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84892283294
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Need for a mix of policy instruments rather than the application of a single instrument is the conclusion of some major case studies on environmental innovation, for example in the German studies contained in Hemmelskamp et al. 2000
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Need for a mix of policy instruments rather than the application of a single instrument is the conclusion of some major case studies on environmental innovation, for example in the German studies contained in Hemmelskamp et al. 2000.
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84892311579
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Some experts call this the double externality problem of environmental innovation, †œ.neither innovators nor those investing in environmental protection can automatically secure returns on their actions. There is a danger that the actual level of environmental innovation will lag behind that which is economically desirable..." Lehr and Lobbe 2000
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Some experts call this the double externality problem of environmental innovation, †œ...neither innovators nor those investing in environmental protection can automatically secure returns on their actions. There is a danger that the actual level of environmental innovation will lag behind that which is economically desirable..." (Lehr and Lobbe 2000).
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84892223483
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For example, a recent article in Nature discusses the rise of bio-monitoring, the use of living organisms to scientifically assess the impact of environmental pollution and changes on living systems, which may be used as complements or substitutes to more conventional chemical monitoring Whitfield 2001. It is clear that this branch of environmental R&D needs to combine biology, chemistry and ecology
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For example, a recent article in Nature discusses the rise of bio-monitoring, the use of living organisms to scientifically assess the impact of environmental pollution and changes on living systems, which may be used as complements or substitutes to more conventional chemical monitoring (Whitfield 2001). It is clear that this branch of environmental R&D needs to combine biology, chemistry and ecology.
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84892274316
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Product bans also stimulate innovation, but clearly the applicability of this instrument is limited
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Product bans also stimulate innovation, but clearly the applicability of this instrument is limited.
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84892209149
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Some policy advice organisations recommend more extensive use of these instruments, such as the OECD see OECD 2001
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Some policy advice organisations recommend more extensive use of these instruments, such as the OECD (see OECD 2001).
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84892316232
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2 emissions, which involves a major part of the industrial sectors through participation of industrial associations
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2 emissions, which involves a major part of the industrial sectors through participation of industrial associations.
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84892275340
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2 emissions in Japan, and aluminium industry's efforts to reduce perfluocarbon compounds emissions in several countries. See OECD 2001
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2 emissions in Japan, and aluminium industry's efforts to reduce perfluocarbon compounds emissions in several countries. See OECD 2001.
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84892308445
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This was an interview survey of 45 small to medium sized firms exclusively dedicated to developing environmental technologies distributed between four principal categories of air pollution control equipment, water pollution control equipment, monitoring instruments and process and pollution prevention technologies. Environmental Law Institute 1997
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This was an interview survey of 45 small to medium sized firms exclusively dedicated to developing environmental technologies distributed between four principal categories of air pollution control equipment, water pollution control equipment, monitoring instruments and process and pollution prevention technologies. (Environmental Law Institute 1997).
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84892361212
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Another important input indicator is human resources, but this is not discussed in this paper since available data is non-existent
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Another important input indicator is human resources, but this is not discussed in this paper since available data is non-existent.
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