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1
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33744831102
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United States Department of Human Health Services Press Release, October 14
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Carmona, R. H. Report on Bone Health and Osteoporosis. United States Department of Human Health Services Press Release, October 14, 2004.
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(2004)
Report on Bone Health and Osteoporosis
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Carmona, R.H.1
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2
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33744785038
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note
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In this report, we do not investigate tri-, di-, or monoalkyl alendronates because the in vivo hydrolysis of the second alkyl ester of either phosphonate functionality was expected to be very slow and therefore not considered an effective prodrug based on our concept. The ultimate goal for tetraalkyl alendronate prodrugs was to design structures in which the hydrolysis of the first ester would automatically trigger the release of the second one for each of the two phosphonates.
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3
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0034609777
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Study of alendronate prodrugs derived from N-linked peptides: Ezra, A.; Hoffman, A.; Breuer, E.; Alferiev, I. S.; Moenkkoenen, J.; El Hanany-Rozen, N.; Weiss, G.; Stepensky, D.; Gati, I.; Cohen, H.; Toermaelehto, S.; Amidon, G. L.; Golomb, G. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 3641.
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(2000)
J. Med. Chem.
, vol.43
, pp. 3641
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Ezra, A.1
Hoffman, A.2
Breuer, E.3
Alferiev, I.S.4
Moenkkoenen, J.5
El Hanany-Rozen, N.6
Weiss, G.7
Stepensky, D.8
Gati, I.9
Cohen, H.10
Toermaelehto, S.11
Amidon, G.L.12
Golomb, G.13
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4
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20444405348
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(a) Xie, Y.; Ding, H.; Qian, L.; Yan, X.; Yang, C.; Xie, Y. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2005, 15, 3267.
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(2005)
Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
, vol.15
, pp. 3267
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Xie, Y.1
Ding, H.2
Qian, L.3
Yan, X.4
Yang, C.5
Xie, Y.6
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8
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33645229287
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(e) Even, P.; Guenin, E.; Benramdame, M.; Quidu, P.; El Manouni, D.; Lecouvey, M. Lett. Org. Chem. 2004, 1, 75.
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(2004)
Lett. Org. Chem.
, vol.1
, pp. 75
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Even, P.1
Guenin, E.2
Benramdame, M.3
Quidu, P.4
El Manouni, D.5
Lecouvey, M.6
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9
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0037496076
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(f) Ye, Y.; Xu, G.; Zheng, Y.; Liu, L. Heteroat. Chem. 2003, 14, 309.
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(2003)
Heteroat. Chem.
, vol.14
, pp. 309
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Ye, Y.1
Xu, G.2
Zheng, Y.3
Liu, L.4
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10
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0037805683
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(g) Orstad, E.; Hoff, P.; Skattebol, L.; Skretting, A.; Breistol, K. J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 3021.
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J. Med. Chem.
, vol.46
, pp. 3021
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Orstad, E.1
Hoff, P.2
Skattebol, L.3
Skretting, A.4
Breistol, K.5
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11
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0035541813
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(h) Mizrahi, D. M.; Waner, T.; Segall, Y. Phosphorus, Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem. 2001, 173, 1.
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(2001)
Phosphorus, Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem.
, vol.173
, pp. 1
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Mizrahi, D.M.1
Waner, T.2
Segall, Y.3
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12
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0035648922
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(i) Turhanen, P. A.; Ahlgren, M. J.; Jarvinen, T.; Vepsalainen, J. J. Phosphorus, Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem. 2001, 170, 115.
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(2001)
Phosphorus, Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem.
, vol.170
, pp. 115
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Turhanen, P.A.1
Ahlgren, M.J.2
Jarvinen, T.3
Vepsalainen, J.J.4
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13
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0035068149
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(j) Turhanen, P. A.; Ahlgren, M. J.; Jarvinen, T.; Vepsalainen, J. J. Synthesis 2001, 633.
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(2001)
Synthesis
, pp. 633
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Turhanen, P.A.1
Ahlgren, M.J.2
Jarvinen, T.3
Vepsalainen, J.J.4
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14
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0034338035
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(k) Mallard, I.; Benech, J.; Lecouvey, M.; Leroux, Y. Phosphorus. Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem.s 2000, 162, 15.
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(2000)
Phosphorus. Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem.s
, vol.162
, pp. 15
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Mallard, I.1
Benech, J.2
Lecouvey, M.3
Leroux, Y.4
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15
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0033911294
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Reviews of literature prior to 2000
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(l) Niemi, R.; Turbanen, P. A.; Vepsalainen, J. J.; Taipale, H.; Jarvinen, T. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2000, 11, 173. Reviews of literature prior to 2000:
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(2000)
Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.
, vol.11
, pp. 173
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Niemi, R.1
Turbanen, P.A.2
Vepsalainen, J.J.3
Taipale, H.4
Jarvinen, T.5
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18
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0029582663
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There are several synthetic strategies for the preparation of alendronic acid. Of these, the most notable is the work of Kieczykowski et al., which serves as a basis for the large-scale production of alendronate sodium: Kieczykowski, G. R.; Jobson, R. B.; Melillo, D. G.; Reinhold, D. F.; Grenda, V. J.; Shinkai, I. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 8310.
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(1995)
J. Org. Chem.
, vol.60
, pp. 8310
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Kieczykowski, G.R.1
Jobson, R.B.2
Melillo, D.G.3
Reinhold, D.F.4
Grenda, V.J.5
Shinkai, I.6
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20
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33744781480
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note
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31P NMR analysis of the reaction mixture along with the rearranged 1-phosphonate-1-phosphate byproduct. The desired product was never isolated in substantial yield.
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21
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0029084326
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Ruel, R.; Bouvier, J. P.; Young, R. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 5209.
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(1995)
J. Org. Chem.
, vol.60
, pp. 5209
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Ruel, R.1
Bouvier, J.P.2
Young, R.3
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24
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33744793959
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note
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For examples, see the introduction of ref 6.
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25
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33744814297
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note
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We were unable to reproduce several published procedures that relied on the use of catalytic amounts of secondary and tertiary amines as sufficient to promote the reaction. When 0.1 and 0.2 equiv of various bases were used, an average conversion of only 9.3 ± 1.2% and 21.1 ± 2.3% was observed, respectively.
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26
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25444510404
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The role of solvent polarity on the rearrangement of monophosphonates to monophosphates follows a trend similar to that reported here for bisphosphonates. Compare this to a recent disclosure for monophosphonates: El Kaim, L.; Gaultier, L.; Grimaud, L.; Dos Santos, A. Synlett 2005, 2335.
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(2005)
Synlett
, pp. 2335
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El Kaim, L.1
Gaultier, L.2
Grimaud, L.3
Dos Santos, A.4
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28
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33744815861
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note
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31P NMR for a sample stored under an inert atmosphere of argon at 20 ± 3 °C.
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29
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33744795377
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note
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The intramolecular mechanism of the 7-exo-trig O → N acyl transfer was established by a crossover experiment in which a mixture of 3 equiv of 6b and 1 equiv of 7a was hydrogenated. No cross-acylation to produce N-acetyl 9b was observed, and the sole product of this reaction was N-myristoyl 9a.
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30
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33744780657
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note
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While the use of DMAP afforded a ratio of the desired O-TBS-alendronate to the rearranged 1-phosphonate-1-phosphate of 9:1, the use of other bases provided the following ratios: imidazole, 5:1; triethylamine, 6:1; Hunigs base, 8:1; DABCO, 6:1; DBU, 0.5:1. In addition, the use of imidazole did not affect completion of the silylation step and the use of the Huenigs base led to undesired formation of silylenolethers from the α-ketophosphonate, effectively reducing the overall yield. The use of less polar solvents such as cyclohexane or toluene with a potential of increasing the content of desired Pudovik adduct over undesired rearranged byproduct prior to silylation (see Table 1) led to heterogeneous reaction mixtures and irreproducible overall yields.
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31
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33744815555
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note
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2, were prepared in 57%, 89%, and 71% overall isolated yield, respectively, using the same general strategy.
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32
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33744809488
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note
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3) δ 19.21; HRMS calcd m/z 494.1785, obsd m/z 494.1789.
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33
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0006902084
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(a) Tatsuoka, T.; Imao, K.; Suzuki, K. Heterocydes 1986, 24, 617.
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(1986)
Heterocydes
, vol.24
, pp. 617
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Tatsuoka, T.1
Imao, K.2
Suzuki, K.3
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35
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33646464629
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(c) Streicher, W.; Werner, G.; Rosenwirth, B Chem. Scr. 1986, 26, 179.
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(1986)
Chem. Scr.
, vol.26
, pp. 179
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Streicher, W.1
Werner, G.2
Rosenwirth, B.3
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36
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33744780385
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note
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Intravenous dosing was chosen over oral administration to circumvent potential errors in the overall biomarker readout due to any phase I metabolism of N-acylalendronates or substantial variations in their oral bioavailability compared to the parent drug.
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37
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0032915483
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(a) Lin, J. H.; Russell, G.; Gertz, B. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 1999, 101, 18.
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(1999)
Int. J. Clin. Pract.
, vol.101
, pp. 18
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Lin, J.H.1
Russell, G.2
Gertz, B.3
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0029886359
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(b) Lin, J. H. Bone 1996, 18, 75.
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(1996)
Bone
, vol.18
, pp. 75
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Lin, J.H.1
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