Social behavior and meningococcal carriage in British teenagers

Emerging Infectious Diseases

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 950-957

  MacLennan, Jenny ^a   Kafatos, George ^b   Neal, Keith ^c   Andrews, Nick ^b   Cameron, J Claire ^d   Roberts, Richard ^e   Evans, Meirion R ^f   Cann, Kathy ^g   Baxter, David N ^h   Maiden, Martin C J ^a   Stuart, James M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^d HEALTH PROTECTION SCOTLAND   (United Kingdom)

^e North Wales Health Protection Team   (United Kingdom)

^f CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^g Thames Valley Local Health Protection Unit   (United Kingdom)

^h ST THOMAS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CROWDING; HUMAN; MASS IMMUNIZATION; MENINGOCOCCOSIS; NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL ISOLATION; THROAT CULTURE;

EID: 33744908866     PISSN: 10806040     EISSN: 10806059     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3201/eid1206.051297     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Coen PG, Cartwright K, Stuart J. Mathematical modelling of infection and disease due to Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica. Int J Epidemiol. 2000;29:180-8.
2. Cartwright KAV, Stuart JM, Jones DM, Noah ND. The Stonehouse survey: nasopharyngeal carriage of meningococci and Neisseria lactamica. Epidemiol Infect. 1987;99:591-601.
3. Caugant DA, Hoiby EA, Magnus P, Scheel O, Hoel T, Bjune G, et al. Asymptomatic carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in a randomly sampled population. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:323-30.
4. Gilmore A, Jones G, Barker RM, Soltanpoor N, Stuart J. Meningococcal disease at the University of Southampton: outbreak investigation. Epidemiol Infect. 1999;123:185-92.
5. Neal KR, Nguyen-Van-Tam J, Jeffrey N, Slack RCB, Madeley RJ, Ait-Tahar K, et al. Changing carriage rate of Neisseria meningitidis among university students during the first week of term: cross sectional study. BMJ. 2000;320:846-9.
6. Stuart JM, Cartwright KAV, Robinson PM, Noah ND. Effect of smoking on meningococcal carriage. Lancet. 1989;2:723-6.
7. Kremastinou J, Blackwell C, Tzanakaki G, Kallergi C, Elton R, Weir D. Parental smoking and carriage of Neisseria meningitidis among Greek schoolchildren. Scand J Infect Dis. 1994;26:719-23.
8. Riordan T, Cartwright K, Andrews N, Stuart J, Burris A, Fox A, et al. Acquisition and carriage of meningococci in marine commando recruits. Epidemiol Infect. 1998;121:495-505.
9. Conyn-van Spaendonck MAE, Reintjes R, Spanjaard L, Van Kregten E, Kraayeveld AG, Jacobs PHA. Meningococcal carriage in relation to an outbreak of invasive disease due to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C in the Netherlands. J Infect. 1999;39:42-8.
10. Dominguez A, Cardenosa N, Izquierdo C, Sanchez F, Margall N, Vazguez JA, et al. Prevalence of Neisseria meningitidis carriers in the school population of Catalonia, Spain. Epidemiol Infect. 2001;127:425-33.
11. Glover JA. Observations of the meningococcus carrier rate and their application to the prevention of cerebro-spinal fever. Special Report series of the Medical Research Council (London). 1920;50:133-65.
12. Fischer M, Hedberg K, Cardosi P, Plikaytis BD, Hoesly FC, Steingart KR, et al. Tobacco smoke as a risk factor for meningococcal disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997;16:979-83.
13. Baker M, McNicholas A, Garrett N, Jones N, Steward J, Kobertsein V, et al. Household crowding a major risk factor for epidemic meningococcal disease in Auckland children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:983-90.
14. Stanwell-Smith RE, Stuart JM, Hughes AO, Robinson P, Griffin MB, Cartwright KAV. Smoking, the environment and meningococcal disease: a case control study. Epidemiol Infect. 1994;112:315-28.
15. Cookson ST, Corrales JL, Lotero JO, Regueira M, Binsztein N, Reeves MW, et al. Disco fever: epidemic meningococcal disease in northeastern Argentina associated with disco patronage. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:266-9.
16. Davison KL, Andrews N, White JM, Ramsay ME, Crowcroft NS, Rushdy AA, et al. Clusters of meningococcal disease in school and preschool settings in England and Wales: what is the risk? Arch Dis Child. 2004;89:256-60.
17. Jones IR, Urwin G, Feldman RA, Banatvala N. Social deprivation and bacterial meningitis in north east Thames region: three year study using small area statistics. BMJ. 1997;314:794-5.
18. Public Health Laboratory Service. Vaccination programme for group C meningococcal infection is launched. CDR Weekly. 1999;9:261-4.
19. Maiden MCJ, Stuart JM (for the UK Meningococcal Carriage Group). Carriage of serogroup C meningococci 1 year after meningococcal C conjugate polysaccharide vaccination. Lancet. 2002;359:1829-30.
20. Carstairs V, Morris R. Deprivation, mortality and resource allocation. Community Medicine. 1989;11:364-72.
21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epi Info, version 6.04a, a word processing, database and statistics program for public health on IBM-compatible microcomputers. Atlanta (GA): the Centers; 1996.
22. Auser's guide to M1wiN version 2.0. London (UK): London Institute of Education; 1999.
23. Rabe-Hesketh S, Skrondal A, Pickels A. A reliable estimation of generalised linear mixed models using adaptive quadrature. Stat J. 2002;2:1-21.
24. Imrey PB, Jackson LA, Ludwinski PH, England ACI, Fella GA, Fox BC, et al. Meningococcal carriage, alcohol consumption, and campus bar patronage in a serogroup C meningococcal disease outbreak. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:3133-7.
25. Orr HJ, Gray SJ, Macdonald M, Stuart JM. Saliva and meningococcal transmission. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:1314-5.
26. Fone DL, Harries JM, Lester N, Nehaul L. Meningococcal disease and social deprivation: a small area geographical study in Gwent, UK. Epidemiol Infect. 2003;130:53-8.
27. Stuart JM, Middleton N, Gunnell DJ. Socioeconomic inequality and meningococcal disease. Commun Dis Public Health. 2002;5:327-8.
28. Heyderman R, Ben-Shlomo Y, Brennan CA, Somerset M. The incidence and mortality for meningococcal disease associated with area deprivation: an ecological study of hospital episode statistics. Arch Dis Child. 2004;89:1064-8.
29. Kaiser AB, Hennekens CH, Saslaw MS, Hayes PS, Bennett JV. Seroepidemiology and chemoprophylaxis of disease due to sulfonamide-resistant Neisseria meningitidis in a civilian population. J Infect Dis. 1974;130:217-24.
30. Deutch S, Labouriau R, Schonheyder HC, Ostergaard L, Norgard B, Sorensen HT. Crowding as a risk factor of meningococcal disease in Danish preschool children: a nationwide population based case-control study. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36:20-3.
31. Broome CV. The carrier state: Neisseria meningitidis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1986;18(Suppl A):25-34.
32. Cunningham R, Matthews R, Lewendon G, Harrison S, Stuart J. Improved rate of isolation of Neisseria meningitidis by direct plating of pharyngeal swabs. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:4575-6.
33. Goldschneider I, Gotschlich EC, Artenstein MS. Human immunity to the meningococcus. II. Development of natural immunity. J Exp Med. 1969;129:1327-48.
34. Connolly M, Noah N. Is group C meningococcal disease increasing in Europe? A report of surveillance of meningococcal infection in Europe 1993-6. Epidemiol Infect. 1999;122:41-9.
35. Ramsay M, Kaczmarski EB, Rush M, Mallard R, Farrington P, White J. Changing patterns of case ascertainment and trends in meningococcal disease in England and Wales. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev. 1997;7:R49-54.
36. Abbott JD, Jones DM, Painter MJ, Young SEJ. The epidemiology of meningococcal infections in England and Wales, 1912-1983. J Infect. 1985;11:241-57.
37. British Broadcasting Corporation News Online [cited 2006 Feb 15]. Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4709258.stm