Providing and consuming security in Canada's century

Canadian Historical Review

Volumn 81, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 1-28

  Morton, Desmond ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33744788748     PISSN: 00083755     EISSN: 17101093     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3138/CHR.81.1.1     Document Type: Review

References (193)

1. Cited in Norman Hillmer and J.L. Granatstein, Empire to Umpire: Canada and the World to the 1990s (Mississauga: Copp, Clark, Longman 1994), 88
2. The two thousand Canadians at Hong Kong at the outset of the Pacific war in 1941 are an obvious but modest exception compared, say, with Australian losses in Malaya and Singapore. On Hong Kong, see Paul Dickson, 'Crerar and the Decision to Garrison Hong Kong,' Canadian Military History 3, 1 (1994): 97-110,
3. and Ted Ferguson, Desperate Siege: The Battle of Hong Kong (Toronto: Doubleday 1980).
4. Brereton Greenhous, C Force to Hong Kong: A Canadian Catastrophe, 1941-1945 (Toronto: Dundurn Press 1996).
5. The 1951 census found 1,227,945 veterans of the world wars, ranging from 4.4 per cent of Quebecers to 14 per cent of British Columbians. Census of Canada, 1951, table 64; Historical Statistics of Canada, 2nd ed. (Ottawa: Supply and Services 1983), A-2, 7, 12
6. On other casualties, see Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada, 3rd ed. (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 117, 163, 235;
7. Desmond Morton and J.L. Granatstein, Victory 1945: Canadians from War to Peace (Toronto: HarperCollins 1995), 19.
8. Historical Statistics, H-50
9. Lorne Morgan, 'The Permanent War or Homo the Sap,' in Hugh R. Innis, ed., Selected Readings in Economics (Toronto: Pitman & Sons 1960), 7-37
10. Elizabeth Armstrong, The Crisis of Quebec, 1914-1918 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1974);
11. J.L. Granatstein and J.M. Hitsman, Broken Promises: A History of Conscription in Canada (Toronto: Oxford 1977);
12. Jean-Yves Gravel, Le Québec et la guerre (Montréal: Boréal Express 1974);
13. Paul-André Comeau, 'Conscription, 1942,' Cap-aux-Diamants 29 (printemps 1992): 10-13
14. On internment in the First World War, see Desmond Morton, 'Sir William Otter and Internment Operations in Canada during the First World War,' Canadian Historical Review 55 (1974): 32-58,
15. and Silent Battle: Canadian Prisoners of War in Germany, 1914-1919 (Toronto: Lester Publishing 1992);
16. on the Ukrainians: Frances Swyripa and John Thompson, eds., Loyalties in Conflict: Ukrainians in Canada during the Great War (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press 1983);
17. and on Japanese Canadians: Patricia Roy, J.L. Granatstein, Masako Iino, and Hiroku Takamura, Mutual Hostages: Canadians and Japanese during the Second World War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1990);
18. and Peter Ward, 'British Columbia and the Japanese Evacuation,' Canadian Historical Review 57, 3 (1976): 289-308.
19. Though arctic overflight was discussed in Popular Mechanics and kindred magazines in the 1930s, the region is not mentioned in the relevant volume of the official history of the RCAF: W.A.B. Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force: The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force, vol.2 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1986).
20. See also, however, the same author's 'Air Defence Dilemma in Canada, 1939-1943,' Canadian Defence Quarterly 14 (1984): 33-38
21. Public Record Office (PRO), CO 42/693, 380-1, Papers Relating to the Conferences which Have Taken Place between Her Majesty's Government and a Deputation from the Executive Council of Canada, Cardwell to Monck, 17 June 1865. On British defence of Canada, see Kenneth Bourne, Britain and the Balance of Power in North America, 1815-1908 (London: Longman's 1967);
22. J.M. Hitsman, Safeguarding Canada, 1763-1871 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1968);
23. C.P. Stacey, Canada and the British Army, 1846-1871: A Study in the Practice of Responsible Government, rev. ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1963).
24. Desmond Morton, 'Cavalry or Police: Keeping the Peace on Two Adjacent Frontiers, 1870-1900,' Journal of Canadian Studies 12, 2 (1977): 27-37
25. See Desmond Morton, 'French Canada and the Canadian Militia, 1868-1914,' Social History 2, 3 (1969): 32-50;
26. 'The Limits of Loyalty: French Canadian Officers and the First World War,' in Edgar Denton III, ed., The Limits of Loyalty (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press 1980), 81-97;
27. and 'Aid to the Civil Power: The Canadian Militia in Support of Social Order, 1867-1914,' Canadian Historical Review 51, 4 (1970): 407-425
28. Desmond Morton, The Canadian General: Sir William Otter (Toronto: Hakkert 1974), 293-5, 306.
29. On previous generals, see Morton, Ministers and Generals: Politics and the Canadian Militia, 1868-1904 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1970).
30. See Morton, Ministers, 94-111.
31. The Canadian Contingents for South Africa in 1899 were built on existing permanent force units created by Herbert. See Canada, Department of Militia and Defence, Supplementary Report; Organization, Equipment, Despatch and Service of the Canadian Contingents during the War in South Africa, 1899-1900 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer 1901);
32. W. Hart McHarg, From Quebec to Pretoria with the Royal Canadian Regiment (Toronto: Briggs 1902);
33. Carman Miller, Painting the Map Red: Canada and the South African War, 1899-1902 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press 1993), chaps. 4 and 12;
34. Morton, The Canadian General, 160-168
35. It survived until 1922 as the Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians), not one of the proudest of Queen Victoria's regiments of the line. See Major C.A. Boulton, Reminiscences of the North-west Rebellions: With a Report of the Raising of Her Majesty's 100th Regiment in Canada (Toronto: Grip Printing 1886).
36. Stanley Brogden, The Sudan Contingent (Melbourne: University of Melbourne Press 1943).
37. On Canadians, see Adrian Preston, 'Canada and the Russian Crisis of 1878: A Proposed Contingent for Imperial Defence,' Dalhousie Review 48, 2 (1968): 185-99;
38. C.P. Stacey, 'John A. Macdonald on Raising Troops in Canada for Imperial Service, 1885,' Canadian Historical Review 38, 1 (1957), 37-40;
39. Richard A. Preston, Canada and Imperial Defense: A Study of the Origins of the British Commonwealth Defense Organization, 1867-1919 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press and Duke University Press 1967), chap. 5
40. On Vimy, see Pierre Berton, Vimy (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1986);
41. Herbert F. Wood, Vimy (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada 1967);
42. on Kap'yong, see Herbert F. Wood, Strange Battleground: Official History of the Canadian Army in Korea (Ottawa: Queen's Printer 1964);
43. J.R. Stone and Jacques Castonguay, Korea, 1951: Two Battlefields (Ottawa: Balmuir Book Publishing 1988);
44. David J. Bercuson, Blood on the Hills: The Canadian Army in the Korean War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1999).
45. On the Medak battle, see Scott Taylor and Brian Nolan, Tested Mettle: Canadian Peacekepers at War (Ottawa: Esprit de Corps 1998), 123-143
46. Brereton Greenhous et al., The Crucible of War, 1939-1945: The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force, vol.3: Air Policy and Operations Overseas (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1994), esp. 523-7.
47. See also David Ian Hall, 'Black, White and Grey: Wartime Arguments for and against the Strategic Bomber Offensive,' Canadian Military History 7, 1 (1998): 7-19.
48. The story of the performance of Canada's escorts emerged after the war. Why was the British official history so sparing of praise for the Canadian navy? See Tony German, The Sea Is at Our Gates: A History of the Canadian Navy (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 98-131;
49. and especially Marc Milner, 'Royal Canadian Navy Participation in the Battle of the Atlantic Crisis of 1943,' in James A. Boutilier, ed., RCN in Retrospect, 1910-1968 (Vancouver: UBC Press 1985),
50. and North Atlantic Run: The Royal Canadian Navy and the Battle for the Convoys (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1985).
51. See also W.A.B. Douglas and Brereton Greenhous, Out of the Shadows, rev. ed. (Toronto: Oxford 1995),
52. and Marc Milner, Canada's Navy: The First Century (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1999).
53. Michael Hadley, U-Boats against Canada: German Submarines in Canadian Waters (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press 1985);
54. James Essex, Victory on the St. Lawrence: Canada's Unknown War (Erin: Boston Mills Press 1983)
55. Douglas and Greenhous, Out of the Shadows, 224-225
56. Morton, Military History of Canada, 225
57. Maclean's, 1 July 1999, 25
58. Cited in Morton, Military History of Canada, 124.
59. On pre-war pacifism, see Thomas Socknat, Witness against War: Pacifism in Canada, 1900-1945 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1987).
60. See Desmond Morton, 'The Cadet Movement in the Moment of Canadian Militarism, 1909-1914,' Journal of Canadian Studies 13, 2 (1978): 56-68;
61. Mike O'Brien, 'Manhood and the Militia Myth: Masculinity, Class and Militarism in Ontario, 1902-1914,' Labour/le Travail 42 (fall 1998): 114-141
62. R.A. Preston, The Defence of the Undefended Border: Planning for War in North America, 1867-1939 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press 1977), chap. 8 and passim.
63. On 'Buster' Brown and Defence Plan No. 1, see James Eayrs, In Defence of Canada: From the Great War to the Great Depression (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1964), 70-78,
64. and Charles Taylor, 'Brigadier James Sutherland Brown,' in Six Journeys: A Canadian Pattern (Toronto: House of Anansi Press 1977).
65. See Robert Bothwell, 'Something of Value? Subjects and Citizens in Canadian History,'
66. and J.L. Granatstein, 'The "Hard" Obligations of Citizenship: The Second World War in Canada,' in William Kaplan, ed., Belonging: The Meaning and Future of Canadian Citizenship (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press 1993).
67. So did the British. Joseph Chamberlain's telegrams to the dominions, telling them how to organize contingents, was an attempt to mitigate the nuisance effects of a politically beneficial outpouring of offers. See Miller, Painting the Map Red, 31-35.
68. Miller, Painting the Map Red, Ibid., 31-48.
69. See also Norman Penlington, Canada and Imperialism, 1896-1899 Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1965);
70. C.P. Stacey, Canada and the Age of Conflict: A History of Canadian External Policies, 1: 1867-1921 (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada 1977).
71. Henri Bourassa, Que Devons-nous à l'Angleterre (Montréal: sans nom 1900)
72. Montreal La Presse, 14 oct. 1899
73. On the 1911 campaign in Quebec, see Robert Rumilly, Histoire de la Province de Québec (Montréal: B. Valiquette 1945-7), vol.16,
74. and Andrew Macphail, 'Why the Liberals Failed,' University Magazine 10, 4 (1911): 567. Paradoxically, it was Laurier in 1914 who found the words to thrill British Canadians already half wild with patriotism: 'It will be seen by the world that Canada, a daughter of old England, intends to stand by her in this great conflict. When the call comes,' he cried, 'our answer goes at once, and it goes in the classical language of the British answer to the call of duty, 'Ready, aye, ready.' (Canada, House of Commons, Debates, Special Session, 1914, 19 Aug. 1914, 10).
75. In 1914, 70 per cent of the First Contingent was British born. Even by 1918, that origin was true of half the members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force - compared with 18 per cent in the Australian Imperial Force. See National Archives of Canada (NA), MG 30, Duguid Papers, statistical tables for the unpublished second volume; Desmond Morton, When Your Number's Up: The Canadian Soldier in the First World War (Toronto: Random House 1993), 47-70;
76. R.M. Bray, 'Fighting as an Ally: The EnglishBCanadian Patriotic Response to the Great War,' Canadian Historical Review 61, 2 (1980): 141-168
77. On Ukrainian internment, see Bohdan S. Kordan and Peter Melnycky, In the Shadow of the Rockies: Diary of the Castle Mountain Internment Camp, 1915-1917 (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press 1991);
78. Lubomyr Luciuk, A Time for Atonement: Canada's First National Internment Operations and the Ukrainian-Canadians, 1914-1920 (Kingston: Limestone Press, c. 1988),
79. and Ukrainians and Internment Operations in Ontario during the First World War (Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario 1988).
80. On Berlin, see Barbara Wilson, Ontario and the First World War, 1914-1918 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1977), lxx-lxxxiv.
81. The argument is made at length in Desmond Morton, A Peculiar Kind of Politics: The Overseas Ministry and the Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914-1920 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1982),
82. and more briefly in 'Junior but Sovereign Allies: The Transformation of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914-1918,' in Norman Hillmer and Philip Wigley, eds., The First British Commonwealth: Essays in Honour of Nicholas Mansergh (London: Frank Cass 1980), 56-67.
83. On postwar attitudes of veterans, see Desmond Morton and Glenn Wright, Winning the Second Battle: Canadian Veterans and the Return to Civilian Life, 1915-1930 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1987), 112-129
84. Jonathan Vance, Death So Noble: Memory, Meaning and the First World War (Vancouver: UBC Press 1997), esp. 3-11
85. See Hillmer and Granatstein, Empire to Umpire, 76-81.
86. J.L. Granatstein, The Generals: The Canadian Army's Senior Commanders in the Second World War (Don Mills: Stoddart Publishing 1993), 3-27;
87. Stephen J. Harris, Canadian Brass: The Making of a Professional Army, 1860-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1988), 192-209;
88. Maurice Pope, Soldiers and Politicians: The Memoirs of Lt.-Gen. Maurice Pope (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1962), 74-107;
89. J.A. Swettenham, McNaughton, 1: 1887-1939 (Toronto: Ryerson Press 1968), 190-3, 229-236
90. See original in Ernest Renan, 'Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?' in Henriette Psichari, ed., Oeuvres complètes de Ernest Renan (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, Éditeurs 1948), 1: 887.
91. On the riots, see Jean Provencher, Québec sous la loi des mésures de guerre, 1918 (Trois-Rivières: Boréale Express 1971), 96-125.
92. King's private life was exposed by a fellow Victorian, C.P. Stacey, in his A Very Double Life: The Private World of Mackenzie King (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada 1976).
93. A mildly revisionist view of the roles of Lapointe and King is offered by John MacFarlane, Ernest Lapointe and Quebec's Influence on Canadian Foreign Policy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1999), esp. 98-158.
94. On the preparation of Canada, see J.L. Granatstein, Canada's War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King Government, 1939-1945 (Toronto: Oxford University Press 1975), 1-24.
95. On the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion, see Victor Hoar, The Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion: Canadian Participation in the Spanish Civil War (Toronto: Copp Clark 1968);
96. Mark Zuehlke, The Gallant Cause: Canadians in the Spanish Civil War, 1939-11939 (North Vancouver: Whitecap Books 1996).
97. Montreal's Fusiliers de Mont-Royal was one of the first militia regiments in Canada to reach its quota. See the dénouement of Gabrielle Roy's Bonheur d'occasion (Montréal: Société des Éditions Pascal 1945).
98. André Laurendeau, La crise de la conscription, 1942 (Montréal: Éditions du jour 1962),
99. translated in Philip Stratford, ed., André Laurendeau: Witness for Quebec (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada 1973), 3-123
100. On Japanese-Canadian memories, see, for example, Ken Adachi, The Enemy That Never Was: A History of the Japanese-Canadians (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1976);
101. Muriel Kitagawa and Roy Miki, eds., This Is My Own: Letters to Wes and Other Writings on Japanese Canadians, 1941-1948 (Vancouver: Talonbooks 1985);
102. Joy Kogawa, Obasan (Toronto: Lester & Orpen, Dennys 1981).
103. Ivan Avakumovic, The Communist Party in Canada: A History (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1975), 139-48;
104. Norman Penner, Canadian Communism: The Stalin Years and Beyond (Toronto: Methuen Publications 1988), 161-179
105. Desmond Morton, Working People: An Illustrated History of the Canadian Labour Movement, 4th ed. (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press 1999), 174-186
106. On Canada and the 'Others' during the war, see essays in Norman Hillmer, Bohdan Kordan, and Lubomyr Luciuk, eds., On Guard for Thee: War, Ethnicity and the Canadian State, 1939-1945 (Ottawa: Canadian Committee for the History of the Second World War 1988).
107. Paul Martin, 'Citizenship and the People's World,' in Kaplan, ed., Belonging, 66-77
108. Pickersgill, The Mackenzie King Record, 274-276
109. Queen's University, C.G. Power Papers, 'Notes of Meeting, October 31,'
110. cited by Granatstein, Canada's War, 49
111. See 'Historians Rank the Best and Worst Canadian Prime Ministers,' Maclean's, 21 April 1997, 34-35
112. J.L. Granatstein and Desmond Morton, Forged in Fire: Canadians and the Second World War (Toronto: Lester & Orpen, Dennys 1989), 35-8,
113. and Morton and Granatstein, Victory 1945;
114. C.P. Stacey, Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies and Canada, 1939-1945 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer 1970)
115. Churchill to King, 22 Aug. 1940, Cabinet War Committee Records, Documents, cited in Granatstein, Canada's War, 130.
116. On Ogdensburg and after, see Pickersgill, Mackenzie King Record, 1: 1939-44, 130-141
117. See J.L. Granatstein, How Britain's Weakness Forced Canada into the Arms of the United States (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1989).
118. On spying, see J.L. Granatstein and David Stafford, Spy Wars: Espionage and Canada from Gouzenko to Glasnost (Toronto: Key Porter 1990), 47-75.
119. See also Graeme S. Mount, Canada and Her Enemies: Spies and Spying in the Peaceable Kingdom (Toronto: Dundurn Press 1993);
120. Igor Gouzenko, This Was My Choice (Toronto: Dent 1948).
121. See R.A. Spencer, Canada in World Affairs: From the UN to NATO (Toronto: Oxford University Press 1959), 303-316
122. See, for example, Peter T. Haydon, 'Sailors, Admirals and Politicians: The Search for Identity after the War,' in Michael Hadley, Rob Huebert, and Fred W. Crickard, eds., A Nation's Navy: In Quest of Canadian Naval Identity (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press 1996), 221-35;
123. Tony German, The Seas at Our Gates: A History of the Royal Canadian Navy (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990), 233-48;
124. Joseph T. Jockel, 'The Canada- United States Military Co-operation Committee and Continental Air Defence, 1946,' Canadian Historical Review 64, 3 (1983): 352-377
125. See Joseph T. Jockel, No Boundaries Upstairs: Canada, the United States and the Origins of North American Air Defence, 1945-1958 (Vancouver: UBC Press 1987).
126. J.M. Beck, The Pendulum of Power: Canada's Federal Elections (Toronto: Prentice Hall 1968), 305-306
127. See Jocelyn M. Ghent, 'Did he fall or was he pushed?': The Kennedy Administration and the Collapse of the Diefenbaker Government,' International History Review 1, 2 (1979): 246-70.
128. In Lament for a Nation (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1965), George Grant portrayed Diefenbaker's defeat as the end of a sovereign Canada.
129. See Wood, Strange Battleground, 20-6;
130. Denis Stairs, The Diplomacy of Constraint: Canada, the Korean War, and the United States (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1974), 61-91.
131. Appropriately, the cabinet was on its way home from Mackenzie King's funeral when it agreed to send soldiers to Korea. J.L. Granatstein and David Bercuson, War and Peacekeeping: From South Africa to the Gulf - Canada's Limited Wars (Toronto: Key Porter 1991), 102-103
132. Alastair Taylor, David Cox, and J.L. Granatstein, Peacekeeping: International Challenge and Canadian Response (Toronto: Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1968).
133. On Indochina, see James Eayrs, In Defence of Canada, 5: Indochina: Roots of Complicity (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1983);
134. John Holmes, 'Canada and the Vietnam War,' in J.L. Granatstein and R.D. Cuff, War and Society in North America (Toronto: Nelson 1971), 184-199
135. Historical Statistics of Canada, rev. ed, H-26
136. Among NATO countries in 1985-6, Canada ranked behind the United States, Britain, France, Germany, and Italy. The British Army: Notes (Shrewsbury: Np 1987), 7
137. Among the passionate, see James Dow, The Arrow (Toronto: James Lorimer 1979);
138. Murray Peden, The Fall of an Arrow (Toronto: Stoddart 1987);
139. E. Kay Shaw, There Never Was an Arrow (Ottawa: Steel Pail Educational Publishing 1981);
140. Palmiro Campagna, Storms of Controversy: The Secret Avro Arrow Files Revealed (Toronto: Stoddart 1997);
141. Greig Stewart, Shutting Down the National Dream: A.V. Roe and the Tragedy of the Avro Arrow (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson 1997);
142. Clinton P. Bomphray, The Legend of the Avro Arrow (Toronto: Playwright's Union of Canada 1990).
143. See Danford W. Middlemiss, 'Economic Defence Co-operation with the United States, 1940-1963,' in Kim Nossal, ed., An Acceptance of Paradox: Essays in Canadian Diplomacy in Honour of John W. Holmes (Toronto: Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1982).
144. J.C. Arnell, 'The Development of Joint North American Defence,' Queen's Quarterly 77, 2 (1970): 190-204;
145. Lawrence R. Aronson, American National Security and Economic Relations with Canada, 1945-1954 (Westport: Free Press 1997);
146. Douglas Bland, The Administration of Defence Policy in Canada, 1947 to 1985 (Kingston: Ronald P. Frye 1987);
147. General Charles Foulkes, 'The Complications of Continental Defence,' in Livingston Merchant, ed., Neighbours Taken for Granted (New York: Praeger 1966), 101-133
148. See John Gellner, 'The Place of Defence in the Economic Life of Canada' in Hector Massey, The Canadian Military: A Profile (Toronto: Copp Clark 1972), 119-37.
149. For a modern reflection, see Report on Business, June 1999, 14.
150. See Canada, Department of National Defence, White Paper on Defence (Ottawa 1964);
151. Paul Hellyer, Damn the Torpedoes: My Fight to Unify the Canadian Armed Forces (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1990);
152. Jean-Victor Allard and Serge Bernier, The Memoirs of General Jean V. Allard (Vancouver: UBC Press 1988);
153. V.J. Kronenberg, All Together Now: The Organization of National Defence in Canada, 1967-1972 (Toronto: Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1973).
154. On the functioning of the new system, see Douglas Bland, Chiefs of Defence: Government and the Unified Command of the Canadian Armed Forces (Toronto: Np 1995);
155. David P. Burke, 'The Unification of the Armed Forces,' in W.A.B. Douglas and Desmond Morton, Canada as a Military Power (Ottawa: Commission internationale d'histoire militaire 1982);
156. R.B. Byers, 'Canadian Civil-Military Relations and Reorganization of the Armed Forces: Whither Civilian Control?' in Massey, Canadian Military, 197-229;
157. A. Keith Cameron, 'The Royal Canadian Navy and the Unification Crisis,' in Boutillier, ed., RCN in Retrospect, 334-346
158. On defence issues at the end of the 1960s, see Lewis Hertzman, John Warnock, and Tom Hocken, Alliance or Illusions: Canada and the NATO-NORAD Question (Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers 1969).
159. See also Colin S. Gray, Canadian Defence Priorities: A Question of Relevance (Toronto: Clarke Irwin 1972).
160. John Gellner, Bayonets in the Streets: Urban Guerrilla at Home and Abroad (Toronto: Ryerson 1974);
161. Dan G. Loomis, Not Much Glory: Quelling the FLQ (Ottawa: Deneau & Greenberg 1984);
162. Gérard Pelletier, The October Crisis (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1971);
163. John Saywell, Quebec 70: A Documentary Narrative (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1971)
164. Sean Mahoney, War without Battles: Canada's NATO Brigade in Germany, 1951-1993 (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson 1997)
165. See Canada, Department of National Defence, Defence in the Seventies (Ottawa: Information Canada 1970);
166. Charles A. Cotton, Rodney K. Crook, and Frank C. Pinch, 'Canada's Professional Military: The Limits of Civilianization?' Armed Forces and Society 4, 3 (1978): 365-90; Bland, Chiefs of Defence.
167. See Peter Newman, True North: Not Strong and Free (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1983);
168. Gerald Porter, In Retreat: The Canadian Forces in the Trudeau Years (Ottawa: Deneau 1978).
169. See, for example, Simon Rosenblum, Misguided Missiles: Canada, the Cruise and Star Wars (Toronto: Lorimer 1985).
170. Fen Oster Hampson, 'Call to Arms: Canadian National Security Policy,' in Maureen A. Molot and Brian W. Tomlin, Canada among Nations: A World of Conflict, 1988 (Toronto: Lorimer 1988), 68-88;
171. and Dan W. Middlemiss, 'Canadian Defence Policy: An Uncertain Transition,' in Maureen A. Molot and Fen Oster Hampson, Canada among Nations: The Challenge of Change, 1989 (Ottawa: Carleton University Press 1990), 119-133
172. John J. Mearsheimer, 'Why We Will Soon Miss the Cold War,' Atlantic Monthly, August 1990, 35-60
173. Richard Gimblett and Jean Morin, Operation Friction: Canadian Forces in the Gulf War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1996);
174. Jocelyn Coulon, La dernière croisade: La guerre du golfe, et le rôle caché du Canada (Montréal: Éditions du Méridien 1992).
175. On Oka, see Desmond Morton, 'No More Disagreeable and Onerous Duty: Canadians and Military Aid of the Civil Power, Past, Present and Future,' in David DeWitt and David Leighton Brown, Canada's International Security Policy (Scarborough: Prentice Hall Canada 1995), 340-345
176. The episode underlined some improvement in relations between the Canadian Forces and French-speaking Quebec, and greater sympathy with their overseas deployment. See Jocelyn Coulon, En première ligne: Grandeurs et misères du système militaire canadien (Montréal: Le Jour 1991) ,
177. and Soldiers of Diplomacy: The United Nations, Peacekeeping, and the New World Order (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1998).
178. On peacekeeping see Taylor and Nolan, Tested Mettle;
179. Claude Savard, Journal intime d'un beret bleu canadien en ex-Yougoslavie (Montréal: Québécor 1994).
180. Better known is Major-General Lewis Mackenzie's Peacekeeper: The Road to Sarajevo (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre 1993).
181. On the Somalia affair, see David Bercuson, Significant Incident: Canada's Army, The Airborne, and the Murder in Somalia (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1996);
182. Peter Desbarats, Somalia Cover-up: A Commissioner's Journal (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1997).
183. Lt-Gen. George E.C. Macdonald, deputy commander-in-chief, NORAD, to Desmond Morton, 8 August 1999.
184. See, for example, Stephen S. Rosenfeld, 'Hard Choices in Homeland Defense,' Washington Post, 3 May 1999, A-33.
185. See, for example, the observations of Joseph T. Jockel, The Canadian Forces: Hard Choices, Soft Power (Toronto: Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies 1999).
186. Janice Gross Stein, 'Ideas, Even Good Ideas, Are Not Enough: Changing Canada's Foreign and Defence Policies,' International Journal 50, 1 (1994-1995): 40-70;
187. Report of the Council of 21 (Toronto: Np 1993)
188. Alex Morrison and Susan McNish, eds., The Canadian Defence Policy Review (Toronto: Canadian Institute for Strategic Studies 1995)
189. Bitter reflections from the ranks include Scott Taylor and Brian Nolan, Tarnished Brass: Greed and Corruption in the Canadian Military (Toronto: Lester Publishing 1996),
190. and Tested Mettle, 225-40;
191. Deborah Harrison, No Life Like It: Canada's Military Wives (Toronto: Lorimer 1994);
192. James R. Davis, The Sharp End: A Canadian Soldier's Story (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre 1997).
193. A thoughtful military professional and historian wondered if the army was fit to fight. See John A. English, Lament for an Army: The Decline of Canadian Military Professionalism (Toronto: Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1998).