Space-time codes and concatenated channel codes for wireless communications

Proceedings of the IEEE

Volumn 90, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 187-219

  Liew, T H ^a   Hanzo, Lajos ^a,b,c,d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b University of Southampton ^*  (United Kingdom)

^c Multiple Access Communications Ltd   (United Kingdom)

^d Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council UK   (United Kingdom)

^e Mobile Virtual Centre of Excellence (VCE)   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Channel coding; Concatenated coding; FEC; History of channel coding; Space time coding; STBC; STTC

Indexed keywords

BIT ERROR RATE; COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY; SIGNAL ENCODING; TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS; TRANSCEIVERS; TURBO CODES;

CHANNEL CODING; CONCATENATED CODING; FEC; HISTORY OF CHANNEL CODING; SPACE-TIME CODING; STBC; STTC;

MOBILE COMPUTING;

EID: 33646865724     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/5.989869     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. P. Chaudhury, "The 3GPP proposal for IMT-2000," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 37, pp. 72-81, Dec. 1999.
2. G. Foschini, Jr. and M. Gans, "On limits of wireless communication in a fading environment when using multiple antennas," Wireless Pers. Commun., vol. 6, pp. 311-335, Mar. 1998.
3. B. Glance and L. Greestein, "Frequency-selective fading effects in digital mobile radio with diversity combining," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-31, pp. 1085-1094, Sept. 1983.
4. F. Adachi and K. Ohno, "BER performance of QDPSK with post-detection diversity reception in mobile radio channels," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 40. pp. 237-249. Feb. 1991.
5. H. Zhou, R. Deng, and T. Tjhung, "Performance of combined diversity reception and conventional coding for QDPSK land mobile radio," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 43, pp. 499-508, Aug. 1994.
6. J. Winters, "Switched diversity with feedback for DPSK mobile radio systems," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. IT-32, pp. 134-150, Feb. 1983.
7. G. Raleigh and J. Cioffi, "Spatio-temporal coding for wireless communications," in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conf., London, U.K., Nov. 1996, pp. 533-537.
8. A. Wittneben, "Base station modulation diversity for digital SIMUL-CAST," in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf., May 1993, pp. 505-511.
9. N. Seshadri and J. Winters, "Two signalling schemes for improving the error performance of frequency-division-duplex (FDD) transmission systems using transmitter antenna diversity," Int. J. Wireless Inform. Netw., vol. 1, pp. 49-60, Jan. 1994.
10. J. Winters, "The diversity gain of transmit diversity in wireless systems with Rayleigh fading," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 47, pp. 119-123, Feb. 1998.
11. T. Hattori and K. Hirade, "Multitransmitter simulcast digital signal transmission by using frequency offset strategy in land mobile radio-telephone system," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. VT-27, pp. 231-238, Nov. 1978.
12. A. Hiroike, F. Adachi, and N. Nakajima, "Combined effects of phase sweeping transmitter diversity and channel coding," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 41, pp. 170-176, May 1992.
13. V. Tarokh, N. Seshadri, and A. Calderbank, "Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communication: Performance criterion and code construction," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 44, pp. 744-765, Mar. 1998.
14. N. Seshadri, V. Tarokh, and A. Calderbank, "Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communications: Code construction," in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technolgy Conf., Phoenix, AZ, 1997, pp. 637-641.
15. V. Tarokh, N. Seshadri, and A. Calderbank, "Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communications: Performance criterion and code construction," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Communications, Montreal, QB, Canada, 1997, pp. 299-303.
16. V. Tarokh, A. Naguib, N. Seshadri, and A. Calderbank, "Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communications: Mismatch analysis," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Communications, Montreal, QB, Canada, 1997, pp. 309-313.
17. A. Naguib, V. Tarokh, N. Seshadri, and A. Calderbank, "A space-time coding modem for high-data-rate wireless communications," IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 16, pp. 1459-1478, Oct. 1998.
18. V. Tarokh, A. Naguib, N. Seshadri, and A. Calderbank, "Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communication: Performance criteria in the presence of channel estimation errors, mobility, and multiple paths," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.47, pp. 199-207, Feb. 1999.
19. V. Tarokh, A. Naguib, N. Seshadri, and A. Calderbank, "Combined array processing and space-time coding," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 45, pp. 1121-1128, May 1999.
20. G. Ungerboeck, "Trellis-coded modulation with redundant signal sets - Part I: Introduction," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 25, pp. 5-11, Feb. 1987.
21. _, "Trellis-coded modulation with redundant signal sets-Part II: State of the art," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 25, pp. 12-21, Feb. 1987.
22. C. Schlegel, Trellis Coding. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1997.
23. S. Alamouti, "A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications," IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 16, pp. 1451-1458, Oct. 1998.
24. V. Tarokh, H. Jafarkhani, and A. Calderbank, "Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 45, pp. 1456-1467, July 1999.
25. _, "Space-time block coding for wireless communications: Performance results," IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 17, pp. 451-460, Mar. 1999.
26. L. Hanzo, T. Liew, and B. L. Yeap, Turbo Coding, Turbo Equalization, and Space-Time Coding. New York: Wiley, 2002, to be published.
27. C. Shannon, "A mathematical theory of communication," Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 27, pp. 379-656, July 1948.
28. R. Hamming, "Error detecting and error correcting codes," Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 29, pp. 147-160, 1950.
29. P. Elias, "Coding for noisy channels," in IRE Nat. Conv. Rec., 1955, pp. 37-47.
30. J. Wozencraft, "Sequential decoding for reliable communication," in IRE Nat. Conv. Rec., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1957, pp. 11-25.
31. J. Wozencraft and B. Reiffen, Sequential Decoding. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1961.
32. R. Fano, "A heuristic discussion of probabilistic coding," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. IT-9, pp. 64-74, Apr. 1963.
33. J. Massey, Threshold Decoding. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1963.
34. A. Viterbi, "Error bounds for convolutional codes and an asymptotically optimum decoding algorithm," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. IT-13, pp. 260-269, Apr. 1967.
35. G. Forney, "The Viterbi algorithm," Proc. IEEE, vol. 61, pp. 268-277, Mar. 1973.
36. J. Heller and I. Jacobs, "Viterbi decoding for satellite and space communication," IEEE Trans. Commun. Technol., vol. COM-19, pp. 835-848, Oct. 1971.
37. L. Bahl, J. Cocke, F. Jelinek, and J. Raviv, "Optimal decoding of linear codes for minimizing symbol error rate," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. IT-20, pp. 284-287, Mar. 1974.
38. C. Berrou, A. Glavieux, and P. Thitimajshima, "Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding: Turbo codes," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Communications, Geneva, Switzerland, May 1993, pp. 1064-1070.
39. C. Berrou and A. Glavieux, "Near optimum error correcting coding and decoding: Turbo-codes," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 44, pp. 1261-1271, Oct. 1996.
40. A. Hocquenghem, "Codes correcteurs d'erreurs," Chiffres (Paris), vol. 2, pp. 147-156, Sept. 1959.
41. R. Bose and D. Ray-Chaudhuri, "On a class of error-correcting binary group codes," Information and Control, vol. 3, pp. 68-79, Mar. 1960.
42. _, "Further results on error correcting binary group codes," Inform. Control, vol. 3, pp. 279-290, Sept. 1960.
43. W. Peterson, "Encoding and error-correction procedures for the Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes," IRE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 6, pp. 459-470, Sept. 1960.
44. J. Wolf, "Efficient maximum likelihood decoding of linear block codes using a trellis," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. IT-24, pp. 76-80, Jan. 1978.
45. B. Honary and G. Markarian, Trellis Decoding of Block Codes. Norwell. MA: Kluwer, 1997.
46. S. Lin, T. Kasami, T. Fujiwara, and M. Fossorier, Trellises and Trellis-Based Decoding Algorithms for Linear Block Codes. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 1998.
47. G. Forney, "Coset codes - Part II: Binary lattices and related codes," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 34, pp. 1152-1187, Sept. 1988.
48. H. Manoukian and B. Honary, "BCJR trellis construction for binary linear block codes," Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng. Commun., vol. 144, pp. 367-371, Dec. 1997.
49. B. Honary, G. Markarian, and P. Farrell, "Generalized array codes and their trellis structure," Electron. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 541-542, Mar. 1993.
50. B. Honary and G. Markarian, "Low-complexity trellis decoding of Hamming codes," Electron. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 1114-1116, June 1993.
51. B. Honary, G. Markarian, and M. Darnell, "Low-complexity trellis decoding of linear block codes," IEE Proc. Commun., vol. 142, pp. 201-209, Aug. 1995.
52. T. Kasami, T. Takata, T. Fujiwara, and S. Lin, "On complexity of trellis structure of linear block codes," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 39, pp. 1057-1937, May 1993.
53. _, "On the optimum bit orders with respects to the state complexity of trellis diagrams for binary linear codes," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 39, pp. 242-245, Jan. 1993.
54. D. Chase, "A class of algorithms for decoding block codes with channel measurement information," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. IT-18, pp. 170-182. Jan. 1972.
55. m symbols," J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math., vol. 9, pp. 107-214, June 1961.
56. I. Reed and G. Solomon, "Polynomial codes over certain finite fields," J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math., vol. 8, pp. 300-304, June 1960.
57. E. Berlekamp, "On decoding binary Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. IT-11, pp. 577-579, 1965.
58. _, Algebraic Coding Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968.
59. J. Massey, "Step-by-step decoding of the Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes," IEEE Trans. Infonn. Theory, vol. IT-11, pp. 580-585, 1965.
60. _, "Shift-register synthesis and BCH decoding," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. IT-15, pp. 122-127, 1969.
61. M. Oh and P. Sweeney, "Bit-level soft-decision sequential decoding for Reed Solomon codes," in Proc. Workshop Coding and Cryptography, Paris, France, Jan. 1999.
62. _, "Low complexity soft-decision sequential decoding using hybrid permutation for rs codes," in Proc. Seventh IMA Conf. Cryptography and Coding, Cirencester, U.K., Dec. 1999.
63. D. Burgess, S. Wesemeyer, and P. Sweeney, "Soft-decision decoding algorithms for RS codes," in Proc. Seventh IMA Conf. Cryptography and Coding, Cirencester, U.K., Dec. 1999.
64. Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems, Blue Book: Recommendations for Space Data System Standards: Telemetry Channel Coding, May 1984.
65. Digital video broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding, and modulation for MVDS at 10GHz and above, ETSI 300 748 ed, Oct. 1996.
66. F. Taylor, "Residue arithmetic: A tutorial with examples," IEEE Comput. Mag., vol. 17, pp. 50-62, May 1984.
67. N. Szabo and R. Tanaka, Residue Arithmetic and Its Applications to Computer Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967.
68. R. Watson and C. Hastings, "Self-checked computation using residue arithmetic," Proc. IEEE, vol. 54, pp. 1920-1931, Dec. 1966.
69. H. Krishna, K. Lin, and J. Sun, "A coding theory approach to error control in redundant residue number systems - Part I: Theory and single error correction," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, vol. 39, pp. 8-17. Jan. 1992.
70. J. Sun and H. Krishna, "A coding theory approach to error control in redundant residue number systems - Part II: Multiple error detection and correction," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, vol. 39, pp. 18-34, Jan. 1992.
71. T. Liew, L. Yang, and L. Hanzo, "Soft-decision redundant residue number system based error correction coding," in Proc. Vehicular Technolgy Conf., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Sept. 1999, pp. 2546-2550.
72. R. Steele and L. Hanzo, Mobile Radio Communications. New York: Wiley, 1999.
73. W. Koch and A. Baier, "Optimum and sub-optimum detection of coded data distributed by time-varying inter-symbol interference," in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conf., Dec. 1990, pp. 1679-1684.
74. J. Erfanian, S. Pasupathy, and G. Gulak, "Reduced complexity symbol detectors with parallel structures for ISI channels," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 42, pp. 1661-1671, Feb./Mar./Apr. 1994.
75. P. Robertson, E. Villebrun, and P. Hoeher, "A comparison of optimal and sub-optimal MAP decoding algorithms operating in the log domain," in Proc. Int. Conf. Communications, June 1995, pp. 1009-1013.
76. J. Hagenauer and P. Hoeher, "A Viterbi algorithm with soft-decision outputs and its applications," in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conf., Dallas, TX, Nov. 1989, pp. 47.1.1-47.1.7.
77. J. Hagenauer, "Source-controlled channel decoding," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 43, pp. 2449-2457, Sept. 1995.
78. LAS. Goff, A. Glavieux, and C. Berrou, "Turbo-codes and high spectral efficiency modulation," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Communications, New Orleans, May 1994, pp. 645-649.
79. U. Wachsmann and J. Huber, "Power and bandwidth efficient digital communication using turbo codes in multilevel codes," Eur. Trans. Telecommun., vol. 6, pp. 557-567, Sept./Oct. 1995.
80. P. Robertson and T. Wörz, "Bandwidth-efficient turbo trellis-coded modulation using punctured component codes," IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 16, pp. 206-218, Feb. 1998.
81. S. Benedetto and G. Montorsi, "Design of parallel concatenated convolutional codes," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 44, pp. 591-600, May 1996.
82. _, "Unveiling turbo codes: Some results on parallel concatenated coding schemes," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 42, pp. 409-428, Mar. 1996.
83. L. Perez, J. Seghers, and D. Costello, "A distance spectrum interpretation of turbo codes," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 42, pp. 1698-1709, Nov. 1996.
84. J. Hagenauer, E. Offer, and L. Papke, "Iterative decoding of binary block and convolutional codes," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 42, pp. 429-445, Mar. 1996.
85. R. Pyndiah, "Near-optimum decoding of product codes: Block turbo codes," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 46, pp. 1003-1010, Aug. 1998.
86. H. Nickl, J. Hagenauer, and F. Burkert, "Approaching Shannon's capacity limit by 0.27 dB using simple Hamming codes,". IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 1, pp. 130-132, Sept. 1997.
87. O. Acikel and W. Ryan, "Punctured turbo-codes for BPSK/QPSK channels," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 47, pp. 1315-1323, Sept. 1999.
88. P. Jung and M. Nasshan, "Performance evaluation of turbo codes for short frame transmission systems," Electron. Lett., vol. 30, pp. 111-113, Jan. 1994.
89. P. Jung, "Comparison of turbo-code decoders applied to short frame transmission systems," IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 14, pp. 530-537, Apr. 1996.
90. M. N. P. Jung and J. Blanz, "Application of turbo-codes to a CDMA mobile radio system using joint detection and antenna diversity," in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technolgy Conf., 1994, pp. 770-774.
91. A. Barbulescu and S. Pietrobon, "Interleaver design for turbo codes," Electron. Lett., vol. 30, pp. 2107-2108, Dec. 1994.
92. B. Sklar, "A primer on turbo code concepts," IEEE Commun. Mag., pp. 94-102, Dec. 1997.
93. G. Bauch, A. Naguib, and N. Seshadri, "MAP equalization of space-time coded signals over frequency selective channels," in Proc. Wireless Communications and Networking Conf., New Orleans, LA, Sept. 1999.
94. G. Bauch and N. Al-Dhahir, "Reduced-complexity turbo equalization with multiple transmit and receive antennas over multipath fading channels," in Proc. Information Sciences and Systems, Princeton, NJ, Mar. 2000, pp. WP3 13-18.
95. D. Agrawal, V. Tarokh, A. Naguib, and N. Seshadri, "Space-time coded OFDM for high data-rate wireless communication over wide-band channels," in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technolgy Conf., Ottawa, ON, Canada, May 1998, pp. 2232-2236.
96. Y. Li, N. Seshadri, and S. Ariyavisitakul, "Channel estimation for OFDM systems with transmitter diversity in mobile wireless channels," IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 17, pp. 461-471, Mar. 1999.
97. Y. Li, J. Chuang, and N. Sollenberger, "Transmitter diversity for OFDM systems and its impact on high-rate data wireless networks," IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 17, pp. 1233-1243, July 1999.
98. A. Naguib, N. Seshadri, and A. Calderbank, "Increasing data rate over wireless channels," IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol. 17, pp. 76-92, May 2000.
99. D. Brennan, "Linear diversity combining techniques," Proc. IRE, vol. 47, pp. 1075-1102, June 1959.
100. J. Proakis, Digital Communications. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.
101. L. Hanzo, W. Webb, W. Webb, W. Webb, and T. Keller, Single- and Multi-Carrier Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 2000.
102. G. Bauch, "Concatenation of space-time block codes and Turbo-TCM," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Communications, Vancouver, BC, Canada, June 1999, pp. 1202-1206.
103. G. Forney, "Convolutional codes: I. Algebraic structure," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. IT-16, pp. 720-738, Nov. 1970.
104. _, "Burst-correcting codes for the classic burst channel," IEEE Trans. Commun. Technol., vol. COM-19, pp. 772-781, Oct. 1971.
105. B. Sklar, Digital Communications Fundamentals and Applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1988.
106. J. Hagenauer, "Rate-compatible punctured convolutional codes (RCPC codes) and their applications," IEEE Trans. Commun., pp. 389-400, Apr. 1988.
107. S. Red, M. Oliphant, and M. Weber, An Introduction to GSM. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1995.
108. 3GPP. Multiplexing and channel coding (TDD). 3G TS 25.222. [Online], Available: http://www.3gpp.org.
109. T. Ojanperä and R. Prasad, Wideband CDMA for Third Generation Mobile Communications. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1998.
110. S. Al-Semari and T. Fuja, "I-Q. TCM: Reliable communication over the Rayleigh fading channel close to the cutoff rate," IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 43, pp. 250-262, Jan. 1997.
111. W. Jakes, Microwave Mobile Communications. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1993.
112. R. Pyndiah, A. Glavieux, A. Picart, and S. Jacq, "Near optimum decoding of product codes," in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conf., San Francisco, CA, Nov. 1994, pp. 339-343.
113. W. Peterson and E. Weldon, Jr., Error Correcting Codes, 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1972.
114. T. Kasami, Combinational Mathematics and Its Applications. Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. North Carolina Press, 1969.
115. W. Peterson, Error Correcting Codes, 1st ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1961.
116. F. Macwilliams and N. Sloane, The Theory of Error Correcting Codes. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland, 1978, vol. 16.
117. I. Blake, Algebraic Coding Theory: History and Development. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, 1973.
118. G. Clark, Jr. and J. Cain, Error Correction Coding for Digital Communications. New York: Plenum Press, 1981.
119. V. Pless, Introduction to the Theory of Error-Correcting Codes. New York: Wiley, 1982.
120. R. Blahut, Theory and Practice of Error Control Codes. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1983.
121. C. Shannon, Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana, IL: Univ. Illinois Press, 1963.
122. C. Heegardand S. Wicker, Turbo Coding. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 1999.
123. M. Bossert, Channel Coding for Telecommunications. New York: Wiley, 1999.
124. B. Vucetic and J. Yuan, Turbo Codes Principles and Applications. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 2000.
125. R. Lidl and H. Niederreiter, Finite Fields. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1983.
126. S. Lin and D. Costello, Jr., Error Control Coding: Fundamentals and Applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983.
127. A. Michelson and A. Levesque, Error Control Techniques for Digital Communication. New York: Wiley, 1985.
128. D. Hoffman, D. Leonard, C. Lindner, K. Phelps, C. Rodger, and J. Wall, Coding Theory. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1991.
129. J. Huber, Trelliscodierung. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1992.
130. J. Anderson and S. Mohan, Source and Channel Coding - An Algorithmic Approach. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 1993.
131. S. Wicker, Error Control Systems for Digital Communication and Storage. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994.
132. P. Sweeney, Error Control Coding: An Introduction. .Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991.