium syndrome in poultry. Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology, 18, 159-161
57. Hagood, L.T., Kelly, T.F., Wright, J.C. and Hoerr, F.J., 2000. Evaluation of chicken infectious anemia virus and associated risk factors with disease and production losses in broilers. Avian Diseases, 44, 803-808
58. Hassan, M.K., 2004. Very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in Egypt: Epidemiology, isolation and immunogenicity of classic vaccines. Veterinary Research Communications, 28, 347-356
59. + T lymphocyte subpopulations by CIA-1, a chicken infectious anemia virus. Avian Diseases, 37, 492-500
60. Hu, L.B., Lucio, B. and Schat, K.A., 1993b. Abrogation of age-related resistance to chicken infectious anemia by embryonal bursectomy. Avian Diseases, 37, 157-169
61. Hu, Y.C., Bentley, W.E., Edwards, G.H. and Vakharia, V.N., 1999. Chimeric infectious bursal disease virus-like particles expressed in insect cells and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 63, 721-729
62. Huang, Z., Elankumaran, S., Yunus, A.S. and Samal, S.K., 2004. A recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing VP2 protein of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) protects against NDV and IBDV. Journal of Virology, 78, 10054-10063
63. Hulse, D.J. and Romero, C.H., 2004. Partial protection against infectious bursal disease virus through DNA-mediated vaccination with the VP2 capsid protein and chicken IL-2 genes. Vaccines, 22, 1249-1259
64. Ibrahim., 1998. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal, 37, 125 (cited by Dhama et al., 2002)
65. Ikuta, N., El-Attrache, J., Villegas, P., Garcia, E.M., Lunge, V.R., Fonseca, A.S., Oliveira, C. and Marques, E.K., 2001. Molecular characterization of Brazilian infectious bursal disease viruses. Avian Diseases, 45, 297-306
66. Imai, K., Mase, M., Tsukamoto, K., Hihara, H. and Yuasa, N., 1999. Persistent infection with chicken anaemia virus and some effects of highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus infection on its persistency. Research in Veterinary Science, 67, 233-238
67. Indervesh, Tiwari, A.K., Kataria, R.S., Viswas, K.N., Bais, M.V. and Suryanarayana, V.V.S., 2003. Isolates of infectious bursal disease virus from India are of very virulent phenotype. Acta Virologica, 47, 173-177
68. Islam, A.F., Wong, C.W., Walkden-Brown, S.W., Colditz, I.G., Arzey, K.E. and Groves, P.J., 2002. Immunosuppressive effects of Marek's disease virus (MDV) and herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) in broiler chickens and the protective effect of HVT vaccination against MDV challenge. Avian Pathology, 31, 449-461
69. Islam, M.R., Zierenberg, K. and Muiller, H., 2001a. The genome segment b encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase protein VP1 of very virulent IBDV is phylogenetically distinct from that of all other IBDV strains. Archives of Virology, 146, 2481-2492
70. Islam, M.R., Zierenberg, K., Eterradossi, N., Toquin, D., Rivallan, G. and Muiller, H., 2001b. Molecular and antigenic characterization of Bangladesh isolates of infectious bursal disease virus demonstrate their similarities with recent Europeans, Asian and African very virulent strains. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B, 48, 211-221
71. Jackwood, D.H. and Saif, Y.M., 1987. Antigenic diversity of infectious bursal disease viruses. Avian Diseases, 31, 766-770
72. Jackwood, D.J. and Jackwood, R.J., 1994. Infectious bursal disease viruses: Molecular differentiation of antigenic subtypes among genotype l viruses. Avian Diseases 38, 531-537
73. Jackwood, D.J. and Sommer, S.E., 2002. Identification of infectious bursal disease virus multispecies in commercial vaccines and field isolates of this double-stranded RNA virus. Virology, 304, 105-113
74. Jackwood, D.J., Spalding, B.D. and Sommer, S.E., 2003. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction detection and analysis of nucleotide sequences coding for a neutralizing epitope on infectious bursal disease viruses. Avian Diseases, 47, 738-744
75. Jadhao, S.J., 1998. Molecular characterization isolates of FAV-associated with inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome in chicken, (PhD thesis, Deemed University, IVRI, Izatnagar, India)
76. Jadhao, S.J., Kataria, J.M., Verma, K.C. and Shah, R.L., 1997. Serotyping of Indian isolates of fowl adenovirus recovered from inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (Litchi disease) in chickens. Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 18, 33-37
77. Jaffery, M.S., 1988. A treatise on Angara disease (hydropericardium-pulmonary oedema-hepatonephritis syndrome). Pakistan Veterinary Medical Association, 34
78. Jantosovic, J., Konard, J., Saly, J., Skardova, I., Kusev, J. and Beninghausova, K., 1991. Hydropericardium syndrome in chicks. Veterinastvi, 41, 261-263
79. Jeurissen, S.H.M., Wagenaar, F., Pol, J.M.A., Van den Eb, A. J. and Noteborn, M.H.M., 1992. Chicken anaemia virus causes apoptosis of thymocytes after in vivo infection and of cell lines after in vitro infection. Journal of Virology, 66, 7383-7388
80. Jeurissen, S.H., Janse, E.M., Lehrbach, P.R., Haddad, E.E., Avakian, A. and Whitfill, C.E., 1998. The working mechanism of an immune complex vaccines that protects chickens against infectious bursal disease. Immunology, 95, 494-500
81. Jungmann, A., Nieper, H. and Muller, H., 2001. Apoptosis is induced by infectious bursal disease virus replication in productively infected cells as well as in antigen-negative cells in their vicinity. Journal of General Virology, 82, 1107-1115
82. Kataria, J. M., Shah, R.L., Verma, K.C. and Bansal, M.P., 1995. Studies on inclusion body hepatitis in chickens. Proceeding of the National Symposium on the Impact of Disease on Livestock/Poultry Production and Wild Life Conservation, Bhubaneswar 9-11 November, 1995, (Indian Association of Veterinary Pathologists), 75
83. Kataria, J.M., Verma, K.C., Jadhao, S.J. and Shah, R.L., 1996. Studies on viruses isolated from cases of inclusion body hepatitis in chickens. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the Indian Association of Veterinary Microbiologist Immunologists and Specialists in Infections Diseases, Bhubaneswar, India, 16-18th November 1996
84. Kataria, J.M., Verma, K.C., Shah, R.L. and Jadhao, S.J., 1997a. Experimental studies with fowl adenovirus serotype 4 isolated from cases of IBH-HPS in chicks. Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the Indian Association of Veterinary Microbiologists, Immunologists and Specialists in Infectious Diseases, Ludhiana, India, 6-8 November 1997
85. Kataria, J.M., Verma, K.C., Jadhao, S.J., Deepak, J.N. and Shah, R.L., 1997b. Efficacy of an inactivated oil emulsified vaccine against inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (Litchi disease) in chicken prepared from cell culture propagated fowl adenovirus. Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 18, 38-42
86. Kataria, R.S., Tiwari, A.K., Bandyopadhyay, S.K., Kataria, J.M. and Butchaiah, G., 1998. Detection of infectious bursal disease virus of poultry in clinical samples by RT-PCR. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International, 45, 315-322
87. Kataria, R.S., Tiwari, A.K., Butchaiah, G. and Kataria, J.M., 1999. Differentiation of infectious bursal disease virus strains by restriction analysis of RT-PCR-amplified VP2 gene sequences. Acta Virologica, 43, 245-249
88. Kataria, R.S., Tiwari, A.K., Butchaiah, G. and Kataria, J.M., 2000. Development of probes for differentiation of infectious bursal disease virus strains of various virulence by dot-blot hybridization. Acta Virologica, 44, 259-263
89. Khawaja, D.A., Ahmad, S., Racuf, M.A., Zulfiqar, M.Z., Mahmood, S.M.I. and Hasan, M., 1988. Isolation of an adenovirus from hydropericardium syndrome in broiler chicks. Pakistan Journal of Veterinary Research, 1, 2-17
90. Kibenge, F.S., Qian, B., Nagy, E., Cleghorn, J.R. and Wadowska, D., 1999. Formation of virus-like particles when the polyprotein gene (segment A) of infectious bursal disease virus is expressed in insect cells. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 63, 49-55
91. Kim, IJ., You, S.K., Kim, H., Yeh, H.Y. and Sharma, J.M., 2000. Characteristics of bursal T lymphocytes induced by infectious bursal disease virus. Journal of Virology, 74, 8884-8892
92. Kim, S.J., Sung, H.W., Han, J.H., Jackwood, D. and Kwon, H.M., 2004. Protection against very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in chickens immunized with DNA vaccines. Veterinary Microbiology, 101, 39-51
93. Koch, G., van Roozelaar, D.J., Verschueren, C.A., van der Eb, A.J. and Noteborn, M.H., 1995. Immunogenic and protective properties of chicken anaemia virus proteins expressed by baculovirus. Vaccines, 13, 763-770
94. Kong, L.L., Omar, A.R., Hair-Bejo, M., Aini, I. and Seow, H.F., 2004a. Comparative analysis of viral RNA and apoptotic cells in bursae following infection with infectious bursal disease virus. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 27, 433-443
95. Kong, L.L., Omar, A.R., Hair-Bejo, M., Aini, I. and Seow, H.F., 2004b. Sequence analysis of both genome segments of two very virulent infectious bursal disease virus field isolates with distinct pathogenicity. Archives of Virology, 149, 425-434
96. Kumar, R., Chandra, R., Shukla, S.K., Agrawal, D.K. and Kumar, M., 1997. Hydropericardium syndrome in India: A preliminary study on causative agent and control of disease by inactivated autogenous vaccines. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 29, 158-164
97. Kumar, R., Chandra, R. and Shukla, S.K., 2003. Isolation of etiological agent of hydropericardium syndrome in chicken embryo liver cell culture and its serological characterization. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 41, 821-826
98. Lange, H., Muller, H., Kaufer, I. and Becht, H., 1987. Pathogenic and structural properties of wild type infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and virus grown in vitro. Archives of Virology, 92, 187-196
99. Leong, J.C., Brown, D., Dobos, P., Kibenge, F., Ludert, J.E., Muller, H., Mundt, E. and Nicholson, B., 2000. Birnaviridae. In: M.H.V. Regenmortel, C.M. Fauquet, D.H.L. Bishop, et al. (eds), Virus Taxonomy. Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses, (Academic Press, London), 481-490
100. Lim, B.L., Cao, Y., Yu, T. and Mo, C.W., 1999. Adaptation of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus to chicken embryonic fibroblasts by site-directed mutagenesis of residues 279 and 284 of viral coat protein VP2. Journal of Virology, 73, 2854-2862
101. Lutticken, D., 1997. Viral diseases of the immune system and strategies to control infectious bursal disease by vaccination. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 45, 239-249
102. Manoharan, S., Parthiban, M., Prabhakar, T.G., Ravikumar, G., Koteeswaran, A., Chandran, N.D. and Rajavelu, G., 2004. Rapid serological profiling by an immunocomb-based dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent test for three major poultry diseases. Veterinary Research Communications, 28, 339-346
103. Markowski-Grimsrud, C.J. and Schat, K.A., 2003. Infection with chicken anaemia virus impairs the generation of pathogen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunology, 109, 283-294
104. Martinez-Costas, J., Gonzalez-Lopez, C., Vakharia, V.N. and Benavente, J., 2000. Possible involvement of the double-stranded RNA-binding core protein sigmaA in the resistance of avian reovirus to interferon. Journal of Virology, 74, 1124-1131
105. McFerran, J.B., McNulty, M.S., McKillop, E.R., Conner, T.J., McCracken, R.M., Collins, D.S. and Allan, G.M., 1980. Isolation and serological studies with infectious bursal disease viruses from fowl, turkey and duck: Demonstration of a second serotype. Avian Pathology, 9, 395-404
106. McKenna, G.F., Todd, D., Borghmans, B.J., Welsh, M.D. and Adair, B.M., 2003. Imunopathologic investigations with an attenuated chicken anemia virus in day-old chickens. Avian Diseases, 47, 339-345
107. McNeilly, F., Allan, G.M., Moffett, D.A. and McNulty, M.S., 1991. Detection of chicken anaemia agent in chickens by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining. Avian Pathology, 20, 125-132
108. McNeilly, F., Smyth, J.A., Adair, B.M. and McNulty, M.S., 1995. Synergism between chicken anemia virus (CAV) and avian reovirus following dual infection of 1-day-old chicks by a natural route. Avian Diseases, 39, 532-537
109. McNulty, M.S., 1991. Chicken anaemia agent (CAA): A review. Avian Pathology, 20, 187-203
110. McNulty, M.S., Curran, W.L., Todd, D. and Mackie, D.P., 1990. Chicken anemia agent: An electron microscopic study. Avian Diseases, 34, 736-743
111. McNulty, M.S., McIlroy, S.G., Bruce, D.W. and Todd, D., 1991. Economic effects of subclinical chicken anemia agent infection in broiler chickens. Avian Diseases, 35, 263-268
112. Miles, A.M., Anderson, A.S., Bernberg, E.L., Kent, J., Rosenberger, J.K., Pope, C.R. and Morgan, R.W., 1999. Comparison of two serotype 1 MDV isolates. Acta Virologica, 43, 102-105
113. Monreal, G., 1996. History and development of research about avian adenoviruses. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Adenovirus and Reovirus Infection in Poultry. Rauischholzhausen, Germany, 24-27 June, 4-9
114. Moody, A., Sellers, S. and Bumstead, N., 2000. Measuring infectious bursal disease virus RNA in blood by multiplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Journal of Virological Methods, 85, 55-64
115. Muller, H., Lange, H. and Becht, H., 1986. Formation, characterization and interfering capacity of a small plaque mutant and of incomplete virus particles of the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Virus Research, 4, 297-309
116. Muller, H., Islam, M.R. and Raue, R., 2003. Research on infectious bursal disease-the past, the present and the future. Veterinary Microbiology, 97, 153-165
117. Murphy, F.A., Gibbs, E.P.J., Horzinek, M.C. and Studdert, M.J., 1999. Veterinary Virology, 3rd edn, (Academic Press, San Diego), 363-390
118. Naeem, K., Niazi, T., Malik, S.A. and Cheema, A.H., 1995a. Immunosuppressive potential and pathogenicity of an avian adenovirus isolate involved in hydropericardium syndrome in broilers. Avian Diseases, 39, 723-728
119. Naeem, K., Rabbani, M., Hussain, M. and Cheema, A.H., 1995b. Development of cell culture vaccine against HPS in poultry. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 15, 150-151
120. Nakamura, K., Mase, M., Yamaguchi, S., Shiobahara, T. and Yuasa, N., 1999. Pathologic study of specific pathogen free chicks and hens inoculated with adenovirus isolated from hydropericardium syndrome. Avian Diseases, 43, 414-423
121. Nakamura, K., Shoyama, T., Mase, M., Imada, T. and Yamada, M., 2003. Reproduction of hydropericardium syndrome in three-week-old cyclophosphamide-treated specific-pathogen-free chickens by adenoviruses from inclusion body hepatitis. Avian Diseases, 47, 169-174
122. Nakamura, T., Otaki, Y. and Nunoya, T., 1992. Immunosuppressive effect of a highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus isolated in Japan. Avian Diseases, 36, 891-896
123. Negash, T., al-Garib, S.O. and Gruys, E., 2004. Comparison of in ovo and post-hatch vaccination with particular reference to infectious bursal disease. A review. Veterinary Q, 26, 76-87
124. Nieper, H. and Muller, H., 1996. Susceptibility of chicken lymphoid cells to infectious bursal disease virus does not correlate with the presence of specific binding sites. Journal of General Virology, 77, 1229-1237
125. Nieper, H. and Muller, H., 1998. Rapid preparation of plasma membranes from avian lymphoid cells and fibroblasts for the application in virus binding studies. Journal of Virological Methods, 72, 153-162
126. Nieper, H., Teifke, J.P., Jungmann, A., Lohr, C. and Muller, H., 1999. Infected and apoptotic cells in the IBDV-infected bursa of Fabricius by double-labelling techniques. Avian Pathology, 28, 279-285
127. Noteborn, M.H., 2004. Chicken anemia virus induced apoptosis: Underlying molecular mechanisms. Veterinary Microbiology, 98, 89-94
128. Noteborn, M.H.M. and Koch, G., 1995. Chicken anaemia virus infection: molecular basis of pathogenicity. Avian Pathology, 24, 11-31
129. Noteborn, M.H.M., Todd, D., Verschueren, C.A.J., De Gauw, H.W.F.M., Curran, W.L., Veldkamp, S., Douglas, A.J., McNulty, M.S., Van der Eb, A.J. and Koch, G., 1994. A single chicken anaemia virus protein induces apoptosis. Journal of Virology, 68, 346-351
130. Noteborn, M.H., Verschueren, C.A., van Ormondt, H. and van der Eb, A.J., 1998. Chicken anemia virus strains with a mutated enhancer/promoter region share reduced virus spread and cytopathogenicity. Gene, 223, 165-172
131. Oberoi, M.S., Singh, A. and Singh, B., 1996. Isolation of avian adenovirus from outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome in poultry. Indian Journal of Virology, 12, 123-124
132. Otaki, Y., Tajima, M., Kato, A. and Nomura, Y., 1988. Depression of vaccinal immunity to Marek's disease by infection with chicken anemia agent. Avian Pathology, 17, 333-347
133. Owoade, A.A., Mulders, M.N., Kohnen, J., Ammerlaan, W. and Muller, C.P., 2004. High sequence diversity in infectious bursal disease virus serotype 1 in poultry and turkey suggests West-African origin of very virulent strains. Archives of Virology, 49, 653-672
134. Peters, M.A., Lin, T.L. and Wu, C.C., 2004. Infectious bursal disease virus polyprotein expression arrests growth and mitogenic stimulation of B-lymphocytes. Archives of Virology, 149, 2413-2426
135. Phenix, K.V., Wark, K., Luke, C.J., Skinner, M.A., Smyth, J.A., Mawhinney, K.A. and Todd, D., 2001. Recombinant Semliki Forest virus vector exhibits potential for avian virus vaccine development. Vaccines, 19, 3116-3123
136. Pope, C.R., 1991. Chicken anemia agent. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 30, 51-65
137. Pringle, C.R., 1999. Virus taxonomy at the XIth International Congress of Virology, Sydney, Australia, 1999. Archives of Virology, 144, 2065-2070
138. Rabbani, M., Muneer, M.A. and Naeem, K., 1998. A dot immunobinding assay on nitrocellulose for the detection of antigens and antibodies of avian adenovirus PARC-1. Proceedings of the Second Pan Common Wealth Veterinary Conference, Bangalore, India, 22-27 February, 1325-1331
139. Ragland, W.L., Novak, R., El-Attrache, J., Savic, V. and Ester, K., 2002. Chicken anemia virus and infectious bursal disease virus interfere with transcription of chicken IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma mRNA. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research, 22, 437-341
140. Rahman, S.U., Ashfaque, M., Anjum, A.D. and Sinfhu, T.A., 1989. Indirect haemagglutination test for detecting Angara disease (hydropericardium) agent antibody. Proceedings of the International Conference and Trade Show on Poultry Production, 73-74
141. Raue, R. and Mazaheri, A., 2003. Eine Real-Time RT-PCR zum Nachweis des Virus der infektiosen Bursitis auf der Grundlage des GenomsegmentsB. Archives of Geflugelk, 67, 22-27
142. Raue, R., Islam, M.R., Islam, M.N., Islam, K.M., Badhy, S.C., Das, P.M. and Muller, H., 2004. Reversion of molecularly engineered, partially attenuated, very virulent infectious bursal disease virus during infection of commercial chickens. Avian Pathology, 33, 181-189
143. Rautenschlein, S., Yeh, H.Y. and Sharma, J.M., 2002a. The role of T cells in protection by an inactivated infectious bursal disease virus vaccines. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 89, 159-l67
144. Rautenschlein, S., Yeh, H.Y., Njenga, M.K. and Sharma, J.M., 2002b. Role of intradermal T cells in infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection: T cells promote viral clearance but delay follicular recovery. Archives of Virology, 147, 285-304
145. Repp, H., Nipper, H., Draheim, H.J., Koschinski, A., Muller, H. and Dreyer, F., 1998. Infectious bursal disease virus infection changes the potassium current properties of chicken embryo fibroblasts. Virology, 246, 362-369
146. Rosenberger, J.K and Cloud, S.S., 1998. Chicken anemia virus. Poultry Science, 77, 1190-1192
147. Rosenberger, J.K. and Cloud, S.S., 1989. The effects of age, route of exposure and coinfection with infectious bursal disease virus on the pathogenicity and transmissibility of chicken anemia agent (CAA). Avian Diseases, 22, 753-759
148. Rosenberger, J.K., Eckroade, R.J., Klopps, and Krauss, W.C., 1974.
149. Saif, Y.M., 1991. Immunosuppression induced by infectious bursal disease virus. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 30, 45-50
150. Saif, Y.M., 1998. Infectious bursal disease and hemorrhagic enteritis. Poultry Science, 77, 1186-1189
151. Saravanan, P., Kumar, S. and Kataria, J.M., 2004a. Use of multiple antigenic peptides related to antigenic determinants of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) for detection of antiIBDV-specific antibody in ELISA-quantitative comparison with native antigen for their use in serodiagnosis. Journal of Immunological Methods, 293, 61-70
152. Saravanan, P., Kumar S., Kataria, J.M. and Rasool, T.J., 2004b. Detection of infectious bursal disease virus by ELISA using an antipeptide antibody raised against VP3 region. Acta Virologica, 48, 39-45
153. Shafique, M. and Shakoori, A.R., 1994. Transmission of hydropericardium syndrome in poultry. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 26, 145-148
154. Shane, S.M., 1996. Hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome, the current world situation. Zootecnica International, January, 20-27
155. Shane, S.M. and Jaffery M.S., 1997. Hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (Angara disease). In: Calnek, B.W., Barnes, H.J., Beard, C.W., Reid, W.M. Yoder, H.W. (eds) Disease of Poultry 10th edn, (Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA), 1019-1022
156. Sharma, J.M., Karaca, K. and Pertile, T., 1994. Virus-induced immunosuppression in chickens. Poultry Science, 73, 1082-1086
157. Sharma, J.M., Kim, I.J., Rautenschlein, S. and Yeh, H.Y., 2000. Infectious bursal disease virus of chickens: Pathogenesis and immunosuppression. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 24, 223-235
158. Shaw, I. and Davison, T.F., 2000. Protection from IBDV induced bursal damage by a recombinant fowlpox vaccine FPIBDI is dependent on the titre of challenge virus and chicken genotype. Vaccines, 18, 3230-3241
159. Sheppard, M., Werner, W., Tsatas, E., McCoy, R., Prowse, S. and Johnson, M., 1998. Fowl adenovirus recombinant expressing VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus induces protective immunity against bursal disease. Archives of Virology, 143, 915-930
160. Shivachandra, S.B., Sah, R.L., Singh, S.D., Kataria, J.M. and Manimaran, K., 2003. Immunosuppression in broiler chicks fed aflatoxin and inoculated with fowl adenovirus serotype-4 (FAV-4) associated with hydropericardium syndrome. Veterinary Research Communications, 27, 39-51
161. Shukla, S.K., Chandra, R. and Kumar, M., 1997. Outbreaks of hydropericardium syndrome in layer flocks of poultry in India. Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 17, 61-64
162. Singh, A., Oberoi, M.S., Jand, S.K., and Singh, B., 1996. Epidemiology of inclusion body hepatitis in Northern India from 1990 to 1994. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l' Office International des Epizooties, 15, 1035-1060
163. Singh, R., Singh, D. and Sudhan, N.A., 1997. Hydropericardium syndrome in broilers: Countdown to reality. Pashudhan, 12, 1, 8
164. Smyth, J.A., Moffett, D.A., McNulty, M.S., Todd, D. and Mackie, D.P., 1993. A sequential histopathologic and immunocytochemical study of chicken anemia virus infection at one day of age. Avian Diseases, 37, 324-338
165. Sommer, F. and Cardona, C., 2003. Chicken anemia virus in broilers: dynamics of the infection in two commercial broiler flocks. Avian Diseases, 47, 1466-1473
166. Tan, D.Y., Hair-Bejo, M., Omar, A.R. and Aini, I., 2004. Pathogenicity and molecular analysis of an infectious bursal disease virus isolated from Malaysian village chickens. Avian Diseases, 48, 410-416
167. Tiwari, A.K., Kataria, R.S., Prasad, N. and Gupta, R., 2003. Differentiation of infectious bursal disease viruses by restriction enzyme analysis of RT-PCR amplified VP I gene sequence. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases, 26, 47-53
168. Todd, D., 2000. Circoviruses: Immunosuppressive threat to avian species; a review. Avian Pathology, 29, 373-394
169. Todd, D., 2004. Avian circovirus diseases: Lessons for the study of PMWS. Veterinary Microbiology, 98, 169-174
170. Todd, D., Creelan, J.J., Mackie, D.P., Rixon, F. and McNulty, M.S., 1990. Purification and biochemical characterization of chicken anaemic agent. Journal of General Virology, 71, 819-823
171. Todd, D., Creelan, J.L. and McNulty, M.S., 1991. Dot blot hybridization assay for chicken anaemia agent using a cloned DNA probe. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 29, 933-939
172. Toro, H., Prusas, C., Raue, R., Cerda, L., Geisse, C., Gonzalez, C. and Hess, M., 1999. Characterization of fowl adenoviruses from outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis/hydropericardium syndrome in Chile. Avian Diseases, 43, 262-270
173. Toro, H., Gonzalez, C., Cerda, L., Hess, M., Reyes, E. and Geissea, C., 2000. Chicken anemia virus and fowl adenoviruses: Association to induce the inclusion body hepatitis/hydropericardium syndrome. Avian Diseases, 44, 51-58
174. Toro, H., Gonzalez, O., Escobar, C., Cerda, L., Morales, M.A. and Gonzalez, C., 2001. Vertical induction of the inclusion body hepatitis/ hydropericardium syndrome with fowl adenovirus and chicken anemia virus. Avian Diseases, 45, 215-222
175. Toro, H., Gonzalez, C., Cerda, L., Morales, M.A., Dooner, P. and Salamero, M., 2002. Prevention of inclusion body hepatitis/ hydropericardium syndrome in progeny chickens by vaccination of breeders with fowl adenovirus and chicken anemia virus. Avian Diseases, 46, 547-554
176. Toroghi, R., Kataria, J.M. and Balamurugan, V., 2003. Differentiation of classical and very virulent strains/isolates of Infectious bursal disease virus by reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction. Acta Virologica, 47, 259-263
177. Tsukamoto, K., Tanimura, N., Kakita, S., Ota, K., Mase, M., Imai, K. and Hihara, H., 1994. Efficacy of three live vaccines against highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus in chickens with or without maternal antibodies. Avian Diseases, 39, 218-229
178. Tsukamoto, K., Sato, T., Saito, S., Tanimura, N., Hamazaki, N., Mase, M. and Yamaguchi, S., 2000. Dual-viral vector approach induced strong and long-lasting protective immunity against very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Virology, 269, 257-267
179. Tsukamoto, K., Sato, T. Saito, S., Saeki, S., Sato, T., Tanimura, N., Isobe, T., Mase, M., Imada, T., Yuasa, N. and Yamaguchi, S., 2002. Complete long-lasting protection against lethal infectious bursal disease virus challenge by a single vaccination with an avian herpesvirus vector expressing VP2 antigens. Journal of Virology, 76, 5637-5645
180. Vakharia, V.N., He, J., Ahamed, B. and Snyder, D.B., 1994. Molecular basis of antigenic variation in infectious bursal disease virus. Virus Research, 31, 265-273
181. Van den Berg, T.P., 1996. The viruses cause immunosuppression in poultry. Poultry Advisor, Nov. 17
182. Van den Berg, T.P., 2000. Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: A review. Avian Pathology, 29, 175-194
183. Van den Berg, T.P., Gonze, M. and Meulemans, G., 1991. Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: Isolation and characterization of a highly virulent strain. Avian Pathology, 20, 133-143
184. Van den Berg, T.P., Eterradossi, N., Toquin, D. and Meulemans, G., 2000. Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease). Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International des Epizooties, 19, 509-543
185. Van Loon, A.A., de Haas, N., Zeyda, I. and Mundt, E., 2002. Alteration of amino acids in VP2 of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus results in tissue culture adaptation and attenuation in chickens. Journal of General Virology, 83, 121-129
186. Van Santen, V.L., Kaltenboeck, B., Joiner, K.S., Macklin, K.S. and Norton, R.A., 2004. Realtime quantitative PCR-based serum neutralization test for detection and titration of neutralizing antibodies to chicken anemia virus. Journal of Virological Methods, 115, 123-135
187. Vielitz, E., von Bulow, V., Landgraf, H. and Conrad, C., 1987. Anemia in broilers: Development of a vaccine for parent stock. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, B34, 553-557
188. Von Bulow, V., 1991. Avian infectious anemia and related syndromes caused by chicken anemia virus. Critical Review in Poultry Biology, 3, 1-17
189. Von Bulow, V. and Schat, K.A., 1997. Infectious anemia. In: B.W. Calnek, H.J. Barnes, C.W. Beard, W.M. Reid and H.W. Yoder, Jr (eds), Diseases of Poultry, 10th edn, (Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA), 690-699
190. Voss, M., Vielitz, E., Hess, M., Prusas, C.H. and Mazaherri, A., 1996. Aetiological aspects of hepatitis and HPS caused by pathogenic adenoviruses in different countries. Proceeding of the International Symposium on Adenovirus and Reovirus Infections in Poultry, Rauischholzhausen, Germany, 24-27 June, 75-78
191. Wang, M.Y., Kuo, Y.Y., Lee, M.S., Doong, S.R., Ho, J.Y. and Lee, L.H., 2000. Self-assembly of the infectious bursal disease virus cassia protein, rVP2 expressed in insect cells and purification of immunologic chimeric rVP2H particles by immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 67, 104-111
192. Wang, X., Jiang, P., Deen, S., Wu, J., Liu, X. and Xu, J., 2003. Efficacy of DNA vaccines against infectious bursal disease virus in chickens enhanced by coadministration with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. Avian Diseases, 47, 1305-1312
193. Whitfill, C.E., Haddad, E.E., Ricks, C.A., Skeeles, J.K., Newberry, L.A., Beasley, J.N., Andrews, P.D., Thoma, J.A. and Wakenell, P.S., 1995. Determination of optimum formulation of a novel infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccine constructed by mixing bursal disease antibody with IBDV. Avian Diseases, 39, 687-699
194. Yamaguchi, S., Imada, T., Kaji, N., Mase, M., Tsukamoto, K., Tanimura, N. and Yuasa, N. 2001. Identification of a genetic determinant of pathogenicity in chicken anaemia virus. Journal of General Virology, 82, 1233-1238
195. Yamaguchi, T., Ogawa, M., Inoshima, Y., Miyoshi, M., Fukushi, H. and Hirai, K., 1996. Identification of sequence changes responsible for the attenuation of highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Virology, 223, 219-223
196. Yao, K. and Vakharia, V.N., 2001. Induction of apoptosis in vitro by the 17-KDa nonstructural protein of infectious bursal disease virus; possible role in pathogenesis. Virology, 285, 50-58
197. Yeh, H.Y., Rautenschlein, S. and Sharma, J.M., 2002. Protective immunity against infectious bursal disease virus in chickens in the absence of virus-specific antibodies. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 89, 149-158
198. Yehuda, H., Goldway, M., Gutter, B., Michael, A., Godfried, Y., Levi, B.Z. and Pitcovski, J., 2000. Transfer of antibodies elicited by baculovirus derived VP2 of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus strains to progeny of commercial breeder chickens. Avian Pathology, 29, 13-19
199. Yuasa, N., 1983. Propagation and infectivity titration of the Gifu-1 strain of chicken anemia agent in a cell line (MDCC-MSB1) derived from Marek's disease lymphoma. National Institute of Animal Health Q (Tokyo), 23, 13-20
200. Yuasa,N. and Yoshida, I., 1983. Experimental egg transmission of chicken anemia agent. Institute of Animal Health Q (Tokyo), 23, 99-100
201. Yuasa, N., Taniguchi, T. and Yoshida, I., 1979. Isolation and some characteristics of an agent inducing anemia in chicks. Avian Diseases, 23, 366-385
202. Yuasa, N., Taniguchi, T., Goda, M., Shibatani, M., Imada, T. and Hihara, H., 1983. Isolation of chicken anemia agent with MDCC-MSB1 cells from chickens in the field. Institute of Animal Health Q (Tokyo), 23, 75-77
203. Zhang, M.F., Huang, G.M. and Qiao, S., 2002. Early stages of infectious bursal disease virus infection in chickens detected by in situ reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Avian Pathology, 31, 593-597
204. Zierenberg, K., Raue, R. and Muller, H., 2001. Rapid identification of "very virulent" strains of infectious bursal disease virus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction combined with restriction enzyme analysis. Avian Pathology, 30, 55-62
205. Zierenberg, K., Raue, R., Nieper, H., Islam, M.R., Eterradossi, N., Toquin, D. and Muller, H., 2004. Generation of serotype 1/serotype 2 reassortant viruses of the infectious bursal disease virus and their investigation in vitro and in vivo. Virus Research, 105, 23-34