Neoproterozoic and Cambrian arc magmatism along the eastern margin of the Victoria Lake Supergroup: A remnant of Ganderian basement in central Newfoundland?

Precambrian Research

Volumn 147, Issue 3-4, 2006, Pages 320-341

  Rogers, N ^a   van Staal, C R ^a   McNicoll, V ^a   Pollock, J ^b   Zagorevski, A ^c   Whalen, J ^a  

^a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

^b NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Avalonia; Ganderia; Neoproterozoic; Newfoundland; Tectonic reconstructions

Indexed keywords

AVALONIA; CAMBRIAN; CONGLOMERATE; FELSIC ROCK; GONDWANA; MAGMATISM; PAN AFRICAN OROGENY; PROTEROZOIC; SILURIAN; TERRANE; VOLCANIC ROCK;

CANADA; NEWFOUNDLAND; NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR; NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 33744916998     PISSN: 03019268     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.precamres.2006.01.025     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Armstrong H.A., and Owen A.W. Terrane evolution of the paratectonic Caledonides of northern Britain. J. Geol. Soc. London 158 (2001) 475-486
2. Barr, S.M., Kerr, A., 1997. Late Precambrian plutons in the Avalon Terrane of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. In: Sinha, A.K., Whalen, J.B., Hogan, J.P. (Eds.), The Nature of Magmatism in the Appalachian Orogen. Memoir, Geological Society of America, 191, pp. 45-74.
3. Barr, S.M., White, C.E., 1996. Contrasts in late Precambrian-early Paleozoic tectonothermal history between Avalon composite terrane sensu stricto and other possible per-Gondwanan terranes in southern New Brunswick and Cape Breton Island, Canada. In: Nance, R.D., Thompson, M.D. (Eds.), Avalonian and Related Peri-Gondwanan Terranes of the Circum-North Atlantic. Special Paper, Geological Society of America, 304, pp. 95-108.
4. Barr, S.M., Raeside, R.P., White, C.E., 1998. Geological correlations between Cape Breton Island and Newfoundland, northern Appalachian Orogen. In: Quinlan, G. (Ed.), Lithoprobe East Transect. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 35, pp. 1252-1270.
5. Barr S.M., White C.E., and Miller B.V. Age and geochemistry of Late Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian igneous rocks in southern New Brunswick: similarities and contrasts. Atlantic Geol. 39 (2003) 55-73
6. Blackwood R.F., and Kennedy M.J. The Dover Fault: western boundary of the Avalon Zone in northeastern Newfoundland. Can. J. Earth Sci. 12 (1975) 320-325
7. Cabanis B., and Lecolle M. Le diagramme La/10-Y/15-Nb/8: un outil pour la discrimination des series volcaniques et la mise en evidence des processus de mélange et/ou de contamination crustal. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Series II 309 (1989) 2023-2029
8. Cocks L.R.M., and Torsvik T.H. Earth geography from 500 to 400 million years ago; a faunal and palaeomagnetic review. J. Geol. Soc. London 159 (2002) 631-644
9. Colman-Sadd S.P., Dunning G.R., and Dec T. Dunnage-Gander relationships and Ordovician orogeny in central Newfoundland: A sediment provenance and U/Pb age study. Am. J. Sci. 292 (1992) 317-355
10. Compston W., Wright A.E., and Toghill P. Dating the late Precambrian volcanicity of England and Wales. J. Geol. Soc. London 159 (2002) 323-339
11. DePaolo D.J. Neodymium isotopes in the Colorado Front Range and implications for crust formation and mantle evolution in the Proterozoic. Nature 291 (1981) 193-197
12. Desnoyers, D., 1990a. Victoria Mine prospect. In: Swinden, H.S., Evans, D.T.W., Kean, B.F. (Eds.), Metallogenic framework of base and precious metal deposits, central and western Newfoundland. Eighth IAGOD Proceedings Field Trip Guidebook. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2156, pp. 65-67.
13. Desnoyers, D., 1990b. Bobby's Pond alteration zone. In: Swinden, H.S., Evans, D.T.W., Kean, B.F. (Eds.), Metallogenic Framework of Base and Precious Metal Deposits, Central and Western Newfoundland. Eighth IAGOD Proceedings Field Trip Guidebook. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2156, pp. 68-69.
14. Dubé B., Dunning G.R., and Lauziere K. Geology of the Hope Brook Mine, Newfoundland, Canada; a preserved late Proterozoic high-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit and its implications for exploration. Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. 93 (1998) 405-436
15. Dunning, G.R., 1984. The geology, geochemistry, geochronology and regional setting of the Annieopsquotch Complex and related rocks of southwest Newfoundland. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 423 p.
16. Dunning G.R., and O'Brien S.J. Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic crust in the Hermitage Flexure, Newfoundland Appalachians: U/Pb ages and tectonic significance. Geology 17 (1989) 548-551
17. Dunning G.R., Kean B.F., Thurlow J.G., and Swinden H.S. Geochronology of the Buchans, Roberts Arm and Victoria Lake Groups and Mansfield Cove Complex, Newfoundland. Can. J. Earth Sci. 22 (1987) 1175-1184
18. Dunning G.R., Swinden H.S., Kean B.F., Evans D.T.W., and Jenner G.A. A Cambrian island arc in Iapetus: geochronology and geochemistry of the Lake Ambrose volcanic belt, Newfoundland Appalachians. Geol. Mag. 128 (1991) 1-17
19. Evans, D.T.W., Kean, B.F., 2002. The Victoria Lake supergroup, central Newfoundland - its definition, setting and volcanogenic massive sulphide mineralization. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey, Open File NFLD/2790, 68 p.
20. Evans, D.T.W., Kean, B.F., Dunning, G.R., 1990. Geological Studies, Victoria Lake Group, Central Newfoundland. Current Research, Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Report 90-1, pp. 131-144.
21. Evans, D.T.W., Kean, B.F., Jayasinghe, N.R., 1994a. Geology and mineral occurrences of Noel Paul's Brook. Map 94-222. Scale 1:50,000. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Open File 012A/09/0685.
22. Evans, D.T.W., Kean, B.F., Jayasinghe, N.R., 1994b. Geology and mineral occurrences of Badger. Map 94-224. Scale 1:50,000. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Open File 012A/16/0687.
23. Evans, D.T.W., Kean, B.F., Mercer, N.L., 1994. Geology and mineral occurrences of Lake Ambrose. Map 94-223. Scale 1:50,000. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Open File 012A/10/0686.
24. Fyffe L.R., and Pickerill R.K. Geochemistry of Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician black shale along a northeastern Appalachian transect. Geol. Soc. Am. 105 (1993) 897-910
25. Gibbons, W., Horak, J.M., 1996. The evolution of the Neoproterozoic Avalonian subduction system; evidence from the British Isles. In: Nance, R.D., Thompson, M.D. (Eds.), Avalonian and related peri-Gondwanan terranes of the Circum-North Atlantic. Special Paper, Geological Society of America, 304, pp. 269-280.
26. Grimes-Graeme, R., 1934. Report on a geological reconnaissance survey for Terra Nova properties Lloyds and Victoria Lake, Newfoundland. Hans Lundberg Ltd., Montreal, Buchans Mining Company Ltd., unpublished report, 32 p.
27. Hartz E.H., and Torsvik T.H. Baltica upside down: a new plate tectonic model for Rodinia and the Iapetus Ocean. Geology 30 (2002) 255-258
28. Herd, R.K., Dunning, G.R., 1979. Geology of the Puddle Pond map area, south-western Newfoundland. In: Current Research. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 79-1A, pp. 305-310.
29. Hibbard J.P., Stoddard E.F., Secor D.T., and Dennis A.J. The Carolina Zone; overview of Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic peri-Gondwanan terranes along the eastern flank of the Southern Appalachians. Earth-Sci. Rev. 57 (2002) 299-339
30. Ingle S., Mueller P.A., Heatherington A.L., and Kozuch M. Isotopic evidence for the magmatic and tectonic histories of the Carolina terrane: implications for stratigraphy and terrane affiliation. Tectonophysics 371 (2003) 187-211
31. Johnson S.C. Contrasting geology in the Pocologan River and Long Reach areas: implications for the New River belt and correlations in southern New Brunswick and Maine. Atlantic Geol. 37 (2001) 61-79
32. Johnson, S.C., McLeod, M.J., 1996. The New River Belt: A unique segment along the western margin of the Avalon composite terrane, southern New Brunswick, Canada. In: Nance, R.D., Thompson, M.D. (Eds.), Avalonian and related peri-Gondwanan terranes of the circum-North Atlantic. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 304, pp. 149-164.
33. Kean, B.F., 1977. Geology of the Victoria Lake map area (12-A/06), Newfoundland. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Mines and Energy, Mineral Development Division. Report 77-4, 11 p.
34. Kean, B.F., 1978. Geology of the Star Lake east half sheet (12A/11E), Newfoundland. Report of Activities for 1977. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Mineral Development Division, Report 78-1, pp. 129-134.
35. Kean, B.F., 1979a. Star Lake, Newfoundland. Map 79-001. Scale 1:50,000. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Mines and Energy, Mineral Development Division.
36. Kean, B.F., 1979b. Buchans, Newfoundland. Map 79-125. Scale: 1:50,000. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Mines and Energy, Mineral Development Division.
37. Kean, B.F., 1982. Victoria Lake, Newfoundland. Map 87-087. Scale 1:50,000. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Mines and Energy, Mineral Development Division.
38. Kean, B.F., 1983. King George IV Lake, Grand Falls district, Newfoundland. Map 82-051. Scale 1: 50,000. In: Geology of the King George, IV, Lake map area (12-A/4)., Government of Newfoundland, Labrador, Department of Mines, Energy, Mineral Development Division, Report 83-04, 74 p.
39. Kean, B.F., Evans, D.T.W., 1988a. Regional metallogeny of the Victoria Lake Group. Current Research, Newfoundland Department of Mines, Mineral Developments Division, Report 88-1, pp. 319-330.
40. Kean, B.F., Evans, D.T.W. 1988b. Geology and mineral deposits of the Victoria Lake Group. In: Swinden, H.S., Kean, B.F. (Eds.), The Volcanogenic Sulphide Districts of Central Newfoundland. Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Development Division, pp. 144-156.
41. Kean, B.F., Jayasinghe, N.R., 1980. Geology of the Lake Ambrose (12-A/10)-Noel Paul's Brook (12-A/9) map areas, central Newfoundland. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Mines and Energy, Mineral Development Division. Report 80-02, 33 p., 2 maps.
42. Kean, B.F., Jayasinghe, N.R., 1982. Geology of the Badger map area (12-A/16), Newfoundland. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Mines and Energy, Mineral Development Division, Report 81-02, 42 p.
43. Kean, B.F., Mercer, N.L., 1981. Grand Falls map area (2D/13), Newfoundland. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Mineral Development Division, Map 8199 (with descriptive notes).
44. Kean, B.F., Dean, P.L., Strong, D.F., 1981. Regional geology of the Central Volcanic Belt of Newfoundland. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 22, pp. 65-78.
45. Kerr A., Jenner G.A., and Fryer B.J. Sm-Nd isotopic geochemistry of Precambrian to Paleozoic granitoid suites and the deep-crustal structure of the southeast margin of the Newfoundland Appalachians. Can. J. Earth Sci. 32 (1995) 224-245
46. Kokelaar P. Petrology and geochemistry of the Rhobell volcanic complex; amphibolite-dominated fractionation at an Early Ordovician arc volcano in North Wales. J. Petrol. 27 (1986) 887-914
47. Krogh T.E. Improved accuracy of U-Pb zircon ages by the creation of more concordant systems using an air abrasion technique. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46 (1982) 637-649
48. Krough T.E., Strong D.F., O'Brien S.J., and Papezik V.S. Precise U-Pb zircon dates from the Avalon Terrane in Newfoundland Appalachians. Can. J. Earth Sci. 25 (1988) 442-453
49. LeBas M.J., LeMaitre R.W., Streckeisen A., and Zanettin B. A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali silica diagram. J. Petrol. 27 (1986) 745-750
50. Liss M.J., van der Pluijm B.A., and van der Voo R. Avalonian proximity of the Ordovician Miramichi terrane, northern New Brunswick, northern Appalachians: Palaeomagnetic evidence for rifting and back-arc basin formation at the southern margin of Iapetus. Tectonophysics 227 (1993) 17-30
51. MacKenzie A.C., Squires G., and MacInnis D. The geology of the Duck Pond deposit, central Newfoundland. Geological Association of Canada - Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Joint Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts, vol. 13 (1988) A77
52. MacKenzie, A.C., Desnoyers, D., Barbour, D., Graves, M., 1990. Contrasting VMS styles in the Tulks Belt, central Newfoundland. Canadian Institute of Mining, District 1 Annual Meeting, St. John's, Newfoundland, Program with Abstracts, 10.
53. MacKenzie A.C., Desnoyers D., Barbour D., and Graves M. Contrasting volcanic-hosted massive sulphide styles in the Tulks Belt, central Newfoundland. Explor. Mining Geol. 2 (1993) 73-84
54. MacLachlan K., and Dunning G. U-Pb ages and tectonomagmatic relationships of early Ordovician low-Ti tholeiites, boninites and related plutonic rocks in central Newfoundland, Canada. Contributions Miner. Petrol. 133 (1998) 235-258
55. Mallard L.D., and Rogers J.J. Relationships of Avalonian and Cadomian terranes to Genville and Pan-African events. J. Geodyn. 23 (1997) 197-221
56. Max M.D., and Roddick J.C. Age of Metamorphism in the Rosslare Complex, S. E. Ireland. Proc. Geologists' Assoc. 100 (1989) 113-121
57. Max M.D., Barber A.J., and Martinez J. Terrane assemblage of the Leinster Massif, SE Ireland, during the lower Palaeozoic. J. Geol. Soc. London 147 (1990) 1035-1050
58. Moore, P.J., 2003. Stratigraphic implications for mineralization: Preliminary findings of a metallogenic investigation of the Tally Pond volcanics, central Newfoundland. Current Research. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey, Report 03-1, pp. 241-257.
59. Mueller, P.A., Kozuch, M., Heatherington, A.L., Wooden, J., Offield, T., Koeppen, R., Klein, T., 1996. Evidence for Mesoproterozoic basement in the Carolina terrane and speculations on its origin. In: Nance, R.D., Thompson, M.D. (Eds.), Avalonian, related peri-Gondwanan terranes of the circum-North, Atlantic, Geological Society of America Special Paper, 304, pp. 207-217.
60. Murphy J.B., and Nance R.D. Sm-Nd isotopic systematics as tectonic tracers: an example from West Avalonia in the Canadian Appalachians. Earth Sci. Rev. 59 (2002) 77-100
61. Nance R.D., and Murphy J.B. Contrasting basement isotopic signatures and palinspatic restoration of peripheral orogens: example from the Neoproterozoic Avalonian - Cadomian belt. Geology 22 (1994) 617-620
62. Nance R.D., Murphy J.B., and Keppie J.D. A Cordilleran model for the evolution of Avalonia. Tectonophysics 352 (2002) 11-31
63. O'Brien, S.J., O'Brien, B.H., Dunning, G.R., Tucker, R.D., 1996. Late Neoproterozoic Avalonian and related peri-Gondwanan rocks of the Newfoundland Appalachians. In: Nance, R.D., Thompson, M.D. (Eds.), Avalonian and related peri-Gondwanan terranes of the circum-North Atlantic. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 304, pp. 9-28.
64. Parrish, R.R., Roddick, J.C., Loveridge, W.D., Sullivan, R.W., 1987. Uranium-lead analytical techniques at the Geochronology Laboratory, Geological Survey of Canada. In: Radiogenic Age and Isotopic Studies, Report 1, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 1988-2, pp. 3-7.
65. Pearce, J.A., 1982. The role of subcontinental lithosphere in magma genesis at destructive plate margins. In: Hawksworth, C.J. Norry, M.J. (Eds.), Continental basalts and mantle xenoliths. Shiva, pp. 230-249.
66. Pearce J.A., and Cann J.R. Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analysis. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 19 (1973) 290-300
67. Phillips E.R., Evans J.A., Stone P., Horstwood M.S.A., Floyd J.D., Smith R.A., Akhurst M.C., and Barron H.F. Detrital Avalonian zircons in the Laurentian Southern Uplands terrane, Scotland. Geology 31 (2003) 625-628
68. Pollock, J.C., Wilton, D.H.C., 2001. Metallogenic studies of the Tally Pond belt, Victoria Lake Group: trace-element geochemistry and lead-isotope data from the Exploits Subzone, Newfoundland. Current Research, Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Report 2001-1, pp. 247-266.
69. Pollock, J.C., Wilton, D.H.C., van Staal, C.R., Turbrett, M.N., 2002. Laser ablation ICP-MS geochronology and provenance of detrital zircons from the Rogerson Lake Conglomerate, Botwood Belt, Newfoundland. Current Research. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey, Report 02-1, pp. 169-183.
70. Riley, G.C., 1957. Red Indian Lake (west half), Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada, Map 8-1957 (with descriptive notes).
71. Roddick J.C., Loveridge W.D., and Parrish R.R. Precise U-Pb dating of zircon at the sub-nanogram Pb level. Chem. Geol. 66 (1987) 111-121
72. Rogers, N., 2004. Geochemical Database, Red Indian Line Project, Central Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4605, 1 CD-ROM.
73. Rogers, N., van Staal, C.R., 2002. Toward a Victoria Lake supergroup: a provisional stratigraphic revision of the Red Indian to Victoria Lakes area, central Newfoundland. Current Research. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey, Report 02-1, pp. 185-195.
74. Rogers, N., van Staal, C.R., 2005. Geology, Grand Falls, Newfoundland (NTS 02-D/13). Geological Survey of Canada Open File 4545. Map. Scale 1:50,000.
75. Rogers, N., van Staal, C.R., Pollock, J., Zagorevski, A., McNicoll, V., Squires, G.C., 2005a. Geology, Lake Ambrose and part of Buchans, Newfoundland (NTS 12-A/10 and part of 12-A/15). Geological Survey of Canada Open File 4544. Map. Scale 1:50,000.
76. Rogers, N., van Staal, C.R., Valverde-Vaquero, P., Squires, G., Pollock, J., McNicoll, V., 2005b. Geology, Noel Paul's Brook, Newfoundland (NTS 12-A/09). Geological Survey of Canada Open File 4547. Map. Scale 1:50,000.
77. Schofield D.I., and D'Lemos R.S. Granite petrogenesis in the Gander Zone, NE Newfoundland: mixing of melts from multiple sources and the role of lithospheric delamination. Can. J. Earth Sci. 37 (2000) 535-547
78. Stampfli G.M., and Borel G.D. A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrones. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 196 (2002) 17-33
79. Squires, G.C., Moore, P.J., 2004. Volcanogenic massive sulphide environments of the Tally Pond volcanics and adjacent area: Geological, lithogeochemical and geochronological results. Current Research. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey, Report 04-1, pp. 63-91.
80. Squires, G.C., MacKenzie, A.C., MacInnis, D., 1990. Geology and genesis of the Duck Pond volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit. In: Swinden, H.S., Evans, D.T.W., Kean, B.F. (Eds.), Metallogenic framework of base and precious metal deposits, central and western Newfoundland. Eighth IAGOD Proceedings Field Trip Guidebook. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2156, pp. 56-64.
81. Sun, S.S., McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J. (Eds.), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 42, pp. 313-345.
82. Swinden H.S., and Thorpe R.I. Variations in style of volcanism and massive sulphide deposition in Early-Middle Ordovician island arc sequences of the New Brunswick Mobile Belt. Econ. Geol. 79 (1984) 1569-1619
83. Swinden H.S., Jenner, G.A., Kean, B.F., Evans, D.T.W., 1989. Volcanic rocks geochemistry and a guide for massive sulphide exploration in central Newfoundland. Current Research, Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Report 89-1, pp. 201-219.
84. Thorogood E.J. Provenance of the pre-Devonian sediments of England and Wales: Sm-Nd isotopic evidence. J. Geol. Soc. London 147 (1990) 591-594
85. Thurlow J.G., Spencer C.P., Boerner D.E., Reed L.E., and Wright J.A. Geological interpretation of a high resolution reflection seismic survey at the Buchans Mine, Newfoundland. Can. J. Earth Sci. 29 (1992) 2022-2037
86. Tucker R.D., and Pharaoh T.C. U-Pb zircon ages for Late Precambrian igneous rocks in southern Britain. J. Geol. Soc. London 148 (1991) 435-443
87. Valverde-Vaquero, P., van Staal, C.R., McNicoll, V., Dunning, G., in press. Middle Ordovician magmatism and metamorphism along the Gander margin in Central Newfoundland. J. Geol. Soc. London.
88. van der Velden A.J., van Staal C.R., and Cook F.A. Crustal structure, fossil subduction, and the tectonic evolution of the Newfoundland Appalachians; evidence from a reprocessed seismic reflection survey. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 116 (2004) 1485-1498
89. van Staal, C.R., 2005. The Northern Appalachians. In: Selley, R.C., Cocks, L.R.M., Plimer, I.R. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Geology. Elsevier, Oxford, 4, pp. 81-91.
90. van Staal, C.R., Fyffe, L.R., 1991. Dunnage and Gander Zones, New Brunswick; Canadian Appalachian Region. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Mineral Resources Branch, Geoscience Report 91-2, 39 p.
91. van Staal, C.R., Sullivan, R.W., Whalen, J.B., 1996. Provenance and tectonic history of the Gander Margin in the Caledonian/Appalachian Orogen: implications for the origin and assembly of Avalonia. In: Nance, R.D., Thompson, M.D. (Eds.), Avalonian, related peri-Gondwanan terranes of the circum-North, Atlantic, Geological Society of America Special Paper, 304, pp. 347-367.
92. van Staal, C.R., Dewey, J.F., Mac Niocaill, C., McKerrow, W.S., 1998. The Cambrian-Silurian tectonic evolution of the northern Appalachians and British Caledonides: history of a complex, west and southwest Pacific-type segment of Iapetus. In: Blundell, D.J., Scott, A.C. (Eds.), Lyell: the Past is the Key to the Present. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 143, pp. 199-242.
93. van Staal, C.R., Wilson, R.A., Rogers, N., Fyffe, L.R., Langton, J.P., McCutcheon, S.R., McNicoll, V., Ravenhurst, C.E., 2004. Geology and tectonic history of the Bathurst Supergroup, Bathurst Mining Camp, and its relationships to coeval rocks in southwestern New Brunswick and adjacent Maine-A synthesis. In: Goodfellow, W.D., McCutcheon, S.R., Peter, J.M. (Eds.), Massive sulfide deposits of the Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, and northern Maine. Economic Geology Monograph 11, pp. 37-60.
94. van Staal, C.R., Valverde-Vaquero, P., Zagorevski, A., Rogers, N., Lissenberg, J., McNicoll, V., 2005. Geology, Victoria Lake, Newfoundland (NTS 12-A/06). Geological Survey of Canada Open File 1667. Map. Scale 1:50,000.
95. Williams, H., 1970. Red Indian Lake (east half), Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada, Map 1196A.
96. Williams H. Appalachian Orogen in Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 16 (1979) 792-807
97. Williams H., and Piasecki M.A.J. The Cold Spring Mélange and a possible model for Dunnage-Gander Zone interaction in central Newfoundland. Can. J. Earth Sci. 27 (1990) 1126-1134
98. Williams, H., Colman-Sadd, S.P., O'Neill, P.P., 1995. Gander Zone-Newfoundland. In: Williams, H. (Ed.), Chapter 3, geology of the Canadian Appalachian-Caledonian Orogen in Canada and Greenland, Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada no. 6, pp. 199-212.
99. Williams, H., Colman-Sadd, S.P., Swinden, H.S., 1988. Tectonic-Stratigraphic subdivisions of central Newfoundland. In: Current Research, Part, B., Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 88-1B, pp. 91-98.
100. Williams, S.H., Harper, D.A.T., Neuman, R.B., Boyce, W.D., Mac Niocaill, C., 1995. Lower Paleozoic fossils from Newfoundland and their importance in understanding the history of the Iapetus Ocean. In: Hibbard, J., van Staal, C.R., Cawood, P. (Eds.), Current Persectives in the Appalachian-Calidonian Orogen. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper, 41, pp. 115-126.
101. Winchester J.A., and Floyd P.A. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chem. Geol. 20 (1977) 325-343
102. Wood D.A. The application of a Th-Ha-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary volcanic province. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 50 (1980) 11-30
103. Zagorevski, A., Rogers, N., van Staal, C.R., 2003. Tectonostratigraphic relationships in the Lloyds River and Tulks Brook region of central Newfoundland: A geological link between Red Indian and King George IV lakes. Current Research. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey, Report 03-1, pp. 167-178.