When geopolitics and religion fuse: A historical perspective

Geopolitics

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 192-208

  Dijkink, Gertjan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHURCH ROLE; POLITICAL CONFLICT; POLITICAL HISTORY; POLITICAL SYSTEM; RELIGION;

EID: 33744909869     PISSN: 14650045     EISSN: 15573028     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14650040600598403     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. John 18: 33-38.
2. Naveed S. Sheikh, The New Politics of Islam. Pan-Islamic Foreign Policy in a World of States (London: RoutledgeCurzon 2003) p. 31.
3. See for a review of the ambiguous literature on the early medieval papacy: Marios Costambeys, 'Review Article: Property, Ideology and the Territorial Power of the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages', Early Medieval Europe 9/3 (2000) pp. 367-396.
4. See such publications as Gearóid Ó Tuathail and Simon Dalby (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics (London: Routledge 1998)
5. John Agnew, Geopolitics: Re-Visioning World Politics (London: Routledge 1998)
6. David Slater, 'Spatialities of Power and Postmodern Ethics: Rethinking Geopolitical Encounters', Environment and Planning D; Society and Space (1997) pp. 55-72
7. Douglas M. Johnston and Cynthia Sampson (eds.), Religion: The Missing Dimension in Statecraft (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.)
8. John Kirtland Wright, 'Notes on Early American Geopiety', in John Kirtland Wright (ed.), Human nature in Geography. Fourteen papers 1925-1965 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1966) pp. 251-285.
9. Yi-Fu Tuan, 'Geopiety: A Theme in Man's Attachment to Nature and to Place', in David Lowenthal and Martyn Bowden (eds.), Geographies of the Mind. Essays in Historical Geosophy (New York: Oxford University Press 1976) pp. 11-39.
10. Anthony D. Smith, 'The Sacred Dimension of Nationalism', Millennium 29/3 (2000).
11. See also Anthony D. Smith, 'Ethnic Election and National Destiny: Some Religious Origins of National Ideals', Nations and Nationalism 5/3 (1999).
12. Connor Cruise O'Brien distinguishes three steps from 'chosen nation' to 'holy nation' to 'deified nation', each implying a lesser degree of dependency on God. The chosen nation concept implies God's special grace but it may forfeit His favour, the holy nation will always be special but it may not always live up to its status and the deified nation is God itself. Connor Cruise O'Brien, God Land. Reflections on Religion and Nationalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1988).
13. A. F. Walls, 'Carrying the White Man's Burden: Some British Views of the National Vocation in the Imperial Era', in William R. Hutchison & Hartmut Lehmann (eds.), Many are Chosen. Divine Election & Western Nationalism (Harvard Theological Studies 38) (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press 1994).
14. See for example David Newman, 'Metaphysical and Concrete Landscapes: The Geopiety of Homeland Socialization in the "Land of Israel"', in H. Brodsky (ed.), Land and Community: Geography in Jewish Studies (Bethesda, MD: University Press of Maryland 1998) pp. 153-184
15. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilisations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster 1996).
16. Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide (New York: Cambridge University Press 2004).
17. Ernest Gellner, Postmodernism, Reason and Religion (London: Routledge 1992).
18. Robert M. Stein, 'Making History English. Cultural Identity and Historical Explanation in William of Malmesbury and Lazamon's Brut, in Sylvia Tomash and Sealy Gilles (eds.), Text and Territory. Geographical Imagination in the European Middle Ages (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 1998) pp. 97-115.
19. Diana Webb, Patrons and Defenders. The Saints in the Italian City-States (London: I.B. Tauris 1996).
20. Debra Pincus, 'Hard Times and Ducal Radiance. Andrea Dandolo and the Construction of the Ruler in Fourteenth-Century Venice', in John Martin and Dennis Romano (eds.), Venice reconsidered. The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297-1797 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press 2000) pp. 89-136 (p. 94).
21. Cathelijne de Busser, Places of Pilgrimage in Contemporary Europe (PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam, in progress).
22. Egon Ewig, 'Zum Christlichen Königsgedanken im Frühmittelalter', in Theodor Mayer (ed.), Das Königtum; Seine Geistigen und Rechtlichen Grundlagen (Lindau, Germany: Jan Thorbecke Verlag 1956).
23. Ibid., p. 55.
24. Joseph R. Strayer, 'France: The Holy Land, the Chosen People and the Most Christian King', in Medieval Statecraft and the Perspective of History. In Joseph Strayer, ed., Essays by Joseph R. Strayer (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1971) pp. 300-314.
25. See for example Exodus 34:27-28: "And the LORD said unto Moses, Write thou these words: For after the tenor of these words I have made a covenant with thee and with Israel. And he was there with the LORD for forty days and forty nights; he did neither eat bread, nor drink water. And he wrote upon the tables the words of the covenant, the ten commandments."
26. Michael Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus: A History of Sweden, 1611-1632, Part I, (London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1953-1958) p. 350.
27. Howard D. Weinbrot, Brittania's Issue. The Rise of British Literature from Dryden to Ossian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993) pp. 408-418.
28. See also Arthur Williamson, 'Patterns of British Identity. Britain and its Rivals in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries', in Glenn Burgess (ed.), The New British History. Founding a Modern State 1603-1715 (London: I.B. Tauris 1999) pp. 138-173 (p. 141)
29. Erik Ringmar, Identity, Interest and Action: A Cultural Explanation of Sweden's Intervention in the Thirty Years War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1996) p. 158.
30. Gertjan Dijkink, 'Geopolitics as a Social Movement', Geopolitics 9/2 (2004).
31. Ejnar Billing, De Etiska Tankarna i Urkristendomen (Stockholm: Sveriges Kristliga Studentrörelses Bokförlag 1936).
32. Stephen A. Mitchell and Alfred Tergel, 'Chosenness, Nationalism and the Young Church Movement', in Hutchison & Lehmann (note 9) pp. 231-249.
33. A. Forcy, The Military Orders from the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Century (London: Macmillan 1992).
34. Lari Nyroos, 'Religeopolitics: Dissident Geopolitics and the "Fundamentalism" of Hamas and Kach', Geopolitics 6/3 (2001).
35. Nyroos (note 28) p. 142.
36. Sheikh (note 2) pp. 20-42.
37. Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War. The Politics, Culture and History of Shi'ite Islam (London: I.B. Tauris 2002) p. 186.
38. Sheikh (note 2) p. 105.
39. Robert A. Pape, Dying to Win. The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism (New York: Random House 2005).
40. Christian Caryl, 'Why They Do It', New York Review of Books 52/14 (22 September 2005).
41. Ibid., p. 117.
42. See also Graham Fuller and Ian O. Lesser, A Sense of Siege. The Geopolitics of Islam and the West (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1995) p. 103: 'In effect, it is not religion that is evoking radical behavior but specific conditions that are evoking radical responses couched in religious terms'.
43. Avihu Zakai, 'Puritan Millennialism and Theocracy in Early Massachusetts', History of European Ideas 8/3 (1987).
44. Nathan O. Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty. Republican Thought and the Millennium in Revolutionary New England (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 1977).
45. Ibid., p. 49.
46. Ibid., p. 49.
47. This term is introduced by Hatch in The Sacred Cause of Liberty and can be considered as a special case of religeopolitics.
48. Bruce Cauthen, 'The Myth of Divine Election and Afrikaner Ethnogenesis', in Geoffrey Hosking & George Schöpflin (eds), Myths & Nationhood (London: Hurst 1997) pp. 107-131.
49. A. Th. Van Deursen, 'The Dutch Republic, 1588-1780', in J. C. H. Blom & E. Lamberts, History of the Low Countries (New York: Berghahn Books 1999) pp. 143-218 (p. 149).
50. Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches (New York: Knopf 1988).
51. O'Brien (note 8) p. 61. No drawing has been left of this design. See also www.greatseal.com
52. Lee Canipe, 'Under God and Anti-Communist: How the Pledge of Allegiance Got Religion in Cold War America', Journal of Church and Society 45/3 (2003). Canipe remarks that church attendance in America rose from 37% to 49% between 1940 and 1955.
53. Ibid., p. 316.
54. Fuad Shaban, '11 September and the Millennialist Discourse: An Order of Words?' Arab Studies Quarterly 25/1-2 (2003)
55. Bill Moyers, 'Welcome to Doomsday', New York Review of Books 52/5 (24 March 2005)
56. Anatol Lieven, America Right or Wrong: An Anatomy of American Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press 2004)
57. Garry Wills, 'Fringe Government', The New York Review of Books 52/15 (6 October 2005).
58. Bruce Russett, John R. Oneal and Michael Cox, 'Clash of Civilizations, or Realism and Liberalism Déjà vu? Some Evidence', Journal of Peace Research 37/5 (2000).
59. See for an analysis of the role of civilization in domestic conflicts: Jonathan Fox, 'State Failure and the Clash of Civilizations: An Examination of the Magnitude and Extent of Domestic Conflict from 1950 to 1996', Australian Journal of Political Science 38/2 (2003) pp. 195-213.
60. See for example A. J. Hoover, God, Germany and Britain in the Great War. A Study in Clerical Nationalism (New York: Praeger 1989)
61. A. J. Hoover, God, Britain and Hitler in World War II: The View of the British Clergy 1939-1945 (New York: Praeger 1999).