Hate Crimes Hurt more

American Behavioral Scientist

Volumn 45, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 626-638

  Iganski, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33744814272     PISSN: 00027642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/00027640121957394     Document Type: Article

References (22)

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2. Anti-Defamation League. (1998). 1999 hate crimes laws. New York: Author.
3. Barnes, A., & Ephross, P. H. ( 1994). The impact of hate violence on victims-Emotional and behavioural responses to attacks. Social Work, 39(3), 247-251.
4. Craig, K. M. (1999). Retaliation, fear, or rage. An investigation of African American and White reactions to racist hate crimes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(2), 138-151.
5. Garnets, L., Herek, G. M., & Levy, B. (1992). Violence and victimization of lesbians and gay men: Mental health consequences. In G. M. Herek & K. T. Berrill (Eds.), Hate crimes. Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
6. Gey, S. G. (1997). What if Visconsin v Mitchell had involved Martin Luther King, Jr.?The constitutional flaws of hate crime enhancement statutes. George Washington Law Review, 65, 1014-1070.
7. Gross, K. A., & Kinder, D. R. ( 1998). A collision of principles? Free expression, racial equality and the prohibition of racist speech. British Journal of Political Science, 28,445-471.
8. Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., Cogan, J. C., & Glunt, E. K. (1997). Hâte crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12(2), 195-215.
9. Jacobs, J. B., & Potter, K. A. (1997). Hate crimes: A critical perspective. Crime and Justice, 22(1), 1-50.
10. Jacobs, J. B., & Potter, K. A. (1998). Hale crimes. Criminal law & identity politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
11. Jacoby, J. (1998a, July 20). Kennedy's destructive hate crimes bill. Boston Globe.
12. Jacoby, J. (1998b, October 15). The lessons of Laramie. Boston Globe.
13. Lawrence, F. M. (1999). Punishing hate. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
14. Levin, B. (1998). Motive matters. Klanwatch Intelligence Report [Online]. Available: http:// www.splcenter.org/klanwatch/kw-4g6.html
15. Levin, B. (1999). Hate crimes. Worse by definition. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 75(1), 6-21.
16. Levin, J., & McDevitt, J. ( 1993). Hate crimes: The rising tide of bigotry and bloodshed. New York: Plenum.
17. Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (I999). Designing qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
18. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance. (1997). A policymaker's guide to hate crimes. Washington, DC: Author.
19. Virdee, V. (1997). Racial harassment. In T. Modood, R. Berthoud, J. Lakey, J. Nazroo, P. Smith, S. Virdee, & S. Beishon (Eds.), Ethnic minorities in Britain. Diversity and disadvantage (pp. 259-289). London: Policy Studies Institute.
20. Weinstein, J. (1992). First Amendment challenges to hate crime legislation: Where's the speech? Criminal Justice Ethics, 11(2), 6-20.
21. Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 508 U.S. 476 (1993a).
22. Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 113 S. Ct. at 2201 (1993b).