A new approach to analysing the circulation of iron age coinage

Numismatic Chronicle

Volumn 165, Issue , 2005, Pages 129-174

  Haselgrove, Colin ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33646882503     PISSN: 00782696     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (142)

1. e.g. D.F. Allen, 'Wealth, money and coinage in a Celtic society', in J.V.S. Megaw (ed.), To Illustrate the Monuments (London, 1976), pp. 200-8
2. D. Nash, Coinage in the Celtic World (London, 1987)
3. K. Gruel, La Monnaie chez les Gaulois (Paris, 1989)
4. For a detailed review, see C. Haselgrove, 'The development of Iron Age coinage in Belgic Gaul', NC 159 (1999), pp. 111-68
5. V. Guichard, P. Pion, F. Malacher and J. Collis, 'A propos de la circulation monétaire en Gaule chevelue au IIe et Ier siècles av. J-C.', Rev. Arch. Centre 32 (1993), pp. 26-55
6. Such as those between northern and southern Belgic Gaul; see N. Roymans, Tribal Societies in Northern Gaul, Cingula 12 (Amsterdam, 1990), pp. 169-213
7. cf. L.-P. Delestrée, Monnayages et Peuples Gaulois du Nord-Ouest (Paris, 1996)
8. S. Fichtl, La Ville Celtique (150 av. - 15 ap. JC) (Paris, 2000)
9. B. Lambot and P. Méniel, Le Site Protohistorique d'Acy-Romance (Ardennes) - 1: L'habitat gaulois 1988-1990, Mém. Soc. Arch. Champenoise 7 (Reims, 1992), pp. 128-31
10. The stratified coin evidence from Acy-Romance is analysed in detail by P. Pion, Les habitats Laténiens tardifs de la Vallée de l'Aisne: contribution à la périodisation de la fin du second Âge du Fer en Gaule nord-orientale, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Paris I (Paris, 1996)
11. C. Haselgrove and P. Lowther, 'Juvincourt-et-Damary, Le Ruisseau de Fayau', Fouilles Protohist. de la vallée de l'Aisne 22 (1994), pp. 363-71
12. Excavations by the author. For a preliminary account of the site, see C. Haselgrove, 'Roman impact on rural settlement and society in southern Picardy', in N. Roymans (ed.), From the Sword to the Plough: three studies on the earliest Romanization of Northern Gaul, Amsterdam Arch. Stud. I (Amsterdam 1996), pp. 127-87
13. For further discussion of ritual deposition of Iron Age coinage on settlement sites, see M. Curteis, 'Ritual coin deposition on Iron Age settlements in the south Midlands', in C. Haselgrove and D. Wigg-Wolf (eds), Iron Age Coinage and Ritual Practices, SFMA 20 (Mainz, 2004), pp. 207-25
14. and I. Wellington, 'Placing Iron Age coinage and ritual sites in their archaeological contexts: the example of northern France', ibid., pp. 227-45
15. e.g. J.-L. Brunaux, Les Gaulois: sanctuaires et rites (Paris 1986), pp. 45-8
16. J. Webster, 'Sanctuaries and sacred places', in M. Green (ed.), The Celtic World (London, 1995), pp. 445-64
17. Strabo, Geography IV, 1, 13 (quoting Poseidonios)
18. Caesar BG VI, 17
19. C. Haselgrove, Iron Age Coinage in south-east England: the Archaeological Context, BAR 174 (Oxford, 1987), pp. 71-3; 139-45 etc
20. S. Scheers, Traité de Numismatique Celtique II: la Gaule Belgique (Paris, 1977)
21. The detailed evidence is set out in Haselgrove, 'Belgic Gaul' pp. 120-64. See also Pion, 'Les habitats Laténiens', Vol III
22. D. Wigg and J. Riederer, 'Die Chronologie der Keltischen Münzprägung am Mittelrhein', in U. Peter (ed.), Stephanos nomismatikos. Edith Schönert-Geiss zum 65. Geburtstag (Berlin, 1998), pp. 661-74
23. L.-P. Delestrée and M. Tache, Nouvel Atlas des Monnaies Gauloises I: de la Seine au Rhin (St Germain-en-Laye, 2002)
24. J. Sills, Gaulish and early British Gold Coinage (London, 2003)
25. BG V, 12; 24
26. Sills, 'Gold Coinage'
27. cf. Sills, 'Gold Coinage', pp. 44-6, his Hesperange and Ciney types
28. L.P. Delestrée, 'Les monnayages en or de la Gaule Belgique, dérivés du statère "à flan large", RN 152 (1997), pp. 104-5
29. Haselgrove 'Belgic Gaul', p. 137. I have not included the uniface and copper-rich derivatives of the anchor-type (Mack 59-61), which seem to be restricted to Britain
30. e.g. P. Pion, 'L'Or des Rèmes', in S. Plouin and P. Jud (eds), Habitats, Mobiliers et Groupes Régionaux à l'âge du fer, Rev. Archéol. de l'Est Suppl. 20 (Dijon, 2003), pp. 387-401
31. Delestrée 'Monnayages' pp. 137-9
32. For the latter, see J. Debord, 'Une production tardive en argent de l'atelier monétaire gaulois de Villeneuve-St-Germain (Aisne)', Mélanges Colbert de Beaulieu (Paris, 1987), pp. 235-52
33. the series is discussed by L-P. Delestrée, 'Les bronzes coulées imités de Marseille dans la région parisienne', Cah. Num. 141 (1999), pp. 17-25
34. N. Roymans, 'The lower Rhine Triquetrum coinages and the ethnogenesis of the Batavi', in T. Grünewald and H.-J. Schalles (eds), Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in der nördlichen Germania inferior (Xanten, 2001), pp. 93-145
35. drawing on Tacitus, Germ. 29, 1
36. and Hist. 4, 12
37. J.-P. Lagadec and A. Liéger, 'La circulation monétaire Celtique en Lorraine', Arch. Mosellana 3 (1998), pp. 9-60
38. E. Mériel, La circulation monétaire en Alsace, M.A. thesis, Univ. Strasbourg (Strasbourg, 1999)
39. J. Doyen, Catalogue des Monnaies Antiques: Musées de Charleville-Mé.zières (Charleville-Mézières, 1987)
40. The volumes covering Belgic Gaul are: D. Cliquet, CAG 27. L'Eure (Paris, 1993)
41. R. Delmaire, CAG 62. Pas de Calais (Paris, 1993)
42. idem., CAG 59. Nord (Paris, 1996)
43. B. Pichon, CAG 02. L'Aisne (Paris, 2002)
44. I. Rogeret, CAG 76. Seine-Maritime (Paris, 1998)
45. J-J. Thévenard, CAG 52. Haute-Marne (Paris, 1996)
46. and G.-P. Woimant, CAG 60. L'Oise (Paris, 1995). The volumes for Marne, Somme, Seine-et-Marne, Yvelines and most of the outer Paris Departments have yet to be published
47. Principally Delestrée, 'Monnayages', and J.-L. Brunaux and K. Gruel (eds), Monnaies Gauloises Découvertes en Fouilles, Dossiers Protohist. 1 (Paris, 1987)
48. Notably J. Doyen, 'Les subdivisions "aux segments de cercles" du type BN 8030: état de la question', Mélanges Colbert de Beaulieu (Paris, 1987), pp. 315-30
49. L-P. Delestrée, 'L'ensemble des quarts de statères dits "au bateau" en Gaule Belgique', RN 151 (1996), pp. 29-50
50. idem., 'Les monnayages en or'
51. R. Loscheider, 'Untersuchungen zum Spätlatènezeitlichen Münzwesen des Trevererlandes', Arch. Mosellana 3 (1998), pp. 61-226
52. and D. Wigg, 'An inventory of finds of potin coins from west and southwest Germany', Gallia 52 (1995), pp. 101-116
53. For the Trier area, see also K.J. Gilles, 'Keltische Fundmünzen im östlichen Trevergebiet', Trierer Zeitschr. 56 (1993), pp. 35-66
54. and J. Metzler, Das Treverische Oppidum auf dem Titelberg, Dossiers Arch. Musée Nationale d'Histoire et d'Art 3 (Luxembourg, 1995)
55. S. Scheers, 'Frappe et circulation monétaire sur le territoire de la future Civitas Tungrorum', RBN 142 (1996), pp. 5-51
56. J. van Heesch, De Muntcirculatie Tijdens de Romeinse Tijd in het Noordwesten van Gallia Belgica, Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis Monografie van Nationale Archeologie 11 (Brussels, 1998)
57. Bull. Inst. Archaeol. Lond. 20 (1984), pp. 107-154
58. Roymans, 'Triquetrum coinages', p. 113
59. Scheers, 'Frappe et circulation', p. 30
60. J. Heinrichs, Regenbogenschüsselchen der Nördlichen (Triquetrum-) Gruppe. Typologie, Provenienz, historische Bedeutung (in preparation)
61. P. de Jersey, 'Cast away riches: estimating the volume of Celtic Coinage found in Britain', Yorkshire Numismatist 3 (1997), pp. 1-13
62. From the new provenances listed in Sills, 'Gold Coinage', pp. 59-62, 135-9, 151-7 etc, the reporting rate in France for gold seems currently to be around half the British figure. The number of continental findspots of Scheers 1-5 has increased by 44%, insular findspots by 80%. For Scheers 8, the equivalent increases are 24% and 46%
63. cf. A. Burnett, "Gallo-Belgic' coins and Britain', in B. Raftery (ed), Sites and Sights of the Iron Age, Oxbow Monograph 56 (Oxford, 1996), pp. 5-11
64. Delestrée, 'L'ensemble'; Scheers, 'Frappe et circulation'
65. Notably J.R Collis, Defended sites of the Late La Tène, BAR Internat. Ser. 2 (Oxford, 1975)
66. and O. Büchsenschütz, Structures d'habitats et fortifications de l'âge du fer en France Septentrionale, Mem. Soc. Préhist. Française 18 (Paris, 1984)
67. J.-L. Brunaux (ed.), Les sanctuaires Celtiques et le monde Méditerranéen, Dossiers Protohist. 3 (Paris, 1991)
68. I. Fauduet, Atlas des sanctuaires romano-celtique de Gaule: les fanums (Paris, 1993)
69. J.-P. Petit and M. Mangin (eds), Atlas des Agglomérations secondaires de la Gaule Belgique et des Germanies (Paris, 1994)
70. R. Chevallier (ed.), Tabuli Imperii Romani. M 31. Lutetia - Atuatuca -Ulpia Noviomagus (Paris, 1975)
71. See D. Baatz and F.-R Herrmann (eds), Die Römer in Hessen (Stuttgart, 1982)
72. H. Cuppers, Die Römer in Rheinland-Pfalz (Stuttgart, 1990)
73. R. Filtzinger, D. Planck and B. Cämmercr, Die Römer in Baden-Württemberg (Stuttgart, 1986)
74. H.G. Horn, Die Römer in Nordrhein-Westfalen (Stuttgart, 1987). Saarland is the only region not covered in the series
75. Haselgrove, 'Iron Age coinage', Appendix 4
76. e.g. R. Agache, La Somme pré-romaine et romaine, Mém. Soc. Arch. Picardie 24 (Amiens, 1978)
77. D. Bayard and J.-L. Collart (eds), De la ferme indigène à la villa Romain, RAP Num. spéc. 11 (Amiens, 1996)
78. S. Marion and G. Blancquaert (eds), Les installations agricoles de l'âge du fer en France septentrionale, Etudes Hist. Arch. 6 (Paris, 2000)
79. Haselgrove, 'Iron Age coinage', pp. 42-3. Here I have not differentiated between excavated sites and other precise findspots
80. C. Haselgrove, 'The development of British Iron Age coinage', NC 153 (1993), pp. 48-51
81. R. Neiss, 'La structure urbaine de Reims antique et son évolution du 1er au 3e siècle ap. JC', in Les villes de la Gaule Belgique au haut empire (Amiens, 1984), pp. 171-192
82. G.-P.Woimant, 'Beauvais "Les Aulnes du Canada": Viereckschanze ou l'enceinte quadrangulaire', RAP 3-4 (1990), pp. 27-95
83. It seem likely that a number of later Gaulish (and British) civitas capitals originated as periodic meeting places, e.g. Fichtl, 'La Ville Celtique', pp. 201-4. Another possibility is that the name was transferred from an existing centre nearby
84. D. Wigg-Wolf, 'Coins and ritual in late Iron Age and early Roman sanctuaries in the territory of the Treveri', in Haselgrove and Wigg-Wolf, 'Ritual', pp. 361-79
85. B. Lambot, M. Friboulet, and P. Méniel, Le site protohistorique d'Acy Romance (Ardennes) - II: Les nécropoles dans leur contexte régional 1986-1988-1989, Mém. Soc. Arch. Champenoise 8 (Reims, 1994)
86. Haselgrove, 'Roman impact', pp.140-6
87. Roymans, 'Tribal societies', pp. 171-85
88. A. Colin, 'Les habitats ruraux de l'âge du fer en Picardie nord-orientale, d'après les fouilles de l'autoroute A16', in Marion and Blancquaert, Les installations agricoles, pp. 475-96
89. Six of the 18 rural settlements excavated in the middle Aisne Valley since 1974 have yielded Iron Age coins; another two previously excavated sites also have finds. Potin occurs at all eight sites, but only two have bronze and one gold. Three of the sites were occupied in La Tène C1-C2; the rest date to the later second or first centuries BC
90. Wellington, 'Placing Iron Age coinage', pp. 239-42
91. Haselgrove, 'Iron Age Coinage', pp. 151-61; 180-8
92. L.-P. Delestrée, 'Les offrandes monétaires gauloises sur les sanctuaries du Belgium', in Haselgrove and Wigg-Wolf, 'Ritual', pp. 321-35
93. L. Bourgeois, Le sanctuaire rural de Bennecourt (Yvelines), Documents Arch. Française 77 (Paris, 1999)
94. E. Mantel, Le Sanctuaire de Fesques, Nord-Ouest Arch. 8 (Berck-Sur-Mer, 1997) ; Wigg-Wolf, 'Coins and ritual'
95. J.-L. Brunaux, 'Chronologie et histoire: les lieux de culte dans la genèse du Belgium', RAP 3/4 (1996), pp. 209-21
96. J.-M. Lardy et al., 'Monnaies celtiques en situation de fouille sur le site d'Epiais-Rhus (Val d'Oise)', in Brunaux and Gruel, 'Monnaies gauloises' pp. 152-210
97. S. Fichtl, Les gaulois du nord de la Gaule (150-20 av. JC) (Paris, 1994), p. 25
98. R. Bradley, The Passage of Arms (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 155-89
99. N. Roymans, 'The sword or the plough. Regional dynamics in the Romanization of Belgic Gaul and the Rhineland area', in Roymans, 'From the Sword', pp. 13-19
100. J.-B. Giard, 'Le pèlerinage Gallo-Romain de Condé-sur- Aisne', RN 1969, pp. 76-130
101. E. Sauer, 'The Augustan coins from Bourbonne-les-Bains (Haute-Marne)', RN 1999, pp. 145-82
102. A. Fitzpatrick, 'The deposition of La Tène Iron Age metalwork in watery contexts in southern England', in B.W. Cunliffe and D. Miles (eds), Aspects of the Iron Age in Central Southern Britain, Oxford Univ. Coram. Arch. Monogr. 4 (Oxford, 1984), pp. 178-90
103. ap. Strabo, Geography IV, 1, 13
104. For an inventory of grave finds up to 1980, see H. Polenz, 'Münzen in latènezeitlichen Gräbern Mitteleuropas aus der Zeit zwischen 300 und 50 vor Christi Geburt', Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblätter 47 (1982), pp. 28-222
105. For Wederath, see R. Cordie-Hackenburg and A. Haffner, Das Keltisch-Römische Gräberfeld von Wederath-Belginum IV (Trier, 1991); for Acy-Romance, Lambot et al., 'Les nécropoles'
106. See Lagadec and Liéger, 'La circulation monétaire'
107. For findspots of 'torc-bearer' potins, C. Haselgrove, 'Les potins "au personnage courant"', Gallia 52 (1995), pp. 56-9 and fig. 18
108. Haselgrove, 'Belgic Gaul', pp. 120-5
109. See n.12. As Webster 'Sacred places', p. 448, notes, however, this concept of Gaulish sacred space depends mainly on classical texts dating to the first century AD and might be misleading
110. The coins - together with the remains of what may have been a purse and half a gold torc (which seems to have been crudely refashioned into an armlet) - were found amongst a mass of La Tène C1b weaponry and headless human remains just outside the enclosure ditch; see L.-P. Delestrée, 'L'or du trophée laténien de Ribemont-sur-Ancre (Somme) témoin d'une bataille oubliée', RN 157 (2001), pp.177-215. The origins of this complex deposit, known as the charnier, has given rise to much debate. Some consider it to be the collapsed remains of a trophy erected to commemorate a battle, whilst others argue that the bodies and their possessions were simply left to decompose there; most seem to agree however that the associated weaponry is so homogenous that it probably originated in a single event. If, as Delestrée argues, the coins belonged to a dead warrior, they should not be materially later than the latest weapons in the charnier, but until this complex site is published in detail, it would be unwise completely to exclude the possibility that they were a secondary deposit, which somehow became mixed with the mass of weaponry and human remains, prior the rebuilding of the sanctuary in the first century BC. There is certainly a small amount of La Tène C2-D1 material from the site, implying that it was still frequented in the second century BC
111. Lambot does however draw attention to various difficulties with the interpretation of the stratigraphy, again underlining the need to reserve final judgement until the evidence is published in full; see B. Lambot, 'Les monnaies gauloises en or de Ribemont-sur-Ancre (Somme). Réflexion sur leur datation, RAP 1/2 (2004), pp.123-38
112. Petit and Mangin, 'Atlas', p. 133
113. Apart from Tayac, the more sizeable hoards containing Scheers 8 are all from Britain. Most of these insular hoards also contain later coins, implying that Scheers 8 was not as comprehensively withdrawn there as it was in Picardy. The proportion of single finds in Britain is double the figure on the continent
114. L. van Impe, G. Creemers, S. Scheers and R. van Laere, De Keltische goudschat van Beringen (Prov. Limburg), Arch. in Vlanderen 6 (1997/98), pp. 9-132
115. R. Boudet, 'A propos du dépôt d'or celtique de Tayac (Gironde)', Mélanges Colbert de Beaulieu (Paris, 1987), pp.107-20
116. Scheers, 'Traité', p. 333. A Scheers 10 quarter-stater found in old excavations at the early Medieval cemetery at Chelles (Oise) may also be from a burial
117. J.-N. Barrandon, M. Dhénin, B. Fischer, and R. Pradat, 'Le trésor de Saint-Denis-Lès-Sens, le point sur une étude en cours', BSFN 48 (1993), pp. 637-44
118. The Netherurd (Scotland) hoard of Scheers 15 coins (and tores) is 900 km beyond the main distribution, while the Saint-Louis/Kegelriss hoard contained both Scheers 15 and Mussels staters. Other hoards containing Mussels staters or related types include Tayac and the recent Manching find; see S. Sievers, 'Le Trésor de Manching', L'archéologue Hors-Série 2 ( 2000), p. 41
119. A Scheers 15 coin was recently found at Alesia, although without a precise provenance; B. Fischer and K. Gruel, 'Catalogue des monnaies gauloises', in M. Reddé and S. von Schnurbein (eds), Alésia: fouilles et recherches Franco-Allemands sur les Travaux militaires Romains autour du Mont-Auxois (1991-1997), Mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 22 (Paris, 2001) pp. 21-67
120. See Table 5 above
121. At Bobigny, La Vache-à-L'Aise and Fontenay-en-Parisis, La Lampe (both Seine-Saint-Denis); see L.-P. Delestrée, 'Les bronzes coulées', pp. 22-3
122. and S. Marion, Recherches sur l'âge du Fer en Ile-de-France, BAR Internat. Ser. 1231 (Oxford, 2004), esp. pp. 230-34
123. Haselgrove, 'Potins', pp. 51-9
124. M. Friboulet, 'Les cimetières du village Gaulois d'Acy-Romance (Ardennes)', Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Paris 1 (Paris, 1997), pp. 289-90
125. A. Fitzpatrick, 'Archaeological excavations on the route of the A27 Westhampnett Bypass, West Sussex. Volume 2: The cemeteries', Wessex Arch. Report 12 (Salisbury, 1997), pp. 87-8
126. Pion, 'L'Or des Rèmes'. For the relative dating of the major oppida, see Haselgrove, 'Roman impact', pp. 147-52
127. and Pion, 'Les habitats Laténiens'
128. Doyen, 'Les subdivisions'
129. I would place, the type towards the end of Stage 3, whereas Roymans dates it early in Stage 4; see e.g. N. Roymans and J. Aarts, 'Coins, soldiers and the Batavian Hercules cult. Coin deposition in the sanctuary of Empel in the lower Rhine region', in Haselgrove and Wigg-Wolf, 'Ritual', p. 339
130. Loscheider, 'Untersuchungen', pp. 100-8
131. Several Scheers 155 coins and one Scheers 154 have been found at Alesia, as well as three Scheers 163; see Fischer and Gruel, 'Catalogue', pp. 36-37
132. BG VIII, 5. For a recent discussion of quartering of Roman troops in oppida after the conquest, see Fichtl, 'La ville celtique', pp. 151-5
133. A La Tène D2b burial from Paris, interpreted as that of a Roman auxiliary, deserves mention in connection with payments to the army. The goods included a bronze coin of Venextos (Scheers 177), which has affinities with Scheers 155 and 163; see M. Poux, Puits funéraire d'époque gauloise à Paris (Sénat): une tombe d'auxiliaire républicain dans le sous sol de Lutèce, Protohist. Européen 4 (Montagnac, 1999). Examples of Scheers 177 have been found at both Villeneuve-Saint-Germain and Pommiers, indicating that it, too, dates around the Stage 3-4 transition. The series originated in the Paris area
134. id., 'Les offrandes monétaires, pp. 329-34
135. Van Heesch, 'Muntcirculatie', pp. 45-53, 189, has suggested that all three Nervian bronze types are actually of Augustan date, owing to the lack of stratified examples from earlier contexts
136. N. Metzler-Zens, J. Metzler, and P. Méniel, Lamadeleine: une nécropole de l'oppidum du Titelberg, Dossiers Arch. Musée Nationale d'Histoire et d'Art 6 (Luxembourg, 1999)
137. Lagadec and Liéger, 'La circulation monétaire'
138. D. Wigg, 'The development of the monetary economy in north Gaul in the late La Tène and early Roman period', in J. Creighton and R. Wilson (eds), Roman Germany: studies in cultural interaction, JRA Suppl. 32 (Oxford, 1999), pp. 99-124
139. D. Nash, 'Plus ça change: currency in central Gaul from Julius Caesar to Nero', in R.A.G. Carson and C.M. Kraay (eds), Scripta nummaria Romana: essays presented to Humphrey Sutherland (London, 1978), pp. 12-31
140. C. Haselgrove, The impact of the Conquest on indigenous monetary systems, in P. de Jersey (ed.), Celtic coinage 2001, BAR (Oxford, forthcoming)
141. D. Wigg, 'The function of the last Celtic coinages from Germany', in C.E. King and D. Wigg (eds), Coin finds and coin use in the ancient world, SFMA 10 (Berlin, 1996), pp. 415-36
142. P. Pion, 'Charakteristika und Entwicklung des Münzumlaufs in Nord-Ost-Gallien im zweiten und ersten Jahrhundert vor Christus', in B. Kluge and B. Weisser (eds), Akten der XII. Int. Numis. Kongress Berlin 1997, Vol. 1 (Berlin, 2000), pp. 418-24