Global challenges and strategies for control, conversion and utilization of CO2 for sustainable development involving energy, catalysis, adsorption and chemical processing

Catalysis Today

Volumn 115, Issue 1-4, 2006, Pages 2-32

  Song, Chunshan ^a  

^a Department of Energy Geo Environmental Engineering ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Atom efficiency; Capture; Carbon dioxide; Catalysis; CO2 reforming; Conversion; Dimethylcarbonate; Emissions; energy; Fuels; Reforming; Separation; Strategy; Supercritical CO2; Sustainable development; Tri reforming; Utilization

Indexed keywords

ADSORPTION; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBOXYLATION; CATALYSIS; ENERGY UTILIZATION; FUELS; INDUSTRIAL PLANTS; PURIFICATION; RECYCLING; RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES; SEPARATION; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

ATOM EFFICIENCY; CAPTURE; CO2 REFORMING; CONVERSION; EMISSIONS; ENERGY; REFORMING; TRI-REFORMING; UTILIZATION;

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING;

EID: 33744823847     PISSN: 09205861     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2006.02.029     Document Type: Article

References (164)

1. Levin S.A. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73 6 (1992) 1943-1967
2. Melillo J.M., Mcguire A.D., Kicklighter D.W., Moore B., Vorosmarty C.J., and Schloss A.L. Global climate-change and terrestrial net primary production. Nature 363 6426 (1993) 234-240
3. Schimel D.S. Terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon-cycle. Global Change Biol. 1 1 (1995) 77-91
4. In: Paul J., and Pradier C.-M. (Eds). Carbon Dioxide Chemistry: Environmental Issues (1994), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK p. 405
5. Halmann M.M., and Steinberg M. Greenhouse Gas Carbon Dioxide Mitigation: Science and Technology (1999), Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL p. 568
6. Maroto-Valer M.M., Song C.S., and Soong Y. Environmental Challenges and Greenhouse Gas Control for Fossil Fuel Utilization in the 21st Century (2002), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York p. 447
7. DOE/NETL, Carbon Sequestration. Technology Roadmap and Program Plan 2005. US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, May 2005.
8. 2 records from sites in the SiO air sampling network, in: Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, 2005.
9. Lindsey J.S. Carbon Dioxide. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Chemistry. second ed. (1993), McGraw-Hill, New York pp. 157-159
10. Pierantozzi R. Carbon Dioxide. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. fourth ed. vol. 5 (1993), John Wiley and Sons, New York 35-53
11. 2 Conversion and Utilization. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 809, 2002, 420 pp.
12. 2 Conversion and Utilization, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 809, 2002, pp. 258-274 (Chapter 17).
13. Aresta M., and Quaranta E. Carbon dioxide: a substitute for phosgene. Chemtech. 27 3 (1997) 32-40
14. Aresta M. Perspectives of carbon dioxide utilisation in the synthesis of chemicals. Coupling chemistry with biotechnology. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 114 (1998) 65-76
15. Aresta M. Key issues in carbon dioxide utilization as a building block for molecular organic compounds in the chemical industry. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr. 45 1 (2000) 92-93
16. In: Aresta M. (Ed). Carbon Dioxide Recovery and Utilization (2003), Springer 384
17. Aresta M. Carbon dioxide utilization. Greening both the energy and chemical industry: an overview. Am. Chem. Soc. Symp Ser. 852 (2003) 2-39
18. Aresta M., Dibenedetto A., and Tommasi I. Developing innovative synthetic technologies of industrial relevance based on carbon dioxide as raw material. Energy Fuels 15 (2001) 269-273
19. 2 Conversion and Utilization, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 809, 2002, pp. 54-70 (Chapter 4).
20. 2 use. Catal. Today 98 4 (2004) 455-462
21. In: Inui T., Anpo M., Izui K., Yanagida S., and Yamaguchi T. (Eds). Advances in Chemical Conversions for Mitigating Carbon Dioxide (Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis) vol. 114 (1998), Elsevier, Amsterdam 691
22. 2 Conversion and Utilization, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 809, 2002, pp. 130-152 (Chapter 9).
23. 2O. Catal. R. Soc. Chem. 16 (2002) 133-154
24. 2. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 114 (1998) 19-30
25. Park S.-E., Yoo J.S., Chang J.-S., Lee K.Y., and Park M.S. Heterogeneous catalytic activation of carbon dioxide as an oxidant. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr. 46 1 (2001) 115-118
26. 2-reforming of methane. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 81 (1994) 25-41
27. Rostrup-Nielsen J.R., Hansen B.J.H., and Aparicio L.M. Reforming of hydrocarbons into synthesis gas on supported metal catalysts. Sekiyu Gakkaishi 40 5 (1997) 366-377
28. Wang S.B., Lu G.Q.M., and Millar G.J. Carbon dioxide reforming of methane to produce synthesis gas over metal-supported catalysts: state of the art. Energy Fuels 10 4 (1996) 896-904
29. 4. Catal. Rev. -Sci. Eng. 41 1 (1999) 1-42
30. 2 reforming. Advances in Catalysis 48 (2004) 297-345
31. Jessop P.G., Ikariya T., and Noyori R. Homogeneous catalysis in supercritical fluids. Science 269 5227 (1995) 1065-1069
32. Jessop P.G., Ikariya T., and Noyori R. Homogeneous hydrogenation of carbon-dioxide. Chem. Rev. 95 2 (1995) 259-272
33. Jessop P.G., Joo F., and Tai C.C. Recent advances in the homogeneous hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. Coord. Chem. Rev. 248 21-24 (2004) 2425-2442
34. 2). Topics Curr. Chem. 206 (1999) 107-132
35. Cooper A.I. Polymer synthesis and processing using supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Mater. Chem. 10 2 (2000) 207-234
36. 2 applications in the processing of polymers. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42 25 (2003) 6431-6456
37. 2 by chemical conversion: plausible chemical reactions and promising products. Energy Fuels 10 2 (1996) 305-325
38. 2 emissions to atmosphere. Energy Conv. Manag. 38 (1997) S409-S414
39. Riemer P.W.F., and Ormerod W.G. International perspectives and the results of carbon-dioxide capture. disposal and utilization studies. Energy Conv. Manag. 36 6-9 (1995) 813-818
40. 2 purity, energy, and the environment. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr. 45 1 (2000) 141-142
41. Arakawa H., Aresta M., Armor J.N., Barteau M.A., Beckman E.J., Bell A.T., Bercaw J.E., Creutz C., Dinjus E., Dixon D.A., Domen K., DuBois D.L., Eckert J., Fujita E., Gibson D.H., Goddard W.A., Goodman D.W., Keller J., Kubas G.J., Kung H.H., Lyons J.E., Manzer L.E., Marks T.J., Morokuma K., Nicholas K.M., Periana R., Que L., Rostrup-Nielson J., Sachtler W.M.H., Schmidt L.D., Sen A., Somorjai G.A., Stair P.C., Stults B.R., and Tumas W. Catalysis research of relevance to carbon management: progress, challenges, and opportunities. Chem. Rev. 101 4 (2001) 953-996
42. C.-J. Liu, R.G Mallinson, M. Aresta (Eds.) Utilization of Greenhouse Gases. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 852, 2003, 412 pp.
43. Spivey J.J. Catalysis in the development of clean energy technologies. Catal. Today 100 1-2 (2005) 171-180
44. 2 concentrations, Antarctic ice cores). in: Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, on line at the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/, June 1998.
45. 2 Emissions. Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (2005), Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A
46. EIA/AER, Annual Energy Review 2003, Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Report No. DOE/EIA-0384(97), 2004.
47. 2 Conversion and Utilization, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 809, 2002, pp. 2-30 (Chapter 1).
48. Song C.S. Fuel processing for low-temperature and high-temperature fuel cells, challenges, and opportunities for sustainable development in the 21st Century. Catal. Today 77 (2002) 17-50
49. DOE/EERE. Partnership Plan. Freedom CAR and Fuel Partnership. November 2004. http://www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/program/fc_fuel_partner ship_plan.pdf, viewed June 30, 2005.
50. DOE/FE. FutureGen - Tomorrow's Pollution-Free Power Plant. Office of Fossil Energy, http://fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen/index.html#top, US Department of Energy, viewed July 20, 2005.
51. Lee K.-W. Clean fuels from biomass. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr. 46 1 (2001) 61-64
52. DOE/EPA. Fuel Economy. Internet Resource Developed by U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/atv.shtml. Viewed May 20, 2001.
53. E. Gobina, Carbon dioxide utilization and recovery. BCC Report E-131, Business Communications Company, Norwalk, CT, December 2004.
54. Lange's HDBK. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 13th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985, p. 9-4 and p. 9-70.
55. Ferguson J.E. Carbon Dioxide. MacMillan Encyclopedia of Chemistry vol. 1 (1997), MacMillan References, New York 302-308
56. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 75th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994, p. 5-4.
57. W. Ormerod, P. Riemer, A. Smith, Carbon dioxide utilisation. iea greenhouse gas R&D programme, ISBN 1 898373 17 5, IEA, London, U.K., January 1995.
58. 2: Main Applications. http://www.airliquide.com/, Viewed June 2005.
59. 2: Main Applications. http://www.acpco2.com/, Viewed June 2005.
60. D.H. Lauriente, CEH Report: Urea. Chemical Economics Handbook Program, SRI Consulting, Menlo Park, CA, July 2004.
61. NYS, Eight States and NYC Sue Top Five US Global Warming Polluters. Press Release, Office of New York State Attorney General, July 21, 2004.
62. 2 separation. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 153 (2004) 315
63. 2 emissions. Chem. Innovat. (formerly Chemtech, ACS) 31 1 (2001) 21-26
64. 2 in fuel gas from electric power plants. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prep. 45 (2002) 772-776
65. Song C.S., and Pan W. Tri-reforming of methane: a novel concept for catalytic production of industrially useful synthesis gas with desired H-2/CO ratios. Catal. Today 98 4 (2004) 463-484
66. C.S. Song, Proceedings of 2nd Topical Conference on Natural Gas Conversion and Utilization. Held in conjunction with AIChE 2002 Spring National Meeting, New Orleans, March 11-14, 2002, p. 402.
67. 2 Conversion and Utilization, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 809, 2002, pp. 289-302 (Chapter 19).
68. 2 from power plants. Proceedings of 16th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference. Pittsburgh, PA, October 11-15, Paper No. 16-5 (1999)
69. 2 for production of synthesis gas to dimethyl ether. Catal. Today 87 (2003) 133
70. S.-H. Lee, W. Cho, W.-S. Ju, J.-S. Chang, S.-E. Park, Y.-S. Baek, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Utilization. Seoul, Korea, October 12-16, 2003, p. 203.
71. M. Halmann, A. Steinfeld, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Efficiency, Costs, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impacts of Energy and Process Systsems, Guanajuato, México, July 7-9, 2004. Paper No. 185.
72. M. Halmann, A. Steinfeld, Paper presented at the 8th International Conference on carbon Dioxide Utilization, Oslo, Norway, June 22-26, 2005.
73. 2 in SOFC and MCFC fuel reforming applications, in Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on carbon Dioxide Utilization, Oslo, Norway, June 22-26, 2005.
74. 2: status and perspectives. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 153 (2004) 1-8
75. 2 capture. Energy Fuels 16 (2002) 1463-1469
76. 2 "Molecular Basket" adsorbents based on polymer-modified mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 62 (2003) 29-45
77. Xu X., Song C.S., Miller B.G., and Scaroni A.W. Adsorption separation of carbon dioxide from flue gas of gas-fired boiler by a novel nanoporous "Molecular Basket" adsorbent. Fuel Process. Technol. 86 14-15 (2005) 1457-1472
78. 2 separation from gas mixture by a nanoporous adsorbent based on polyethylenimine-modified molecular sieve MCM-41. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44 (2005) 8113-8119
79. 2 absorption by lithium silicate at room temperature. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 37 6 (2004) 772-777
80. 2 absorption and emission for cyclical pellet type lithium orthosilicate. J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 112 5 (2004) S1338-S1340
81. 5 as catalyst in the oxidative carboxylation of olefins. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr. 46 1 (2001) 119-121
82. Tomishige K., Sakaihori T., Ikeda Y., and Fujimoto K. A novel method of direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide catalyzed by zirconia. Catal. Lett. 58 (1999) 225-229
83. Tomishige K., Ikeda Y., Sakaihori T., and Fujimoto K. Catalytic properties and structure of zirconia catalysts for direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide. J. Catal. 192 2 (2000) 355-362
84. Jung K.T., and Bell A.T. An in situ infrared study of dimethyl carbonate synthesis from carbon dioxide and methanol over zirconia. J. Catal. 204 2 (2001) 339-347
85. 2 solid solution catalyst for selective synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide. Catal. Lett. 76 1-2 (2001) 71-74
86. 2O removal from the reaction system. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 237 1-2 (2002) 103-109
87. Ballivet-Tkatchenko D., Douteau O., and Stutzmann S. Reactivity of carbon dioxide with n-butyl(phenoxy)-,(alkoxy)-, and (oxo)stannanes: insight into dimethyl carbonate synthesis. Organometallics 19 (2000) 4563-4567
88. Ono Y. Dimethyl carbonate for environmentally benign reactions. Catal. Today 35 1-2 (1997) 15-25
89. Akgerman A., Erkey C., and Ghoreishi S.M. Supercritical extraction of hexachlorobenzene from soil. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 31 1 (1992) 333-339
90. Macnaughton S.J., and Foster N.R. Supercritical adsorption and desorption behavior of DDT on activated carbon using carbon-dioxide. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 34 1 (1995) 275-282
91. 2 extraction and fractionation of lavender essential oil and waxes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43 6 (1995) 1654-1658
92. Reverchon E. Supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation of essential oils and related products. J. Supercrit. Fluids 10 1 (1997) 1-37
93. Chen Y.T., and Ling Y.C. An overview of supercritical fluid extraction in Chinese herbal medicine: from preparation to analysis. J. Food Drug Anal. 8 4 (2000) 235-247
94. 2. Rev. Chem. Eng. 15 4 (1999) 233-243
95. 2 ceramics. Rare Met. Mater. Eng. 32 (2003) 296-298
96. Jessop P.G., Ikariya T., and Noyori R. Homogeneous catalytic-hydrogenation of supercritical carbon-dioxide. Nature 368 6468 (1994) 231-233
97. Koch D., and Leitner W. Rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation in supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 51 (1998) 13398-13404
98. Canelas D.A., and DeSimone J.M. Polymerizations in liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide. Adv. Polym. Sci. 133 (1997) 103-140
99. Oakes R.S., Clifford A.A., and Rayner C.M. The use of supercritical fluids in synthetic organic chemistry. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 (2001) 917-941
100. 2-expanded phases. Coord. Chem. Rev. 219 (2001) 789-820
101. 2 Conversion and Utilization, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 809, 2002, pp. 364-386 (Chapter 24).
102. Ablan C.D., Hallett J.P., West K.N., Jones R.S., Eckert C.A., Liotta C.L., and Jessop P.G. Use and recovery of a homogeneous catalyst with carbon dioxide as a solubility switch. Chem. Commun. 24 (2003) 2972-2973
103. Sugino M.O., Shimada H., Turuda T., Miura H., Ikenaga N., and Suzuki T. Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethlybenzene with carbon dioxide. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 121 1 (1995) 125-137
104. 2 on anchored titanium-oxide catalysts. J. Mol. Catal. 74 1-3 (1992) 207-212
105. 2O on titanium oxides anchored within micropores of zeolites: Effects of the structure of the active sites and the addition of Pt. J. Phys. Chem. B 101 14 (1997) 2632-2636
106. 2 Conversion and Utilization, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 809, 2002, pp. 330-343 (Chapter 22).
107. 2 under UV light in TiMCM-41 silicate sieve. J. Phys. Chem. B 108 47 (2004) 18269-18273
108. 2 photoreduction in Ti silicalite molecular sieve by FT-IR spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. A 104 33 (2000) 7834-7839
109. 2 mitigation and fuel production. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr. 45 1 (2000) 74-76
110. 2 Conversion and Utilization, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2001.
111. 2 Conversion and Utilization, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 809, 2002. pp. 31-37 (Chapter 2).
112. 2 hydrogenation reactions on zirconia-supported catalysts-a diffuse reflectance FTIR Study. 2. Surface species on copper zirconia catalysts-implications for methanol synthesis selectivity. J. Mol. Catal. 63 2 (1990) 243-254
113. Nitta Y., Suwata O., Ikeda Y., Okamoto Y., and Imanaka T. Opper-zirconia catalysts for methanol synthesis from carbon-dioxide - effect of ZNO addition to CU-ZRO2 catalysts. Catal. Lett. 26 3-4 (1994) 345-354
114. 2. J. Catal. 154 2 (1995) 314-328
115. 3 catalysts. Catal. Today 29 1-4 (1996) 367-372
116. Sakurai H., and Haruta M. Synergism in methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide over gold catalysts supported on metal oxides. Catal. Today 29 1-4 (1996) 361-365
117. 2 over a Zn-deposited Cu(1 1 1) surface. Surf. Sci. 383 2-3 (1997) 285-298
118. Borodko Y., and Somorjai G.A. Catalytic hydrogenation of carbon oxides-a 10-year perspective. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 186 1-2 (1999) 355-362
119. Baiker A. Utilization of carbon dioxide in heterogeneous catalytic synthesis. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 14 12 (2000) 751-762
120. 2 hydrogenation. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 153 (2004) 25-32
121. 2 partial pressure using combinatorial tools. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 262 2 (2004) 207-214
122. Tominaga H., and Nagai M. Density functional study of carbon dioxide hydrogenation on molybdenum carbide and metal. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 282 1-2 (2005) 5-13
123. Inui T., Kitagawa K., Takeguchi T., Hagiwara T., and Makino Y. Hydrogenation of carbon-dioxide to C1-C7 hydrocarbons via methanol on composite catalysts. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 94 1 (1993) 31-44
124. Nam S.S., Kim H., Kishan G., Choi M.J., and Lee K.W. Catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into hydrocarbons over iron supported on alkali ion-exchanged Y-zeolite catalysts. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 179 1-2 (1999) 155-163
125. Kuei C.K., and Lee M.D. Hydrogenation of carbon-dioxide by hybrid catalysts, direct synthesis of aromatics from carbon-dioxide and hydrogen. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 69 1 (1991) 347-354
126. 2 from large stationary sources and sequestration in geological formations-Coalbeds and deep saline aquifers. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 53 6 (2003) 645-715
127. DOE/NETL Weyburn. Projects Facts. WEYBURN CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION PROJECT. US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, March 2005.
128. DOE/NETL Kansas. Projects Facts. Landfill Gas Sequestration in Kansas. US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, February 2005.
129. Markels M., and Barber R.T. Sequestration of carbon dioxide by ocean fertilization. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr. 46 1 (2001) 45-48
130. Beecy D. The role of carbon sequestration in a national carbon management strategy. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr. 46 1 (2001) 38-44
131. 2 into liquid fuels: simulating reactions under geologic formation conditions. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr. 45 1 (2000) 113-117
132. 2 Conversion and Utilization, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 809, 2002, pp. 166-180 (Chapter 11).
133. 2 sequestration using the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Energy Fuels 15 2 (2001) 309-316
134. ACS. Facts & figures for the chemical industry. Chem. Eng. News, June 24, 1996, pp. 38-79.
135. ACS. Facts & figures for the chemical industry. Chem. Eng. News, June 26, 2000, pp. 48-89.
136. OTP (Office of Technology Policy, U.S. Department of Commerce.). Meeting the Challenge: U.S. Industry Faces the 21st Century. Chemtech, 1996, vol. 26, pp. 46-54.
137. B. Suresh, Y. Ishikawa, CEH Report: Carbon Dioxide. Chemical Economics Handbook Program, SRI Consulting, Menlo Park, CA, August 2003.
138. 2 conversion, storage, and reuse. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr. 46 1 (2001) 99-100
139. 2 capture processes-opportunities for improved energy efficiencies. Energy Conv. Manag. 38 (1997) S51-S56
140. 2 Conversion and Utilization, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 224-240.
141. DOE/FE. Capturing Carbon Dioxide. Office of Fossil Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, 1999a.
142. DOE/FE, 1999b. Project Facts-Advanced Power and Fuel Technologies. The Vision 21 EnergyPlex Concept. DOE/FE-0364, Office of Fossil Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, 1999b.
143. DOE/OS-FE. Carbon Sequestration. State of the Science. Office of Science and Office of Fossil Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, February 1999.
144. 2 removal systems for fossil-fueled power plant processes. Energy Conv. Manag. 38 (1997) S173-S178
145. Herzog H.J. Using carbon capture and sequestration technologies to address climate change concerns. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr. 46 1 (2001) 53-55
146. Herzog H.J. What future for carbon capture and sequestration?. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 7 (2001) 148A-153A
147. 2 capture, reuse, and storage technologies for mitigating global climate change. Report to U.S. Department of Energy, DE-AF22-96PC01257, January 1997, pp. 66.
148. Herzog H.J., and Drake E.M. Carbon dioxide recovery and disposal from large energy systems. Ann. Rev. Energ. Env. 21 (1996) 145-166
149. Kane R., and Klein D.E. Opportunities for advancements in chemical processes in carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr. 46 1 (2001) 275-277
150. 2 from flue-gas by pressure swing adsorption. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 32 11 (1993) 2714-2720
151. Koros W.J., and Mahajan R. Pushing the limits on possibilities for large scale gas separation: which strategies?. J. Memb. Sci. 175 2 (2000) 181-196
152. 2 Conversion and Utilization, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 809, 2002, pp. 39-52 (Chapter 3).
153. Mariz C.L. Carbon dioxide recovery: large scale design trends. J. Can. Petrol. Technol. 37 7 (1998) 42-47
154. 2 capture. Energy Conv. Manag. 38 (1997) S37-S42
155. Mimura T., Shimojyo S., Suda T., Iijima M., and Mitsuoka S. Development of energy-saving absorbents for the recovery of carbon-dioxide from boiler flue-gas. Kagaku Kogaku Ronbun 21 3 (1995) 478-485
156. Sander M.T., and Mariz C.L. The fluor daniel ECONAMINE FG Proces - past experience and present-day focus. Energy Conv. Manag. 33 5-8 (1992) 341-348
157. Satyapal S., Filburn T., Trela J., and Strange J. Performance and properties of a solid amine sorbent for carbon dioxide removal in space life support applications. Energy Fuels 15 2 (2001) 250-255
158. 2 catalyst. J. Phys. Chem. 97 3 (1993) 531-533
159. 2 reduction - prospects for Coal. IEA Report No. CCC/26, IEA Coal Research, London, U.K., 1999, 84 pp.
160. 2 capture from the flue-gas of conventional fossil-fuel-fired power-plants. Environ. Prog. 13 3 (1994) 214-219
161. Weisz P.B. Basic choices and constraints on long-term energy supplies. Phys. Today 57 (2004) 47-52
162. Song C.S., and Schobert H.H. Opportunities for developing specialty chemicals and advanced materials from coals. Fuel Process. Technol. 34 (1993) 157-196
163. Schobert H.H., and Song C.S. Chemicals and materials from coal in the 21st century. Fuel 81 (2002) 15-32
164. 2 Conversion and Utilization, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 809, 2002, pp. 112-129 (Chapter 8).