The control of heart rate: The physiology of the sinoatrial node and the role of the If current

Dialogues in Cardiovascular Medicine

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 5-7

  Shattock, Michael J ^a   Rosen, Michael R ^b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

Action potential; HCN channel; Heart rate; Ion current; Ivabradine; Pacemaker; Sinoatrial node

Indexed keywords

ALINIDINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; IVABRADINE; POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; POTASSIUM ION; ZATEBRADINE;

ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL HEART PACEMAKER; BRADYCARDIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHANNEL GATING; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART BEAT; HEART ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE POTENTIAL; HEART RATE; HEART RHYTHM; HUMAN; INVERTEBRATE; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LIFESPAN; MAMMAL; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY; POTASSIUM CURRENT; PROGNOSIS; SINOATRIAL CONDUCTION; SINUS NODE; SINUS NODE DISEASE; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; TACHYCARDIA;

EID: 33744512955     PISSN: 12729949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. McMahon BR, Wilkens JL, Smith PJS. Invertebrate circulatory systems. In: Dantzler WH, ed. Handbook of Physiology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1997;2(section 13):931-1008.
2. Boyett MR, Honjo H, Kodama I. The sinoatrial node: a heterogeneous pacemaker structure. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;47:658-687.
3. Bleeker WK, Mackaay AJ, Masson-Pevet M, Bouman LN, Becker AE. Functional and morphological organization of the rabbit sinus node. Circ Res. 1980;46:11-22.
4. Opthof T. The mammalian sinoatrial node. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1988;1:573-597.
5. Opthof T, Coronel R. The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;45:175-176.
6. Shiraishi I, Takamatsu T, Minamikawa T, Onouchi Z, Fujita S. Quantitative histological analysis of the human sinoatrial node during growth and aging. Circulation. 1992;85:2176-2184.
7. Verheijck EE, Wessels A, van Ginneken AC, et al. Distribution of atrial and nodal cells within the rabbit sinoatrial node: models of sinoatrial transition. Circulation. 1998;97:1623-1631.
8. Honjo H, Boyett MR, Kodama I, Toyama J. Correlation between electrical activity and the size of rabbit sinoatrial node cells. J Physiol. 1996;463:795-808.
9. +, UL-FS-49, and ZD-7288 within sinoatrial node. Am J Physiol. 1997;272(6 pt 2):H2782-H2792.
10. Kreitner D. Electrophysiological study of the two main pacemaker mechanisms in the rabbit sinus node. Cardiovasc Res. 1985;19:304-318.
11. Shattock MJ. The initiation of the heart beat. Eur Heart J. 1999;1(suppl H):H11-H17.
12. Boyett MR, Harrison SM, Janvier NC, McMorn SO, Owen JM, Shul Z. A list of vertebrate cardiac ionic currents: nomenclature, properties, function and cloned equivalents. Cardiovasc Res. 1996;32:455-481.
13. Irisawa H, Brown HF, Giles W. Cardiac pacemaking in the sinoatrial node. Physiol Revs. 1993;73:197-227.
14. f plays an important role in regulating SA node pacemaker activity. Cardiovasc Res. 1995; 30:307-308.
15. f does not play an important role in regulating SA node pacemaker activity. Cardiovasc Res. 1995;30:309-310.
16. f inhibitor, in stable angina: a randomized, double-blind, multicentered, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation. 2003;107:817-823.
17. Noma A, Nakayama T, Kurachi Y, Irisawa H. Resting K conductances in pacemaker and non-pacemaker heart cells of the rabbit. Jpn J Physiol. 1984;34:245-254.
18. Irisawa H, Brown HF, Giles W. Cardiac pacemaking in the sinoatrial node. Physiol Rev. 1993;73:197-227.
19. Brown HF, DiFrancesco D, Noble SJ. How does adrenaline accelerate the heart? Nature. 1979;280:235-236.
20. Pape HC. Queer current and pacemaker: the hyperpolarization-activated cation current in neurons. Annu Rev Physiol. 1996;58:299-327.
21. DiFrancesco D. Pacemaker mechanisms in cardiac tissue. Annu Rev Physiol. 1993;55:455-472.
22. Baruscotti M, DiFrancesco D. Pacemaker channels. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1015:111-121.
23. Noma A, Morad M, Irisawa H. Does the "pacemaker current" generate the diastolic depolarization in the rabbit SA node cells? Pflugers Archives. 1983;397:190-194.
24. Boyett MR, Kodama I, Honjo H, Arai A, Suzuki R, Toyama J. Ionic basis of the chronotropic effect of acetylcholine on the rabbit sinoatrial node. Cardiovasc Res. 1995;29:867-878.
25. DiFrancesco D. The onset and autonomic regulation of cardiac pacemaker activity: relevance of the f current. Cardiovasc Res. 1995;29:449-456.
26. f. J Physiol. 1990;429:401-409.
27. Bois P, Bescond J, Renaudon B, Lenfant J. Mode of action of bradycardic agent, S 16257, on ionic currents of rabbit sinoatrial node cells. Br J Pharmacol. 1996;118:1051-1057.
28. Accili EA, Robinson RB, DiFrancesco D. Properties and modulation of If in newborn versus adult cardiac SA node. Am J Physiol. 1997;272(3 pt 2):H1549-1552.
29. DiFrancesco D, Ducouret P, Robinson RB. Muscarinic modulation of cardiac rate at low acetylcholine concentrations. Science. 1989;243:669-671.
30. Chang F, Yu H, Cohen IS. Actions of vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y on the pacemaker current in canine Purkinje fibers. Circ Res. 1994;74:157-162.
31. Renaudon B, Lenfant J, Decressac S, Bois P. Thyroid hormone increases the conductance density of f-channels in rabbit sino-atrial node cells. Receptors Channels. 2000;7:1-8.
32. f. Circ Res. 1997;81:60-68.
33. f by adenosine in rabbit sinoatrial myocytes. Circulation. 1996;94:734-741.
34. Stieber J, Hofmann F, Ludwig A. Pacemaker channels and sinus node arrhythmia. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2004;14:23-28.
35. Ishii TM, Takano M, Xie LH, Noma A, Ohmori H. Molecular characterization of the hyperpolarization-activated cation channel in rabbit heart sinoatrial node. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:12835-12839.
36. Shi W, Wymore R, Yu H, et al. Distribution and prevalence of hyperpolarization-activated cation channel (HCN) mRNA expression in cardiac tissues. Circ Res. 1999;85:e1-e6.
37. Moosmang S, Stieber J, Zong X, Biel M, Hofmann F, Ludwig A. Cellular expression and functional characterization of four hyperpolarization-activated pacemaker channels in cardiac and neuronal tissues. Eur J Biochem. 2001;268:1646-1652.
38. Demontis GC, Moroni A, Gravante B, et al. Functional characterisation and subcellular localisation of HCN1 channels in rabbit retinal rod photoreceptors. J Physiol. 2002;542(pt 1):89-97.
39. Santoro B, Chen S, Luthi A, et al. Molecular and functional heterogeneity of hyperpolarization-activated pacemaker channels in the mouse CNS. J Neurosci. 2000;20:5264-5275.
40. h channel subunits, HCN1-4, in the rat brain. J Comp Neurol. 2004; 471:241-276.
41. Moosmang S, Biel M, Hofmann F, Ludwig A. Differential distribution of four hyperpolarization-activated cation channels in mouse brain. Biol Chem. 1999;380:975-980.
42. Efimov IR, Nikolski VP, Rothenberg F, et al. Structure-function relationship in the AV junction. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol. 2004;280:952-965.
43. Stieber J, Herrmann S, Feil S, et al. The hyperpolarization-activated channel HCN4 is required for the generation of pacemaker action potentials in the embryonic heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:15235-15240.
44. Diaz A, Bourassa MG, Guertin MC, Tardif JC. Long-term prognostic value of resting heart rate in patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:967-974.
45. Tavazzi L. Heart rate as a therapeutic target in heart failure? Eur Heart J. 2003;5(suppl G):G15-G18.
46. Benetos A, Thomas F, Safar ME, Bean KE, Guize L. Should diastolic and systolic blood pressure be considered for cardiovascular risk evaluation: a study in middle-aged men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:163-168.
47. Gillman MW, Kannel WB, Belanger A, D'Agostino RB. Influence of heart rate on mortality among persons with hypertension: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 1993; 125:1148-1154.
48. f inhibitors as specific heart-rate reducing agents. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2004;1:103-109.
49. Garny A, Kohl P, Noble D. Cellular Open Resource (COR): a public CellML based environment for modelling biological function. Int J Bif Chaos. 2003;13:3579-3590.
50. European Public Assessment Report. London, UK: EMEA; 2005:20.