Resource extraction and African underdevelopment

Capitalism, Nature, Socialism

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 5-25

  Bond, P Patrick ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NEOLIBERALISM; POVERTY ALLEVIATION; UNDERDEVELOPMENT;

AFRICA;

EID: 33646824746     PISSN: 10455752     EISSN: 15483290     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10455750600704430     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. World Bank, World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development (Washington: World Bank, 2005a), p. 66.
2. For a critique of the $/day measure, see Sanjay Reddy, "Counting the Poor: The Truth about World Poverty Statistics," in L. Panitch and C. Leys (eds.), Telling the Truth: Socialist Register 2006 (London: Merlin Press and New York: Monthly Review Press, 2005).
3. Dzodzi Tsikata and Joanna Kerr, Demanding Dignity: Women Confronting Economic Reforms in Africa (Ottawa: The North-South Institute and Accra: Third World Network-Africa, 2002).
4. In the case of the vast Johannesburg/London conglomerate Anglo American Corporation, the cut-off for saving workers in 2001 was 12 percent. The lowest paid 88 percent of employees were more cheaply dismissed once unable to work, with replacements found amongst South Africa's 42 percent unemployed reserve army of labor, according to an internal study reported by the Financial Times. For more, see Patrick Bond, Elite Transition: From Apartheid to Neoliberalism in South Africa (Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2005), Afterword to the 2nd edition.
5. One of the strongest recent overviews of African debt is Gavin Capps, "Redesigning the Debt Trap," International Socialism, 107, 2005
6. see also Bond, 2006, op. cit., Chapter Three.
7. Robert Kaplan, "The Coming Anarchy," Atlantic Monthly, 273, 1994, p. 46.
8. See http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/lm1/1/ lm1_teachers.html.
9. Charles Hawley, "African Village Accused of Putting Humans on Display," Spiegel Online, June 9, 2005, online at: http://service.spiegel.de/cache/international/0,1518,359799,00.html.
10. Christian Aid, "The Economics of Failure: The Real Cost of 'Free' Trade for Poor Countries," briefing paper, June 2005, online at: http://www.christianaid.org.uk/indepth/506liberalisation/ Economics%20of%20fa.
11. Cited in Oxfam, "Africa and the Doha Round: Fighting to Keep Development Alive," Oxfam Briefing Paper 80, 2005, p. 21.
12. Commission for Africa, Our Common Future (London: Commission for Africa, 2005), p. 250
13. John Chiahemen, "Africa Fears 'Tsunami' of Cheap Chinese Imports," Reuters, December 18, 2005.
14. Michael Barratt-Brown, "Africa's Trade Today," paper for the Review of African Political Economy and CODESRIA 30th Anniversary Conference, Wortley Hall, Sheffield, May 27, 2004.
15. See also M. Barratt-Brown and Pauline Tiffen, Short Changed: Africa and World Trade (London: Pluto Press, 1992).
16. José Leon and Raphael Soto, "Structural Breaks and Long-term Trends in Commodity Prices," Journal of International Development, 9, 1997, p. 350.
17. Branco Milanovic, "Can We Discern the Effect of Globalization on Income Distribution? Evidence from Household Budget Surveys," World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2876, 2002.
18. United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report 2005, 2005, p. 129.
19. Devinder Sharma, "Farm Subsidies: The Report Card," ZNet commentary, November 27, 2005. Sharma argues that in response, "Developing countries should ask for: Agricultural subsidies to be classified under two categories: One which benefits small farmers and the remaining which goes to agribusiness companies and the big farmers/landowners; and since less than 20 percent of the $1 billion farm subsidy being doled out every day genuinely benefits small farmers, the remaining 80 percent of the subsidies need to be outright scrapped before proceeding any further on agriculture negotiations."
20. United Nations Development Program, 2005, op. cit., p. 130.
21. Devinder Sharma, "Much Ado about Nothing," ZNet Commentary, December 24, 2005.
22. Walden Bello, "The Meaning of Hong Kong: Brazil and India Join the Big Boys' Club," unpublished paper, Bangkok, Focus on the Global South, 2005. Bello particularly blames Brazilian foreign minister Celso Amorim and Indian commerce minister Kamal Nath.
23. Thandika Mkandawire, "Maladjusted African Economies and Globalization," Africa Development, 30, 1-2, 2005, p. 6.
24. Ben Schiller, "The China Model of Development," online at: http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracychina/china_development_3136.jsp, December 20, 2005.
25. www.opensociety.org
26. Sam Olukoya, "Environmental Justice from the Niger Delta to the World Conference Against Racism," CorpWatch, August 30, 2001, online at http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=18
27. George Caffentzis, "The Petroleum Commons: Local, Islamic and Global," The Progress Report, 2004, online at: http://www.progress.org/2004/water26.htm.
28. www.groundwork.org.za
29. James Ferguson, "Seeing Like an Oil Company: Space, Security and Global Capital in Neoliberal Africa," American Anthropologist, 107, 3, 2005, p. 381.
30. World Bank, Where is the Wealth of Nations? Measuring Capital for the 21st Century (Washington: World Bank, 2005b).
31. www.redefiningprogess.org.
32. Michael Goldman, Imperial Nature (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), p. 184.
33. World Bank, 2005b, op. cit., p. 39.
34. Ibid., p. 55.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid., pp. 64-65.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid., p. 66.
39. Lawrence Cockcroft, "Corruption as a Threat to Corporate Behavior and the Rule of Law," Transparency International, 2001, p. 2.
40. Cited in Cockcroft, ibid.
41. UN Conference on Trade and Development, "Transfer Pricing," 1999, p. 167.
42. http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/develop/devthry/well-being/2000/ tandon.htm.
43. Joan Martínez-Alier, "Marxism, Social Metabolism and Ecologically Unequal Exchange," paper presented at Lund University Conference on World Systems Theory and the Environment, September 19-22, 2003. Martínez-Alier elaborates with examples of ecological debt that are never factored into standard trade and investment regimes: "nutrients in exports including virtual water ... the oil and minerals no longer available, the biodiversity destroyed. This is a difficult figure to compute, for several reasons. Figures on the reserves, estimation of the technological obsolescence because of substitution, and a decision on the rate of discount are needed in the case of minerals or oil. For biodiversity, knowledge of what is being destroyed would be needed." Some of these cases are considered in the discussion above concerning depletion of natural resources. See also www.deudaecologica.org
44. Joan Martínez-Alier, "Ecological Debt - External Debt," Quito, Acción Ecológica, 1998.
45. http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/develop/devthry/well-being/2000/ tandon.htm
46. Martínez-Alier cites J.K. Parikh, "Joint Implementation and the North and South Cooperation for Climate Change," International Environmental Affairs, 7, 1, 1995.
47. Sarah Bracking, "Sending Money Home: Are Remittances Always Beneficial to Those Who Stay Behind?," Journal of International Development, 15, 2003, p. 633.
48. Slavoj Zizek, "The Subject Supposed to Loot and Rape: Reality and Fantasy in New Orleans," In These Times, October 20, 2005.
49. Cited in World Bank, "Meeting the Challenge of Africa's Development: A World Bank Group Action Plan," Africa Region, 2005, p. 5.