The influence of productivity on the species richness of plants: A critical assessment

Ecology

Volumn 87, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 1234-1243

  Gillman, Len N ^a   Wright, Shane D ^b  

^a AUCKLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Biomass; Competition; Diversity; Energy; Evolution; Precipitation; Productivity; Scale; Species pool; Species richness

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; PRODUCTIVITY; SPECIES RICHNESS;

ARTICLE; BIODIVERSITY; BIOMASS; CLASSIFICATION; CLIMATE; CLINICAL TRIAL; ECOSYSTEM; EVOLUTION; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; META ANALYSIS; PLANT; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

BIODIVERSITY; BIOMASS; CLIMATE; ECOSYSTEM; EVOLUTION; PLANTS; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

EID: 33646739898     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: 00129658     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1234:TIOPOT]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Abrams, P. A. 1995. Monotonic or unimodal diversity-productivity gradients: what does competition theory predict? Ecology 76:2019-2027.
2. Anderson, T. A., S. J. McNaughton, and M. E. Ritchie. 2004. Scale-dependent relationships between the spatial distribution of a limiting resource and plant species diversity in an African grassland ecosystem. Oecologia 139:277-287.
3. Ashton, P. S. 1992. Species richness in plant communities. Pages 4-22 in S. K. Jain, editor. Conservation biology: the theory and practice of nature preservation and management. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
4. Barraclough, T. G., and V. Savolainen. 2001. Evolutionary rates and species diversity in flowering plants. Evolution 55:677-683.
5. Beatley, J. C. 1969. Biomass of desert winter annual plant populations in southern Nevada. Oikos 20:261-273.
6. Benton, M. J. 1995. Diversification and extinction in the history of life. Science 268:52-58.
7. Bleiweiss, R. 1998. Slow rate of molecular evolution in high-elevation hummingbirds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 95:612-616.
8. Briggs, J. C. 1999. Coincident biogeographic patterns: Indo-West Pacific. Evolution 53:326-335.
9. Buzas, M. A., L. S. Collins, and S. J. Culver. 2002. Latitudinal difference in biodiversity caused by higher tropical rate of increase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 99:7841-7843.
10. Cardillo, M. 1999. Latitude and rates of diversification in birds and butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 266:1221-1225.
11. Chase, J. M., and M. A. Leibold. 2002. Spatial scale dictates the productivity-biodiversity relationship. Nature 416:427-429.
12. Clinebell, R. R., II, O. L. Phillips, A. H. Gentry, N. Stark, and H. Zuuring. 1995. Prediction of neotropical tree and liana species richness from soil and climatic data. Biodiversity and Conservation 4:56-90.
13. Coleman, B. D., M. A. Mares, M. R. Willig, and Y. H. Hsieh. 1982. Randomness, area, and species richness. Ecology 63:1121-1133.
14. Colwell, R. K., and G. C. Hurtt. 1994. Nonbiological gradients in species richness and a spurious Rapoport effect. American Naturalist 144:570-595.
15. Cornwell, W. K., and P. J. Grubb. 2003. Regional and local patterns in plant species richness with respect to resource availability. Oikos 100:417-428.
16. Crawley, M. J. 1993. GLIM for ecologists. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
17. Currie, D. J., G. G. Mittelbach, H. V. Cornell, R. Field, J. Guegan, B. A. Hawkins, D. M. Kaufman, J. T. Kerr, T. Oberdorff, E. M. O'Brien, and J. R. G. Turner. 2004. Predictions and tests of climate-based hypotheses of broadscale variation in taxonomic richness. Ecology Letters 7:1121-1134.
18. Currie, D. J., and V. Paquin. 1987. Large-scale biogeographical patterns of species richness of trees. Nature 329:326-327.
19. Darwin, C. 1859. On the origins of species by means of natural selection. John Murray, London, UK.
20. Dobzhansky, T. 1950. Evolution in the tropics. American Scientist 38:208-221.
21. Dynesius, M., and R. Jansson. 2000. Evolutionary consequences of changes in species' geographical distributions driven by Milankovitch climate oscillations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 97:9115-9120.
22. Evans, K. L., P. H. Warren, and K. J. Gaston. 2005. Species-energy relationships at the macroecological scale: a review of the mechanisms. Biological Review 80:1-25.
23. Fischer, A. G. 1960. Latitudinal variations in organic diversity. Evolution 14:64-81.
24. Fukami, T., and P. J. Morin. 2003. Productivity-biodiversity relationships depend on the history of community assembly. Nature 424:423-426.
25. Garcia, L. V., T. Maranon, A. Moreno, and L. Clemente. 1993. Above-ground biomass and species richness in a Mediterranean salt marsh. Journal of Vegetation Science 4:417-424.
26. Gillooly, J. F., A. P. Allen, G. B. West, and J. H. Brown. 2005. The rate of DNA evolution: Effects of body size and temperature on the molecular clock. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 102:140-145.
27. Gough, L., J. B. Grace, and K. L. Taylor. 1994. The relationship between species richness and community biomass: the importance of environmental variables. Oikos 70:271-279.
28. Grace, J. B. 1999. The factors controlling species density in herbaceous plant communities: an assessment. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 2:1-28.
29. Grime, J. P. 1973. Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation. Nature 242:344-347.
30. Grime, J. P. 1979. Plant strategies and vegetation processes. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
31. Gross, K. L., M. R. Willig, L. Gough, R. Inouye, and S. B. Cox. 2000. Patterns of species density and productivity at different spatial scales in herbaceous plant communities. Oikos 89:412-427.
32. Grubb, P. 1977. The maintenance of species richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche. Biological Reviews 52:107-145.
33. Hawkins, B. A., J. A. F. Diniz-Filho, and S. A. Soeller. 2005. Water links the historical and contemporary components of the Australian bird diversity gradient. Journal of Biogeography 32:1035-1042.
34. Hawkins, B. A., R. Field, H. V. Cornell, D. J. Currie, J. Guegan, D. M. Kaufman, J. T. Kerr, G. G. Mittelbach, T. Oberdorff, E. M. O'Brien, E. E. Porter, and J. R. G. Turner. 2003. Energy, water, and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness. Ecology 84:3105-3117.
35. Hillebrand, H., and T. Blenckner. 2002. Regional and local impact on species diversity - from pattern to processes. Oecologia 492:479-491.
36. Hodgson, J. G. 1987. Why do so few plant species exploit productive habitats? An investigation into cytology, plant strategies and abundance within a local flora. Functional Ecology 1:243-250.
37. Hubbell, S. P. 2001. The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
38. Huston, M. A. 1979. A general hypothesis of species diversity. American Naturalist 113:81-101.
39. Huston, M. A. 1994. Biological diversity: the coexistence of species on changing landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
40. Huston, M. A., and D. L. deAngelis. 1994. Competition and coexistence: the effects of resource transport and supply rates. American Naturalist 144:954-977.
41. Hutchinson, G. E. 1959. Homage to Santa Rosalia or why are there so many kinds of animals? American Naturalist 93:145-159.
42. Jablonski, D. 1993. The tropics as a source of evolutionary novelty through geological time. Nature 364:142-144.
43. Janzen, D. H. 1970. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. American Naturalist 104:501-508.
44. Kay, R. F., R. H. Madden, C. V. Schaik, and D. Higdon. 1997. Primate species richness is determined by plant productivity: implications for conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 94:13023-13027.
45. Klopfer, P. H. 1959. Environmental determinants of faunal diversity. American Naturalist 93:337-342.
46. Latham, R. E., and R. E. Ricklefs. 1993. Global patterns of tree species richness in moist forests: energy diversity theory does not account for variation in species richness. Oikos 67:325-333.
47. Losos, B. J., and D. Schulter. 2000. Analysis of an evolutionary species-area relationship. Nature 408:847-850.
48. MacArthur, R. H. 1965. Patterns of species diversity. Biological Review 40:510-533.
49. MacArthur, R. H., and E. O. Wilson. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
50. Martin, A. P., and S. R. Palumbi. 1993. Body size, metabolic rate, generation time, and the molecular clock. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 90:4087-4091.
51. Martin, P. R., and J. K. McKay. 2004. Latitudinal variation in genetic divergence of populations and the potential for future speciation. Evolution 58:938-945.
52. McNaughton, S. J. 1985. Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: the Serengeti. Ecological Monographs 55:259-294.
53. Mittelbach, G. G., S. M. Scheiner, and C. F. Steiner. 2003. What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity? Reply. Ecology 84:3390-3395.
54. Mittelbach, G. G., C. F. Steiner, S. M. Scheiner, K. L. Gross, H. L. Reynolds, R. B. Waide, M. R. Willig, S. I. Dodson, and L. Gough. 2001. What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity? Ecology 82:2381-2396.
55. Moore, D. R. J., and P. A. Keddy. 1989. The relationship between species richness and standing crop in wetlands: the importance of scale. Vegetatio 79:99-106.
56. O'Brien, E. M. 1998. Water-energy dynamics, climate, and prediction of woody plant species richness: an interim general model. Journal of Biogeography 25:379-398.
57. Oksanen, J. 1996. Is the humped relationship between species richness and biomass an artifact due to plot size? Journal of Ecology 84:293-295.
58. Paine, R. T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100:65-75.
59. Palmer, M. W. 1994. Variation in species richness: toward a unification of hypotheses. Folia Geobotanica Phytotaxonomica 29:717-740.
60. Palumbi, S. R. 1996. What can molecular genetics contribute to marine biogeography? An urchin's tale. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 203:75-92.
61. Phillips, O. L., P. Hall, A. H. Gentry, S. A. Sawyer, and R. Vasquez. 1994. Dynamics and species richness of tropical rain forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 91:2805-2809.
62. Pianka, E. R. 1966. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: a review of concepts. American Naturalist 100:33-46.
63. Porembski, S., G. Brown, and W. Barthlott. 1995. An inverted latitudinal gradient of plant diversity in shallow depressions on Ivorian inselbergs. Vegetatio 117:151-163.
64. Purvis, A., and A. Hector. 2000. Getting the measure of biodiversity. Nature 405:212-219.
65. Rensch, B. 1959. Evolution above the species level. Methuen, London.
66. Rey-Banayas, J. M., and S. M. Scheiner. 2002. Plant diversity, biogeography and environment in Iberia: patterns and possible causal factors. Journal of Vegetation Science 13:245-258.
67. Ricklefs, R. E., and R. E. Latham. 1992. Intercontinental correlation of geographical ranges suggests stasis in ecological traits of relict genera of temperate perennial herbs. American Naturalist 139:1305-1321.
68. Ricklefs, R. E., and D. Schluter. 1993. Species diversity: regional and historical influences. Pages 350-363 in R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, editors. Species diversity in ecological communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
69. Ritchie, M. E., and H. Olff. 1999. Spatial scaling laws yield a synthetic theory of biodiversity. Nature 400:557-560.
70. Rohde, K. 1978. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity and their causes. I. A review of the hypotheses explaining the gradients. Biologisches Zentralblatt 97:393-403.
71. Rohde, K. 1992. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: the search for the primary cause. Oikos 65:514-527.
72. Rohde, K. 1997. The larger area of the tropics does not explain latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Oikos 79:169-172.
73. Rosenzweig, M. L. 1995. Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
74. Rosenzweig, M. L., and Z. Abramsky. 1993. How are diversity and productivity related? Pages 52-65 in R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, editors. Species diversity in ecological communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
75. Safford, H. D., M. Rejmánek, and E. Hadac. 2001. Species pools and the "hump-back" model of plant species diversity: an empirical analysis at a relevant spatial scale. Oikos 95:282-290.
76. Schaffers, A. P. 2002. Soil, biomass, and management of seminatural vegetation. Plant Ecology 158:247-268.
77. Schamp, B. S., L. W. Aarssen, and H. Lee. 2003. Local plant species richness increases with regional habitat commonness across a gradient of forest productivity. Folia Geobotanica Phytotaxonomica 38:273-280.
78. Scheiner, S. M., and S. Jones. 2002. Diversity, productivity and scale in Wisconsin vegetation. Evolutionary Ecology Research 4:1097-1117.
79. Shmida, A., and M. V. Wilson. 1985. Biological determinants of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography 12:1-20.
80. Slobodkin, L. B., and H. L. Sanders. 1969. On the contribution of environmental predictability to species diversity. Brookhaven Symposia in Biology 22:82-95.
81. Stehli, F. G., and J. W. Wells. 1971. Diversity and age patterns in Hermatypic corals. Systematic Zoology 20:115-126.
82. Steiner, C. F., and M. A. Leibold. 2004. Cyclic assembly trajectories and scale-dependent productivity-diversity relationships. Ecology 85:107-113.
83. Stevens, G. C. 1989. The latitudinal gradient in geographical range: how so many species coexist in the tropics. American Naturalist 133:240-256.
84. Taylor, K. L., L. W. Aarssen, and C. Loehle. 1990. On the relationship between r/K selection and environmental carrying capacity: a new habitat template for plant life history strategies. Oikos 58:239-250.
85. Terborgh, J. 1973. On the notion of favorableness in plant ecology. American Naturalist 107:481-501.
86. Tilman, D. 1982. Resource competition and community structure. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
87. Tilman, D., and S. Pacala. 1993. The maintenance of species richness in plant communities. Pages 13-25 in R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, editors. Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
88. von Humbolt, A. 1808. Ansichten der Natur mit wissenschaftlichen Erlauterungen. Tubingen, Germany.
89. Waide, R. B., M. R. Willig, and C. F. Steiner. 1999. The relationship between productivity and species richness. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30:257-300.
90. Wallace, A. R. 1878. Tropical nature and other essays. Macmillan, London, UK.
91. Webster, A. J., R. J. H. Payne, and M. Pagel. 2003. Molecular phylogenies link rates of evolution and speciation. Science 301:478.
92. Weiher, E. 1999. The combined effects of scale and productivity on species richness. Journal of Ecology 87:1005-1011.
93. Weiher, E., and A. Howe. 2003. Scale-dependence of environmental effects on species richness in oak savannas. Journal of Vegetation Science 14:917-920.
94. Whittaker, R. J., and E. Heegaard. 2003. What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity? Comment. Ecology 84:3384-3390.
95. Wiens, J. J., and M. J. Donoghue. 2004. Historical biogeography, ecology and species richness. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19:639-644.
96. Willig, M. R., D. M. Kaufman, and R. D. Stevens. 2003. Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: patterns, process, scale, and synthesis. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 34:273-309.
97. Willig, M. R., and S. K. Lyons. 1998. An analytical model of latitudinal gradients of species richness with an empirical test for marsupials and bats in the New World. Oikos 81:93-98.
98. Wright, D. H. 1983. Species-energy theory: An extension of species-area theory. Oikos 41:496-506.
99. Wright, D. H., D. J. Currie, and B. D. Maurer. 1993. Energy supply and patterns of species richness on local and regional scales. Pages 66-74 in R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, editors. Species diversity in ecological communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
100. Wright, S. D., R. D. Gray, and R. C. Gardner. 2003. Energy and the rate of evolution: inferences from plant rDNA substitution rates in the western Pacific. Evolution 57:2893-2898.
101. Zobel, K., and J. Liira. 1997. A scale-independent approach to the richness vs. biomass relationship in ground-layer plant communities. Oikos 80:325-332.