Identity, immigration, and liberal democracy

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 5-20

  Fukuyama, Francis ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33646716680     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.2006.0028     Document Type: Review

References (33)

1. For an overview, see Ian Johnson and John Carreyrou, "As Muslims Call Europe Home, Dangerous Isolation Takes Root," Wall Street Journal, 11 July 2005.
2. See for example Bassam Tibi, "Les Conditions d'un Euro-Islam," in Robert Bistolfi and Francois Zabbal, ed., Islams d'Europe: Intégration ou Insertion Communitaire (Paris: Editions de l'Aube, 1995);
3. Olivier Roy, "Eurolslam: The Jihad Within?" The National Interest (Spring 2003): 63-74;
4. Unni Wikan, Generous Betrayal: Politics of Culture in the New Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002);
5. Patrick Buchanan, The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant Invasion Imperil Our Country and Civilization (New York: Thomas Dunne, 2002);
6. Brace Bawer, While Europe Slept: How Radical Islam Is Destroying the West from Within (New York: Doubleday, 2006);
7. and Tony Blankley, The West's Last Chance: Will We Win the Clash of Civilizations? (New York: Regnery, 2005).
8. See Charles Taylor, Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); and
9. Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989).
10. Charles Taylor, Multiculturalism, 30.
11. See the discussion in Charles Taylor, Multiculturalism, 53.
12. Olivier Roy, Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004).
13. See Craig Whitlock, "How a Town Became a Terror Hub," Washington Post, 24 November 2005, Al.
14. Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of German Ideology (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1974);
15. and Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983).
16. Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation (New York: Basic Books, 1963);
17. American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995).
18. Robert N. Bellah and Phillip Hammond. Varieties of Civil Religion (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1980).
19. Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster. 2004).
20. The average American works 25.9 hours per week, versus 19.3 for Germans and 17.5 for the French. See Edward C. Prescott, "Why Do Americans Work So Much More Than Europeans?" Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department Staff Report 321 (November 2003). The difference in attitudes toward work is nowhere more evident than in the case of the 35 hour work week, mandated by the Socialist government of Lionel Jospin and now widely considered to be a social "acquis" in France. A similar national restriction on the length of the work week would be regarded as an absurdity in the United States.
21. See William R. Brubaker, "Immigration, Citizenship, and the Nation-State in France and Germany: A Comparative Historical Analysis," International Sociology 5 (December 1990): 379-407.
22. Nergis Canefe, "Citizens versus Permanent Guests: Cultural Memory and Citizenship Laws in a Reunified Germany," Citizenship Studies 2 (November 1998): 519-44.
23. For an overview of "pillarization" in the Netherlands, see Arend Lijphart, "The Evolution of Consociational Theory and Consociational Practices, 19652000." Acta Politico 37 (Spring-Summer 2002): 11-22.
24. This is not simply an American characteristic. Naturalization and cultural assimilation are far easier in all lands of new settlement, not just English-speaking former colonies like Canada and Australia, but also in Latin America, where political leaders have names like Menem, Bucaram, and Fujimori.
25. For a less positive assessment of Quebec's attachment to democracy, see Pierre Elliott Trudeau, "Some Obstacles to Democracy in Quebec," Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 24 (August 1958): 297-311.
26. Katherine P. Ewing, "Legislating Religious Freedom: Muslim Challenges to the Relationship between 'Church' and 'State' in Germany and France," Daedalus 129 (Fall 2000): 31-54.
27. John T.S. Madeley, "European Liberal Democracy and the Principle of State Religious Neutrality." West European Politics 26 (January 2003): 1-22.
28. See Bassam Tibi, Europa ohne Identität? Die Krise der multikulturellen Gesellschaft (Munich: Berteismann. 1998).
29. For an unsympathetic interpretation of Leitkultur that illustrates the difficulties of discussing this issue honestly, see Hartwig Pautz. "The Politics of Identity in Germany: The Leitkultur Debate," Race and Class 46 (April 2005): 39-52.
30. Jane Freedman, "Secularism as a Barrier to Integration? The French Dilemma," International Migration 42 (August 2004): 5-27;
31. and Michel Troper, "Religion and Constitutional Rights: French Secularism, or Laïcité," Cardozo Law Review 21 (February 2000): 1267-84.
32. See Robert N. Bellah and Phillip Hammond, Varieties of Civil Religion.
33. Ian Buruma, "Letter from Amsterdam: Final Cut," New Yorker, 3 January 2005.