The ethic of care development: A longitudinal study of moral reasoning among practical-nursing, social-work and law-enforcement students

Scandinavian Journal of Psychology

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 193-202

  Juujärvi, Soile ^a  

^a LAUREA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Finland)

Author keywords

Care reasoning; Justice reasoning; Moral development

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; EDUCATION; EMPATHY; FEMALE; FINLAND; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MORALITY; NURSING; POLICE; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIAL WORK; VOCATIONAL EDUCATION;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; EDUCATION, PROFESSIONAL; EMPATHY; FEMALE; FINLAND; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MORAL DEVELOPMENT; NURSING, PRACTICAL; POLICE; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIAL WORK;

EID: 33646682860     PISSN: 00365564     EISSN: 14679450     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2006.00507.x     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Administration of Education (1999). Sosiaali-ja terveysalan perustutkinto [Basic degree of social and health care]. Helsinki, Finland.
2. Armon, C. & Dawson, T. L. (1997). Developmental trajectories in moral reasoning across the life span. Journal of Moral Education, 26, 433-453.
3. Blum, L. A. (1991). Moral perception and particularity. Ethics, 101, 701-725.
4. Borgman, M. (1998). Miten sosiaalialan työntekijöiden ammatilliset tulkinnat rakentuvat? [In what ways are the social care workers' professional interpretations constructed?] STAKES, Research Report 95. Helsinki.
5. Borgman, M., Dal Maso, R., Hakonen, S., Honkasalo, A. & Lyhty, T. (2001). Sosionomin (AMK) ydinosaaminen [Core skills of the bachelor-degree social-worker (Polytechnic)]. Helsinki, Finland: National Social Field Network.
6. Carse, A. L. (1998). Impartial principle and moral context: securing a place for the particular in ethical theory. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 23, 153-169.
7. Chodorow, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
8. Colby, A. & Damon, W. (1983). Listening to a different voice. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 473-481.
9. Colby, A., Kohlberg, L. & Abraham, A., Gibbs, J. Higgins, A., Kauffman, K. Lieberman, M., Nisan, M., Reimer, J., Schrader, D., Snarey, J. & Tappan, M. (1987a). The measurement of moral judgment. Vol. I, Theoretical foundations and research validation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
10. Colby, A., Kohlberg, L., Speicher, B., Hewer, A., Candee, D. Gibbs, J. & Power, C. (1987b). The measurement of moral judgment. Vol. II, Standard issue scoring manual. New York: Cambridge University Press.
11. Ellonen, E., Kekomäki, K., Raivola, P., Taiha, H. & Välitalo, T. (2000). Etiikka ja poliisin työ [Ethics and police officer's work]. Helsinki, Finland: Edita.
12. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
13. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
14. Gilligan, C. (1990). Teaching Shakespeare's sister. Notes from the underground of female adolescence. In C. Gilligan, N. P. Lyons & T. J. Hammer (Eds.) Making connections: The relational worlds of adolescent girls at Emma Willard School (pp. 6-29). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
15. Gilligan, C., Rogers, A. L. & Brown, L. M. (1990). Soundings into development. In C. Gilligan, N. P. Lyons & T. J. Hammer (Eds.), Making connections: The relational worlds of adolescent girls at Emma Willard School (pp. 314-334). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
16. Helkama, K., Pirttilä-Backman, A.-M., Myyry, L., Lehtinen, S., Pohjanheimo, E., Koponen, A., Rantanen-Väntsi, L. & Tontti, J. (2001). Moral reasoning in adulthood: A longitudinal and cohort study. Unpublished manuscript. University of Helsinki, Helsinki.
17. Higgins, A., Power, C. & Kohlberg, L. (1984). The relationship of moral atmosphere to judgments of responsiblity. In W. Kurtines & J. Gewirz (Eds.), Morality, moral development, and moral behavior (pp. 74-106). New York: Wiley.
18. Honkonen, R. & Raivola, R. (1991). Siviilista poliisiksi. Poliisiksi sosiaalistuinisen tarkastelua [Police socialization]. (Research reports A 48). Tampere, Finland: University of Tampere, Department of Education.
19. Iwasa, N. (1992). Postconventional reasoning and moral education in Japan. Journal of Moral Education, 21, 3-16.
20. Jaffee, S. & Hyde, J. S. (2000). Gender differences in moral orientations: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 703-726.
21. Kiehelä, H. (1997). Rikolliskäsitykset ja ammattiorientaatio [Self control or the system? Attitudes towards crime and crime control among professionals]. Helsinki, Finland: Ministry of Internal Affairs.
22. King, P. M. & Mayhew, M. J. (2002). Moral judgment development in higher education: insights from the Defining Issues Test. Journal for Moral Education, 31, 247-270.
23. Kohlberg, L., Boyd, D. R. & Levine, C. (1990). The return of Stage 6: The principle and moral point of view. In T. E. Wren (Ed.), The moral domain. Essays in the ongoing discussion between philosophy and social sciences (pp. 151-181). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
24. Kohlberg, L. & Higgins, A. (1984). Continuities and discontinuities in childhood and adult development revisited - again. In L. Kohlberg, Essays on moral development. Vol. 2, The psychology of moral development. The nature and validity of moral stages (pp. 426-497). San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row.
25. Kohlberg, L., Levine, C. & Hewer, A. (1983). Moral stages: A current reformulation and response to critics. Basel: Krager.
26. Krebs, D. L., Denton, K. L., Vermeulen, S. C., Carpendale, J. I. & Bush, A. (1991). Structural flexibility of moral judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 1012-1033.
27. Loevinger, J. (1976). Ego development: conceptions and theories. San Fransisco, CA: Jossey-Brass.
28. Lyons, N. P. (1983). Two perspectives: on self, relationship and morality. Harvard Educational Review, 53, 125-145.
29. Meyers, C. S. (2001). Care-based reasoning of early adolescents: Its relationship with sex differences, feminine gender role identity, and teacher-perceived cooperation. Paper presented at the Association for Moral Education Conference, October, 26th, Vancouver, Canada.
30. Nucci, L. & Pascarella, E. T. (1987). The influence of college on moral development. In J. C. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research, Vol. III (pp. 271-326). New York: Agathon Press.
31. Puka, B. (1990). The majesty and mystery of Kohlberg's Stage 6. In T. E. Wren (Ed.), The moral domain: Essays in the ongoing discussion between philosophy and social sciences (pp. 182-221). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
32. Rest, J. R. (1986). Moral development: Advances in research and theory. New York: Praeger Press.
33. Sichel, B. A. (1985). Women's moral development in search of philosophical assumptions. Journal of Moral Education, 14, 149-161.
34. Skoe, E. E. (1993). The ethic of care interview manual. Unpublished manuscript available from the author upon request. University of Oslo, Oslo.
35. Skoe, E. E. (1995). Sex role orientation and its relationship to the development of identity and moral thought. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 36, 235-245.
36. Skoe, E. E. (1998). Ethic of care: Issues in moral development. In E. E. Skoe & A. L. von der Lippe (Eds.), Personality development in adolescence: A cross-national and life-span perspective. London: Routledge.
37. Skoe, E. E. & Diessner, R. (1994). Ethic of care, justice, identity and gender. An extension and replication. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 109-117.
38. Skoe, E. E. & Gooden, A. (1993). Ethic of care and real-life dilemma content in early adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 13, 289-304.
39. Skoe, E. E., Hansen, K. L., Morch, W. T., Bakke, I., Hoffman, T., Larsen, B. & Aasheim, M. (1999). Care-based moral reasoning among Norwegian and Canadian early adolescents: a cross-national comparison. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 280-291.
40. Skoe, E. E. & Lippe, A. L., von der (2002). Ego development and the ethics of care and justice: The relations among them revisited. Journal of Personality, 70, 485-508.
41. Skoe, E. E. & Marcia, J. E. (1991). A care-based measure of morality and its relation to ego identity. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 37, 289-304.
42. Skoe, E. E., Pedersen, A. G. & Hansen, K. L. (1997). Thought and action. The relation between care-based reasoning and prosocial activities in men and women. Manuscript in preparation. University of Tromso, Tromso.
43. Skoe, E. E., Pratt, M. W., Matthews, M. & Curror, S. (1996). The ethic of care: Stability over time, gender differences and correlates in mid- to late adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 11, 280-292.
44. Snarey, J. (1998). Ego development and the ethical voices of justice and care: An Eriksonian interpretation. In P. M. Westenberg, A. Blasi & L. Cohn (Eds.), Personality development: Theoretical, empirical and clinical investigations (pp. 163-180). London: Erlbaum.
45. Söchting, I., Skoe, E. E. & Marcia, J. E. (1994). Care-oriented moral reasoning and prosocial behavior. Question of gender or sex role orientation. Sex Roles, 31, 131-147.
46. Tronto, J. C. (1993). Moral boundaries. A political argument for an ethic of care. New York: Routledge.
47. Walker, L. J. (1989). A longitudinal study of moral reasoning. Child Development, 60, 157-166.
48. Wark, G. R. & Krebs, D. L. (1996). Gender and dilemma differences in real-life moral judgment. Developmental Psychology, 32, 220-230.
49. Wark, G. R. & Krebs, D. L. (1997). Sources of variation in moral judgment: Toward a model of real-life morality. Journal of Adult Development, 4, 163-178.