The contemporary treatment of odontoid injuries

Spine

Volumn 31, Issue 11 SUPPL., 2006, Pages

  Maak, Travis G ^a   Grauer, Jonathan N ^a,b  

^a Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation ^*  (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cervical spine; Classification system; Odontoid fracture; Spine trauma

Indexed keywords

BRACE; CERVICAL SPINE FRACTURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; FRACTURE FIXATION; HUMAN; IMMOBILIZATION; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ODONTOID PROCESS FRACTURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPINE FUSION;

FRACTURE FIXATION; HUMANS; ODONTOID PROCESS; SPINAL FUSION; SPINAL INJURIES;

EID: 33646785401     PISSN: 03622436     EISSN: 15281159     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.brs.0000217941.55817.52     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Subach BR, Morone MA, Haid RW Jr, et al. Management of acute odontoid fractures with single-screw anterior fixation. Neurosurgery 1999;45:812-9.
2. Lee PC, Chun SY, Leong JC. Experience of posterior surgery in atlanto-axial instability. Spine 1984;9:231-9.
3. Vaccaro AR, Madigan L, Ehrler DM. Contemporary management of adult cervical odontoid fractures. Orthopedics 2000;23:1109-13.
4. Hanigan WC, Powell FC, Elwood PW, et al. Odontoid fractures in elderly patients. J Neurosurg 1993;78:32-5.
5. Marchesi DG. Management of odontoid fractures. Orthopedics 1997;20: 911-6.
6. Pepin JW, Bourne RB, Hawkins RJ. Odontoid fractures, with special reference to the elderly patient. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1985;193:178-83.
7. Ryan MD, Henderson JJ. The epidemiology of fractures and fracture-dislocations of the cervical spine. Injury 1992;23:38-40.
8. Clark CR, White AA III. Fractures of the dens. A multicenter study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1985;67:1340-8.
9. Ekong CE, Schwartz ML, Tator CH, et al. Odontoid fracture: Management with early mobilization using the halo device. Neurosurgery 1981;9:631-7.
10. Hanssen AD, Cabanela ME. Fractures of the dens in adult patients. J Trauma 1987;27:928-34.
11. Maiman DJ, Larson SJ. Management of odontoid fractures. Neurosurgery 1982;11:471-6.
12. Schweigel JF. Management of the fractured odontoid with halo-thoracic bracing. Spine 1987;12:838-9.
13. Pasquale M, Fabian TC. Practice management guidelines for trauma from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma 1998;44:941-56.
14. Keats TE, Dalinka MK, Alazraki N, et al. Cervical spine trauma. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Radiology 2000;215(suppl):243-6.
15. Shaffer MA, Doris PE. Limitation of the cross table lateral view in detecting cervical spine injuries: A retrospective analysis. Ann Emerg Med 1981;10:508-13.
16. Castillo M, Mukherji SK. Vertical fractures of the dens. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996;17:1627-30.
17. Diaz JJ Jr, Gillman C, Morris JA Jr, et al. Are five-view plain films of the cervical spine unreliable? A prospective evaluation in blunt trauma patients with altered mental status. J Trauma 2003;55:658-63.
18. Sanchez B, Waxman K, Jones T, et al. Cervical spine clearance in blunt trauma: Evaluation of a computed tomography-based protocol. J Trauma 2005;59:179-83.
19. Hendey GW, Wolfson AB, Mower WR, et al. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality: Results of the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study in blunt cervical trauma. J Trauma 2002;53:1-4.
20. Green RA, Saifuddin A. Whole spine MRI in the assessment of acute vertebral body trauma. Skeletal Radiol 2004;33:129-35.
21. Schatzker J, Rorabeck CH, Waddell JP. Fractures of the dens (odontoid process). An analysis of thirty-seven cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1971;53:392-405.
22. Anderson LD, D'Alonzo RT. Fractures of the odontoid process of the axis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1974;56:1663-74.
23. Grauer JN, Shafi B, Hilibrand AS, et al. Proposal of a modified, treatment-oriented classification of odontoid fractures. Spine J 2005;5:123-9.
24. Bohler J. Anterior stabilization for acute fractures and nonunions of the dens. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1982;64:18-27.
25. Geisler FH, Cheng C, Poka A, et al. Anterior screw fixation of posteriorly displaced type II odontoid fractures. Neurosurgery 1989;25:30-7.
26. Gallie WE. Fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine. Am J Surg 1939;3:495-9.
27. Brooks AL, Jenkins EB. Atlanto-axial arthrodesis by the wedge compression method. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1978;60:279-84.
28. Jeanneret B, Magerl F. Primary posterior fusion C1/2 in odontoid fractures: Indications, technique, and results of transarticular screw fixation. J Spinal Disord 1992;5:464-75.
29. Coyne TJ, Fehlings MG, Wallace MC, et al. C1-C2 posterior cervical fusion: Long-term evaluation of results and efficacy. Neurosurgery 1995;37:688-92.
30. Hadley MN, Browner CM, Liu SS, et al. New subtype of acute odontoid fractures (type IIA). Neurosurgery 1988;22:67-71.
31. Bednar DA, Parikh J, Hummel J. Management of type II odontoid process fractures in geriatric patients; a prospective study of sequential cohorts with attention to survivorship. J Spinal Disord 1995;8:166-9.
32. Muller EJ, Wick M, Russe O, et al. Management of odontoid fractures in the elderly. Eur Spine J 1999;8:360-5.
33. Lennarson PJ, Mostafavi H, Traynelis VC, et al. Management of type II dens fractures: A case-control study. Spine 2000;25:1234-7.
34. Govender S, Vlok GJ, Fisher-Jeffes N, et al. Traumatic dislocation of the atlanto-occipital joint. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2003;85:875-8.
35. Grob D. Transarticular screw fixation for atlanto-occipital dislocation. Spine 2001;26:703-7.
36. Sponseller PD, Cass JR. Atlanto-occipital fusion for dislocation in children with neurologic preservation. A case report. Spine 1997;22:344-7.
37. Hosono N, Yonenobu K, Kawagoe K, et al. Traumatic anterior atlanto-occipital dislocation. A case report with survival. Spine 1993;18:786-90.
38. Bundschuh CV, Alley JB, Ross M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of suspected atlanto-occipital dislocation. Two case reports. Spine 1992;17:245-8.
39. Papadopoulos SM, Dickman CA, Sonntag VK, et al. Traumatic atlantooccipital dislocation with survival. Neurosurgery 1991;28:574-9.
40. Dunn ME, Seljeskog EL. Experience in the management of odontoid process injuries: An analysis of 128 cases. Neurosurgery 1986;18:306-10.
41. Fujii E, Kobayashi K, Hirabayashi K. Treatment in fractures of the odontoid process. Spine 1988;13:604-9.
42. Hadley MN, Dickman CA, Browner CM, et al. Acute axis fractures: A review of 229 cases. J Neurosurg 1989;71:642-7.
43. Aebi M, Etter C, Coscia M. Fractures of the odontoid process. Treatment with anterior screw fixation. Spine 1989;14:1065-70.
44. Ziai WC, Hurlbert RJ. A six year review of odontoid fractures: The emerging role of surgical intervention. Can J Neurol Sci 2000;27:297-301.
45. Govender S, Maharaj JF, Haffajee MR. Fractures of the odontoid process. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2000;82:1143-7.
46. Glaser JA, Whitehill R, Stamp WG, et al. Complications associated with the halo-vest. A review of 245 cases. J Neurosurg 1986;65:762-9.
47. Hadley MN, Browner C, Sonntag VK. Axis fractures: A comprehensive review of management and treatment in 107 cases. Neurosurgery 1985;17:281-90.
48. Lesoin F, Autricque A, Franz K, et al. Transcervical approach and screw fixation for upper cervical spine pathology. Surg Neurol 1987;27:459-65.
49. Sasso R, Doherty BJ, Crawford MJ, et al. Biomechanics of odontoid fracture fixation. Comparison of the one- and two-screw technique. Spine 1993;18:1950-3.
50. Greene KA, Dickman CA, Marciano FF, et al. Acute axis fractures. Analysis of management and outcome in 340 consecutive cases. Spine 1997;22:1843-52.
51. Koivikko MP, Kiuru MJ, Koskinen SK, et al. Factors associated with non-union in conservatively-treated type-II fractures of the odontoid process. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2004;86:1146-51.
52. Polin RS, Szabo T, Bogaev CA, et al. Nonoperative management of types II and III odontoid fractures: The Philadelphia collar versus the halo vest. Neurosurgery 1996;38:450-6.
53. Ryan MD, Taylor TK. Odontoid fractures in the elderly. J Spinal Disord 1993;6:397-401.
54. Seljeskog EL. Non-operative management of acute upper cervical injuries. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1978;41:87-100.
55. Stoney J, O'Brien J, Wilde P. Treatment of type-two odontoid fractures in halothoracic vests. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1998;80:452-5.
56. Apuzzo ML, Heiden JS, Weiss MH, et al. Acute fractures of the odontoid process. An analysis of 45 cases. J Neurosurg 1978;48:85-91.
57. Garfin SR, Botte MJ, Waters RL, et al. Complications in the use of the halo fixation device. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1986;68:320-5.
58. Lind B, Nordwall A, Sihlbom H. Odontoid fractures treated with halo-vest. Spine 1987;12:173-7.
59. Apfelbaum RI, Lonser RR, Veres R, et al. Direct anterior screw fixation for recent and remote odontoid fractures. J Neurosurg 2000;93:227-36.
60. Hanley EN Jr, Harvell JC Jr. Immediate postoperative stability of the atlantoaxial articulation: A biomechanical study comparing simple midline wiring, and the Gallic and Brooks procedures. J Spinal Disord 1992;5:306-10.
61. Sherk HH, Snyder B. Posterior fusions of the upper cervical spine: Indications, techniques, and prognosis. Orthop Clin North Am 1978;9:1091-9.
62. Fried LC. Atlanto-axial fracture-dislocations. Failure of posterior C. 1 to C. 2 fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1973;55:490-6.
63. Montesano PX, Juach EC, Anderson PA, et al. Biomechanics of cervical spine internal fixation. Spine 1991;16:S10-6.
64. Grob D, Crisco JJ III, Panjabi MM, et al. Biomechanical evaluation of four different posterior atlantoaxial fixation techniques. Spine 1992;17:480-90.
65. Dickman CA, Foley KT, Sonntag VK, et al. Cannulated screws for odontoid screw fixation and atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation. Technical note. J Neurosurg 1995;83:1095-100.
66. Dickman CA, Sonntag VK. Posterior C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation for atlantoaxial arthrodesis. Neurosurgery 1998;43:275-80.
67. Harms J, Melcher RP. Posterior C1-C2 fusion with polyaxial screw and rod fixation. Spine 2001;26:2467-71.
68. Henriques T, Cunningham BW, Olerud C, et al. Biomechanical comparison of five different atlantoaxial posterior fixation techniques. Spine 2000;25:2877-83.
69. Melcher RP, Puttlitz CM, Kleinstueck FS, et al. Biomechanical testing of posterior atlantoaxial fixation techniques. Spine 2002;27:2435-40.
70. Jeanneret B, Vernet O, Frei S, et al. Atlantoaxial mobility after screw fixation of the odontoid: A computed tomographic study. J Spinal Disord 1991;4:203-11.
71. Jenkins JD, Coric D, Branch CL Jr. A clinical comparison of one- and two-screw odontoid fixation. J Neurosurg 1998;89:366-70.
72. Grauer JN, Vaccaro AR, Beiner JM, et al. Similarities and differences in the treatment of spine trauma between surgical specialties and location of practice. Spine 2004;29:685-96.
73. Esses SI, Bednar DA. Screw fixation of odontoid fractures and nonunions. Spine 1991;16:S483-5.