Luxury is the enemy: Mobilizing savings and popularizing thrift in wartime Japan

Journal of Japanese Studies

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 41-77

  Garon, Sheldon ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33744825302     PISSN: 00956848     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/133391     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. Chochiku Kōdō to Chochiku Ishiki ni Kansuru Chōsa Kenkyūkai, Dai 6-kai chochiku kōdō to chochiku ishiki ni kansuru chōsa hōkokusho (Tokyo: Chochiku Kōdō to Chochiku Ishiki ni Kansuru Chōsa Kenkyūkai, 1998), p. 2.
2. Nagahata Michiko, Ran no onna (Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū, 1992), p. 123.
3. Jerome B. Cohen, Japan's Economy in War and Reconstruction (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1949), pp. 85-86.
4. Noguchi Yukio, 1940-nen taisei (Tokyo: Tōyō Keizai Shinpōsha, 1995), p. 135.
5. Takafusa Nakamura, Economic Growth in Prewar Japan, trans. Robert A. Feldman (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), p. 301.
6. Quoted in Nakamura, Economic Growth in Prewar Japan, p. 301.
7. Life Magazine, May 28, 1945, p. 43.
8. Louise Young, Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), p. 13.
9. Brochure of Shōwakan, Tokyo, 1999.
10. Thomas R. H. Havens, Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War Two (New York: Norton, 1978), p. 197.
11. Marilyn Ivy, "Formations of Mass Culture," in Andrew Gordon, ed., Postwar Japan as History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 243-44.
12. Yoshimi Yoshiaki, Kusa no ne no fashizumu: Nihon minshū no sensō taiken (Tokyo: Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai, 1987), pp. 1-2.
13. Yasushi Yamanouchi, J. Victor Koschmann, and Ryūichi Narita, eds., Total War and "Modernization" (Ithaca: East Asia Program, Cornell University, 1999).
14. Noguchi, 1940-nen taisei, p. vii, also pp. iii, 134-37.
15. See Sheldon Garon, "Fashioning a Culture of Diligence and Thrift: Savings and Frugality Campaigns in Japan, 1900-1931," in Sharon A. Minichiello, ed., Japan's Competing Modernities: Issues in Culture and Democracy (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1998), pp. 312-34.
16. See Yūsei Kenkyūjo Fuzoku Shiryōkan (Teishin Sōgō Hakubutsukan), ed., Modanizumu no jidai to yūsei posutaa (Tokyo: Yūsei Kenkyūjo Fuzoku Shiryōkan, 1997).
17. National War Savings Committee, First Annual Report, March 1, 1917, in Great Britain, Parliament, House of Commons, House of Commons Sessional Papers, Vol. 18 (1917-18), pp. 5-7;
18. on the Japanese decision to emulate the British system, see Ōkurashō Rizaikyoku, "Chochiku shōrei ni oite," December 26, 1924, Kinken shōrei, doc. 24, Shōwa zaiseishi shiryō, No. 5, Ministry of Finance.
19. Okada Kazunobu, Chochiku shōrei undō no shiteki tenkai (Tokyo: Dōbunkan, 1996), pp. 9-13, 34-37, 43-44.
20. P[aul] Mayet, Agricultural Insurance, in Organic Connection with Savings-Banks, Land-Credit, and the Commutation of Debts, trans. Arthur Lloyd (London: Swan Sonnenschein and Co., 1893), pp. 72-73.
21. Okada, Chochiku shōrei undō, pp. 12-14, 52-53, 70-71;
22. Sugiura Nariyuki, "Nichirō sengo no yūbin chokin no tenkai to chochiku shōrei seisaku," Shakai keizai shigaku, Vol. 56, No. 1 (November 1990), p. 53.
23. Garon, "Fashioning a Culture of Diligence and Thrift," pp. 320, 322-25.
24. Garon, "Fashioning a Culture of Diligence and Thrift," Ibid., p. 315.
25. Sheldon Garon, Molding Japanese Minds: The State in Everyday Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), pp. 21-22, 127-34.
26. Kerry Douglas Smith, "A Time of Crisis: Japan, the Great Depression, and Relief Policy" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1994), chap. 7;
27. also Ann Waswo, "The Transformation of Rural Society 1900-1950," in Peter Duus, ed., The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 6 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 590-603.
28. Shimomura Kainan [Hiroshi], "Chochiku shōrei to menhin no hijō kanri," Shufu no tomo, Vol. 22, No. 8 (August 1938), p. 138.
29. Kokumin Chochiku Shōreikyoku, Kokumin Chochiku Shōrei Iinkai gijiroku (hereafter cited as KCSIG), Secret, 1st session, June 9, 1938, Vol. 1 (Tokyo: Kokumin Chochiku Shōreikyoku, 1938), p. 15;
30. also Fujii Tadatoshi, Kokubō fujinkai (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1985), p. 175.
31. Nagahama Isao, Kokumin seishin sōdōin no shisō to kōzō (Tokyo: Akaishi Shobō, 1987), pp. 140-41;
32. Ōkurashō Zaiseishi Hensanshitsu, Shōwa zaiseishi, Vol. 11 (Tokyo: Tōyō Keizai Shinpōsha, 1957), pp. 173-74.
33. Saitō Michiko, Hani Motoko (Tokyo: Domesu Shuppan, 1988), pp. 261-62.
34. Italics mine. Quoted in Okada, Chochiku shōrei undō, p. 99.
35. Ōkurashō Zaiseishi Hensanshitsu, Shōwa zaiseishi, Vol. 11, pp. 179-81.
36. Kokumin Chochiku Shōreikyoku, "Dōfuken ni okeru kokumin chochiku shōrei jisshi jikō sōran," October 20, 1938, Kin'yū chochiku shōrei, Vol. 1, doc. 6, Shōwa zaiseishi shiryō, No. 9, Ministry of Finance;
37. Yūseishō Chokinkyoku, Yūbin kawase chokin jigyō 80-nen shi (Tokyo: Yūcho Kenkyūkai, 1957), p. 400.
38. Shinju Fujihira, "Conscripting Money: War Finance and Fiscal Revolution in the Twentieth Century" (Ph.D. diss. in progress, Princeton University), chaps. 1, 3, 4.
39. Shinju Fujihira, "Conscripting Money: War Finance and Fiscal Revolution in the Twentieth Century" (Ibid., chap. 3.
40. R. J. Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 272,
41. cited by Fujihira, "Conscripting Money," chap. 4.
42. KCSIG, 2nd special committee session, June 14, 1938, Vol. 1, p. 75.
43. "Taidan: Hisshō ketsui o kokumin chochiku," Nihon fujin, Vol. 1, No. 8 (June 1943), p. 8.
44. KCSIG, 2nd special committee session, June 14, 1938, Vol. 1, pp. 75-76.
45. Kaya Okinori, "Naze chochiku o shinakereba naranu ka," Nihon fujin, Vol. 1, No. 4 (February 1943), pp. 33-34.
46. "Shōwa 19 nendo kokumin chochiku mokuhyōgaku kaitei ni kansuru ken," September 15, 1944, Kin'yū: chochiku shōrei, Vol. 2, doc. 6, Shōwa zaiseishi shiryō, No. 9, Ministry of Finance.
47. Ōkurashō Zaiseishi Hensanshitsu, Shōwa zaiseishi, Vol. 11, pp. 187-89.
48. See statements by Takahashi Kamekichi and Ishiwata Sōtarō, KCSIG, 2nd special committee session, June 14, 1938, Vol. 1, pp. 74-76;
49. Okada, Chochiku shōrei undō, p. 96.
50. Italics mine. Chokinkyoku, Yūbin kawase chokin gyōmu jōkyō (Tokyo: Chokinkyoku, 1939), p. 110.
51. Quoted in Okada, Chochiku shōrei undō, pp. 99-100.
52. Ishiwata Sōtarō, "Kokumin chochiku shōrei shumu kachō jimu uchiawasekai kyōgi jikō jisshi no ken," November 9, 1938, Kin'yū: chochiku shōrei, Vol. 2, doc. 5, Shōwa zaiseishi shiryō, No. 9, Ministry of Finance.
53. Ōkurashō Zaiseishi Hensanshitsu, Shōwa zaiseishi, Vol. 11, p. 235;
54. Okada, Chochiku shōrei undō, pp. 100, 104.
55. Ōkurashō Zaiseishi Hensanshitsu, Shōwa zaiseishi, Vol. 11, pp. 191-92.
56. Kaya, "Naze chochiku o shinakereba naranu ka," p. 35.
57. Okada, Chochiku shōrei undō, p. 104.
58. Ōkurashō Zaiseishi Hensanshitsu, Shōwa zaiseishi, Vol. 11, pp. 175-78;
59. Okada, Chochiku shōrei undō, pp. 100-101, 103.
60. Ōkurashō Zaiseishi Hensanshitsu, Shōwa zaiseishi, Vol. 11, p. 179;
61. Okada, Chochiku shōrei undō, p. 126.
62. "Chochiku suishin taichō no kessen zadankai," Shufu no tomo, Vol. 28, No. 5 (May 1944), pp. 14-15;
63. on the ration system, see Ralph J. D. Braibanti, "Neighborhood Associations in Japan and Their Democratic Potentialities," Far Eastern Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 2 (February 1948), pp. 10-52.
64. Okada, Chochiku shōrei undō, pp. 111-13, 116.
65. Quoted in Yoshimi, Kusa no ne no fashizumu, pp. 6-7, 9-10.
66. "Chochiku de kizuku shin-Tō-A," circa 1939, poster XD-E, Communications Museum (Teishin Sōgō Hakubutsukan), Tokyo.
67. Yoshimi, Kusa no ne no fashizumu, p. 32; for resentment of the "class that has prospered under the emergency," see p. 28.
68. Mizuno Masuko, in "Taidan: Hisshō ketsui o kokumin chochiku," p. 8.
69. Yomiuri hōchi shinbun, September 18, 1944, p. 2.
70. Nakamura Jun'ichi, "Chochiku zakkan," Teishin kyōkai zasshi, No. 429 (June 1944), p. 3.
71. Nishi Nihon shinbun, August 20, 1944, p. 3, from Yūbin chokin kan'i hoken kankei kirinuki-chō, Communications Museum, Tokyo;
72. Yamana Ayao, Taikenteki dezainshi (Tokyo: Dabiddosha, 1976), pp. 261-64.
73. Mainichi shinbun, July 30, 1943,
74. and Ōita gōdō shinbun, March 5, 1944, from Yūbin chokin kan'i hoken kankei kirinuki-chō, Communications Museum, Tokyo.
75. Kodama Masasuke, in KCSIG, 11th special committee session, March 6, 1941, Vol. 5, pp. 69-70, 81-82.
76. Yūseishō Chokinkyoku, Yūbin kawase chokin jigyō, p. 395.
77. Okada, Chochiku shōrei undō, pp. 172-74.
78. Nihon fujin, Vol. 2, No. 5 (April 1944), back cover.
79. See Yoshiko Miyake, "Doubling Expectations: Motherhood and Women's Factory Work under State Management in Japan in the 1930s and 1940s," in Gail Lee Bernstein, ed., Recreating Japanese Women, 1600-1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp. 267-95;
80. Garon, Molding Japanese Minds, pp. 140-44.
81. Ishihara Kiyoko, "Hirogaru chochiku undō," Josei tenbō, Vol. 12, No. 6 (June 1938), p. 14;
82. see also Ishihara Kiyoko, Josei tenbō, Vol. 13, No. 4 (April 1939), p. 18;
83. Ishihara Kiyoko, Josei tenbō, Vol. 14, No. 7 (July 1940), p. 27.
84. Fujii, Kokubō fujinkai, pp. 178-82, 194.
85. Saitō, Hani Motoko, pp. 261-62.
86. Hani Motoko, "Warera no mezasu kan'i seikatsu," in Kokumin Chochiku Shōreikyoku, Kokumin chochiku shōrei kōenshū (Tokyo: Kokumin Chochiku Shōreikyoku, 1938), pp. 243, 245-46, 248.
87. Saitō, Hani Motoko, pp. 263-64, 267.
88. "Kessenka no chochiku taidan," Fujin no tomo, Vol. 36, No. 4 (April 1942), p. 36;
89. also Fujin no tomo, Vol. 37, No. 7 (July 1943), inside front cover.
90. "'Nihyaku sanjū oku' o mezashite," Fujin no tomo, Vol. 37, No. 3 (March 1943), inside front cover.
91. Saitō Michiko, "Senjika no josei no seikatsu to ishiki - Shufu no tomo ni miru," in Akazawa Shirō and Kitagawa Kenzō, eds., Bunka to fashizumu: Senjiki Nihon ni okeru bunka no kōbō (Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Hyōronsha, 1993), pp. 286-88, 295.
92. Fukutoku Dōjin [pseudonym], "Anata wa okanemochi ni naremasu ka," Shufu no tomo, Vol. 23, No. 1 (January 1939), pp. 184, 187.
93. Sono Shirō, "Senji no katei rishoku sōdan," Shufu no tomo, Vol. 22, No. 5 (May 1938), p. 286.
94. Wada Kenji, "Kabushiki no shippai no nai rishokuhō," Shufu no tomo, Vol. 23, No. 9 (September 1939), pp. 236-39;
95. "Shirōto de mo zettai ni shippai no nai rishoku no te," Vol. 24, No. 1 (January 1940), p. 385;
96. also "Shirōto de mo zettai ni shippai no nai rishoku no te," Vol. 23, No. 5 (May 1939), pp. 136, 138.
97. E.g., Shufu no tomo, Vol. 22, No. 7 (July 1938), pp. 442-49;
98. Shufu no tomo, Vol. 24, No. 2 (February 1940), pp. 322-26;
99. Shufu no tomo, Vol. 26, No. 3 (March 1942), pp. 193-97.
100. Fukutoku, "Anata wa okanemochi ni naremasu ka," pp. 185-87;
101. Saitō, "Senjika no josei no seikatsu," pp. 317, 319, 323;
102. Wada Kenji, "Sukunai shunyū kara kodomo no kyōiku no umidasu hō," Shufu no tomo, Vol. 23, No. 6 (June 1939), pp. 146-50;
103. "Chochiku suishin taichō no kessen zadankai," Vol. 28, No. 5 (May 1944), p. 12.
104. Yamumuro Gunpei, "Chochiku hōkoku," Kakusei, Vol. 28 (September 1938), p. 14;
105. Suzuki Yūko, Feminizumu to sensō (Tokyo: Marujusha, 1986), pp. 47, 51;
106. see also Garon, Molding Japanese Minds, chap. 3.
107. Fukutoku, "Anata wa okanemochi ni naremasu ka," p. 184;
108. "Zadankai: zeitaku seikatsu no haishi," Josei tenbō, Vol. 14, No. 8 (August 1940), pp. 21-22;
109. Josei tenbō, Vol. 13, No. 7 (July 1939), p. 12.
110. Mizuno Masuko, in "Taidan: Hisshō ketsui o kokumin chochiku," pp. 6-7.
111. Fujii, Kokubō fujinkai, pp. 202-3;
112. "Mohan kakeibō de senji kakei ni seikō shita keiken," Shufu no tomo, Vol. 24, No. 12 (December 1940), p. 261.
113. Takiyama Shizuko, "Kan'i hoken o riyō shite," Nihon fujin, Vol. 1, No. 8 (June 1943), pp. 62-63.
114. John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York: Norton, 1999).
115. Chochiku Zōkyō Chūō Iinkai, Chochiku undōshi: Chozōi 30-nen no ayumi (Tokyo: Chochiku Zōkyō Chūō Iinkai, 1983), p. 15.
116. [Kurusu Takeo], "Ōkura daijin kōen genkō," September 16, 1947,
117. Aichi bunsho, Chochiku: Chochiku zōkyōsaku, Vol. 2, doc. 36, Sengo zaiseishi shiryō, Ministry of Finance.
118. "Chochiku zōkyō hōsakuan," secret, circa August-September 1946,
119. Aichi bunsho, Chochiku: Chochiku zōkyōsaku, Vol. 1, doc. 4, Sengo zaiseishi shiryō, Ministry of Finance.
120. E.g., Tōkyō-to Tsūka Antei Suishin Iinkai, "Tōkyō-to chochiku zōkyō hōsaku," circa October 1946,
121. Aichi bunsho, Chochiku: Chochiku zōkyōsaku, Vol. 1, doc. 26, Sengo zaiseishi shiryō, Ministry of Finance;
122. Nihon Ginkō Kyōto shiten, "Kyōto-fu kyūkoku chochiku undō kin'yū kikanbetsu mokuhyō narabi tasseigaku," circa January 1947,
123. Aichi bunsho, Chochiku: Chochiku zōkyōsaku, Vol. 1, doc. 52, Sengo zaiseishi shiryō, Ministry of Finance.
124. Ōkurashō, "Chochiku jissen mohan chiku setchi yōryō," circa April 1947,
125. Aichi bunsho, Chochiku: Chochiku zōkyōsaku, Vol. 2, doc. 7, Sengo zaiseishi shiryō, Ministry of Finance.
126. Ōkurashō, "Shōwa 22 nendo yobikin shishutsusho," p. 10,
127. Aichi bunsho, Chochiku: Chochiku zōkyōsaku, Vol. 3, doc. 8, Sengo zaiseishi shiryō, Ministry of Finance.
128. [Ōkurashō], Ginkōkyoku, Kokumin Chochiku-ka, "Shōwa 24 nendo kyūkoku chochiku undō hōsaku yōkōan," April 5, 1949, p. 3,
129. Aichi bunsho, Chochiku: Chochiku zōkyōsaku, Vol. 5, doc. 4, Sengo zaiseishi shiryō, Ministry of Finance.
130. Chochiku Zōkyō Chūō Iinkai, Chochiku undōshi, p. 65.
131. Garon, Molding Japanese Minds, pp. 154, 163-66.
132. Andrew Gordon, "Managing the Japanese Household: The New Life Movement in Postwar Japan," Social Politics, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Summer 1997), pp. 245-83.
133. Oku Mumeo, "Shin seikatsu e," Shufuren dayori, No. 52 (August 15, 1953), p. 1.
134. See Garon, Molding Japanese Minds, pp. 186-90, 193-94.
135. Shufuren dayori, No. 88 (September 15, 1956), p. 4;
136. also Garon, Molding Japanese Minds, pp. 186-90.
137. The 1947 budget allocated ¥300,000 to the tomo no kai for this purpose. Ōkurashō, "Shōwa 22 nendo yobikin shishutsusho," p. 29,
138. Aichi bunsho, Chochiku: Chochiku zōkyōsaku, Vol. 3, doc. 8, Sengo zaiseishi shiryō, Ministry of Finance.
139. Chochiku Kōhō Chūō Iinkai, Chochiku to shōhi ni kansuru seron chōsa, 1996 (Tokyo: Chochiku Kōhō Chūō Iinkai, 1996), p. 146.
140. Garon, Molding Japanese Minds, pp. 173-75, 192-93, 232.