Ottoman prisoners of war in Russia, 1914-22

Journal of Contemporary History

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 69-85

  Yanikdag, Yücel ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33646692992     PISSN: 00220094     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/002200949903400104     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Richard Speed, Prisoners, Diplomats, and the Great War: A Study in the Diplomacy of Captivity (New York 1990)
2. Ivo Banac, 'South Slav Prisoners of War in Revolutionary Russia' in Samuel R. Williamson and Peter Pastor (eds), Essays on World War I: Origins and Prisoners of War (New York 1983), 119-48
3. Josef Kalvoda, 'Czech and Slovak Prisoners of War in Russia during the War and Revolution' in ibid., 215-48
4. Arnold Krammer, 'Soviet Propaganda among German and Austro-Hungarian Prisoners of War in Russia, 1917-1921' in ibid., 249-64
5. Gerald H. Davis, 'The Life of Prisoners of War in Russia, 1914-1921' in ibid., 163-98
6. idem, 'Sport in Siberia, 1917', Journal of Sport History, 8 (1981), 111-14
7. idem, 'Prisoner of War Camps as Social Communities in Russia: Krasnoyarsk, 1914-1921', East European Quarterly, 21 (1987), 147-63
8. Ivan Volgyes, 'Hungarian Prisoners of War in Russia, 1915-1919', Cahiers du Monde Russe et Sovietique, 14 (1973), 54-85
9. Mesut Çapa, 'Yusuf Akçura'nm Rusya Seyahati ve TüIrk Esirleri', Türk Külturü, 31 (1993), 608-22
10. Oǧuz Karakartal, T. Dünya Savaş1 Sonunda Sibirya'daki Esir Türk Askerleri ve Türk Dünyasi Gazetesi', Türk Edebiyati, 24 (1996), 38-40
11. Mustafa Ari kan, 'Birinci Cihan Harbi Türk Esir Mektuplarmda Duygu ve Düsünceler', Osmanli Araştirmalari Dergisi, 11 (1991), 35-48
12. Mehmet Arif Ölçen, Vetluga Memoir: A Turkish Prisoner of War in Russia, 1916-1918, trans. Gary Leiser (Gainesville 1995). I would like to thank Gary Leiser for providing me with the page proofs of his translation and the Turkish version of this book, Vetluga Irmaǧi: Çarlik Rusyasinda Bir Türk Savaş Tutsaǧimm Anilari ed. Ali Nejat Öçen (Ankara 1994). All citations refer to the Turkish version unless otherwise stated
13. Harun Tolasa (ed.), Kendi Kalemiyle Temeşvarli Osman Aǧa (Konya 1986); Cernal Kafadar, 'Self and Others: The Diary of a Dervish in Seventeenth-Century Istanbul and first-person narratives in Ottoman Literature', Studia Islamica, 69 (1989), 131-2
14. Ahmet Göze, Rusya'da Üç Esaret Yili: Bir Türk Subayinm Hatiralari (Istanbul 1989), 3, 35-7
15. Raci Çakiröz, Çarlik ve Bolşevik Rusya'da 10 Yil: Bnb. Raci Çakiröz 'ün Hatiralari (Istanbul 1990), 16
16. Mehmed Âsaf, Volga Kiyilarinda ve Muhtira: Esâret Hatira ve Mǎceralari, ed. Murat Cebecioǧlu (Izmir 1994), 22-3
17. Hüsamettin Tugaç, Bir Neslin Drami: Kafkas Cepbelerinden, Çarlik Rusyasinda Tutsaklktan Amlar (Istanbul 1975), 105, 107 and 111
18. Ölçen, op. cit., 43-51
19. Elsa Brandstrom, Among Prisoners of War in Russia and Siberia, trans. by C. Mabel Rickmers (London 1926), 63
20. Halil Ataman, Esaret Yillari: Bir Yedek Subaym I. Dünya Savaşi Şark Cephesi Hatiralari (Istanbul 1990), 133. Apparently not all cars had stoves. Ataman comments that it was only after he and his car-mates nearly froze to death that the Russians decided to give them a stove
21. Brandstrom, op. cit., 62
22. Ataman, op. cit., 133; Report on the Condition of Military and Civil Prisoners of War in Siberia, 14 June 1915, 763.72114/622, RG-120, Records of the Department of State Relating to World War I and its Termination, Microfilm Publication M367, Washington DC, National Archives, 1972. Hereafter only the document numbers will be given for documents from this collection. 763.72114/622
23. Edwin E. Dwinger, The Army Behind Barbed Wire: A Siberian Diary, trans. Ian ED. Morrow (London 1930), 252
24. Nargin is a big rock in the Caspian Sea, approximately seven miles from Baku. It was crowded with snakes which sometimes became the only available food for the starving prisoners, as during stormy weather the Russians could not bring food and water. Brandstrom, op. cit., 143-4
25. Çakiröz, op. cit., 19
26. Göze, op. cit., 68, 73
27. Ölĉen, op. cit., 67; 763.72114/547; 763.72114/1902
28. Hereward T. Price, Bocbe and Bolshevik: Experiences of an Englishman in the German Army and in Russian Prisons (London 1919), 125; and Tugaç, op. cit., 89. 763.72214/2548
29. Dwinger, op. cit., 247-8
30. Tahsin Iybar, Sihirya' dan Serendib'e (Ankara 1950), 35
31. Âsaf, op. cit., 25
32. Brandstrom, op. cit., 76
33. Davis, 'The Life of Prisoners of War in Russia', op. cit., 177
34. Tugaç, op. cit., 52
35. Âsaf, op. cit., 24
36. Dwinger, op. cit., 245-6, 274-5
37. Göze, op. cit., 77-8
38. Ataman, op. cit., 110, 119
39. ÖIçen, op. cit., 108, 167. Ölçen accuses Arabs of religious hypocrisy, and sometimes of treason. Though it presents a partial view, Price's Boche and Bolshevik, op. cit., 173-5, provides examples of Turco-Greek ethnic relations in the Ottoman army
40. Ölçen, op. cit., 117; idem, Vetluga Memoir, op. cit., 108
41. Erik J. Zürcher, Turkey: A Modern History (London 1993), 84, 103
42. Hans Wetland and Leopold Kern, In Feindeshand: Die Gefangenschaft im Weltkriege in Einzeldarstellungen (Wien 1931), I, 233; Âsaf, op. cit., 115
43. Davis, 'Prisoner of War Camps', op. cit., 150
44. Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (London 1961), 463. Almost all the officers whose memoirs were used in this article had a peasant or provincial background
45. Illiteracy was a major problem among the enlisted men. One former POW, who later became an imam (Islamic prayer leader) of a village in Anatolia, stated that he was the only one among the enlisted men in his camp who could read and write. Clearly, this made a significant impression on this individual, as he often made references to the importance of literacy in his sermons. M. Rauf Inan, Bir Omrün Öyküsü 2: Köy Enstitüleri ve Sonrasi (Ankara 1988), 135-6. 763.72114/2367
46. Fahrettin Erdoǧan, Türk Ellerinde Hatiralarim (Istanbul 1954), 95
47. Tugaç, op. cit., 29
48. Ataman, op. cit., 122, 140
49. Dwinger, op. cit., 213
50. Ölçen, op. cit., 88, 90
51. Âsaf, op. cit., 39
52. Başkâtipzâde Ragrp Bey, Tarib-i Hayatim (Ankara 1996), 94
53. Ölçen, op. cit., 84-5, 87-8, 157
54. Ataman, op. cit., 143; Iybar, op. cic., 37
55. Çakiröz, op. cit., 24
56. Tugaç, op. cit., 124
57. Göze, op. cit., 75. Another paper, Niyet (ironically meaning 'no' in Russian and 'purpose' in Turkish), was published (edited) by Mehmed Âsaf and travelled to various camps in European Russia with its publisher. Åsaf, op. cit., 91-2
58. Âsaf, op. cit., 44-5
59. Iybar, op. cit., 37
60. Tugaç, op. cit., 57-8
61. see also Gerald H. Davis, 'Sport in Siberia, 1917', op. cit., 111-14
62. Ataman, op. cit., 140
63. Tugaç, op. cit., 51-4
64. Âsaf, op. cit., 17
65. Akçura, op. cit., 53
66. Göze, op. cit., 76-7
67. Ataman, op. cit., 127, 177-8
68. Çakiröz, op. cit., 18
69. Âsaf, op. cit., 127, 132
70. Ölçen, op. cit., 135
71. and Hans Weiland, In Femdeshand, op. cit., 1, 233
72. Adolf L. Vischer, Barbed Wire Disease: A Psychological Study of the Prisoners of War (London 1919), 3, 53. Brandstrom also observed similar conditions, op. cit., 117-23
73. Ataman, op. cit., 141, 152, 165; and Göze, op. cit., 73
74. Nancy Speed et al., 'Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as a Consequence of the POW Experience', The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177 (1989), 152
75. Thomas W. Miller et. al., 'Traumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnostic and Clinical Issues in former Prisoners of War', Comprehensive Psychiatry, 30 (1989), 147
76. Robert J. Ursano and James R. Rundell, 'The Prisoner of War', Military Medicine, 155 (1990), 176-9
77. Serif Mardin, Religion and Social Change in Modern Turkey (Albany 1989), 89, 91
78. Ataman, op. cit., 180-1
79. Âsaf, op. cit., 50ff
80. Ölçen, op. cit., 98, 154ff, 166-7
81. Çakiröz, op. cit., 57
82. Davis, 'The Life', op. cit., 164
83. Tugaç, op. cit., 23-4, 52, 129-30
84. Ataman, op. cit., 113, 159
85. Göze, op. cit., 71
86. Akçura, op. cit., 28-30
87. Erdoǧan, op. cit., 94, 129
88. Erdoǧan, op. cit., 120, 134-5
89. Paul Nazaroff, Hunted Through Central Asia (New York 1993), 166-7
90. Ataman, op. cit., 138, 145; 763.72114/3599
91. Dwinger, op. cit., 227, 250
92. Ölçen, op. cit., 130ff, 142, 160ff
93. and Iybar, op. cit., 38-9
94. Krammer, op. cit., 243-7; 763.72114/3599
95. Volgyes, op. cit., 57
96. Mustafa Supbi ve Yoldaşlari: 28-29 Ocak 1921'i Unutma, 3rd edn (Istanbul 1977), 98, 109-10, reprint of 28-29 Kanun-i Sani 1931
97. Edward H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1923 (New York 1953), 298-9
98. Ali Fuat Cebesoy, Moskova Hatiralari (Istanbul 1955), 38
99. Mete Tuncay, Türkiye'de Sol Akimlar: 1908-1925 (Istanbul 1991), I, 98-102
100. idem, 'TKP'nin 1920 Güzünde Rusya'da Yaşayan Türk Esirleriyle Türkiye Teb'asina Seslenişi', Tarih ve Toplum, 10 (1988), 211-12
101. Baymirza Hayit, Türkistan Devletlerinin Millî Mücadeleleri Tarihi (Ankara 1995), 241
102. Ilhan Akdere and Zeynep Karadeniz, Türkiye Solu'nun Eleştiresel Tarihi, 1908-1980 (Istanbul 1994), 109-11. 763.72114/2275
103. A.J. Barker, Prisoners of War (New York 1975), 195
104. and Brandstrom, op. cit., 226, 30. 763.72114/1241; 763.72114/1067
105. Ölçen, op. cit., 136, 236-7, 160-1
106. Âsaf, op. cit., 95. When Akçmra returned to Istanbul he presented a report of his activities in Russia
107. Akçura, op. cit., 12, 24, 26ff
108. Çakiröz, op. cit., 60
109. Kazim Karabekir, Istiklâl Harbimiz (Istanbul 1988), 918
110. Göze, op. cit., 102-6
111. Ölçen, op. cit., 243; Abdulhalim Akkihç, Askerin Romani: E. Sv. Alb. Abdulhalim Akkihç'in Savaş ve Banş Amlari, ed. Yilmaz Akkihç (Gemlik 1994), 96-7
112. Erik Jan Zürcher, The Unionist Factor (Leiden 1984), 77
113. Yusuf Has Hâcib, Kutadgu Bilig, trans. Reşid Rahmeti Arat (Ankara 1988), XXX, 2402; Türkiye Diyanet Vakfi, İslam Ansiklopedisi (Istanbul 1995), s.v. 'Esir', by Ahmet Özel
114. Price, op. cit., 143
115. Âsaf, op. cit., 85
116. Ataman, op. cit., 104; 763.72114/2367. Ottoman treatment of Allied POWs was no better; most likely it was worse
117. AJ. Barker, Neglected War (London 1967), 286-303
118. Arikan, op. cit., 35
119. Nikolai N. Golovine, The Russian Army in the World War (New Haven, CT 1931), 74
120. Hans Weiland, In Feindesband, op. cit., no page number (pull-out)