Ultrasound of superficial lymph nodes

European Journal of Radiology

Volumn 58, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 345-359

  Esen, Gul ^a  

^a ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Axilla, US; Lymph node, imaging; Lymphatic system, US; Neck, US; Power Doppler US

Indexed keywords

COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSIS; DOPPLER EFFECT; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MEDICAL IMAGING; TRANSDUCERS;

AXILLA, US; LYMPH NODE, IMAGING; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM, US; NECK, US; POWER DOPPLER US;

ULTRASONIC IMAGING;

ARTICLE; AXILLA; BIOPSY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DOPPLER FLOWMETRY; HUMAN; IMAGING; INGUINAL REGION; LYMPH NODE; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM EXAMINATION; MAMMARY GLAND; NECK; NECROSIS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TECHNIQUE; ULTRASOUND; VASCULARIZATION;

CONTRAST MEDIA; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; MEDICAL ILLUSTRATION; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, DOPPLER, COLOR;

EID: 33646539529     PISSN: 0720048X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.12.039     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Ahuja A., and Ying M. Sonography of neck lymph nodes. Part II: abnormal lymph nodes. Clin Radiol 58 5 (2003) 359-366
2. Bruneton J.N., Rubatelli L., and Solbiati L. Lymph nodes. In: Solbiati L., and Rizzatto G. (Eds). Ultrasound of Superficial Structures. 1st ed. (1995), Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 279-301
3. Oral cavity, oropharynx, and oral floor. In: Vogl T.J., Balzer J., Mack M., and Steger W. (Eds). Differential diagnosis in head and neck imaging (1999), Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York 287-310
4. Som P.M. Lymph nodes. In: Som P.M., and Curtin H.D. (Eds). Head and Neck Imaging (1996), Mosby, St Louis 772-793
5. Hajek P.C., Solomonowitz E., Turk R., Tscholakoff D., Kumpan W., and Czembirek H. Lymph nodes of the neck: evaluation with US. Radiology 158 (1986) 739-742
6. Ying M., and Ahuja A. Sonography of neck lymph nodes. Part I: normal lymph nodes. Clin Radiol 58 5 (2003) 351-358
7. Evaluation of regional lymph nodes in breast cancer patients. In: Stavros A.T. (Ed). Breast Ultrasound (2004), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 834-876
8. Esen G., Gurses B., Yilmaz M.H., et al. Gray scale and power Doppler US in the preoperative evaluation of axillary metastases in breast cancer patients with no palpable lymph nodes. Eur Radiol 15 6 (2005) 1215-1223
9. Feu J., Tressera F., Fabregas R., et al. Metastatic breast carcinoma in axillary lymph nodes: in vitro US detection. Radiology 205 (1997) 831-835
10. Kubota K., Ogawa Y., Nishigawa T., and Yoshida S. Tissue harmonic imaging sonography of the axillary lymph nodes: evaluation of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Oncol Rep 10 6 (2003) 1911-1914
11. Bruneton J.N., Balu-Maestro C., Marcy P.Y., Melia P., and Mourou M.Y. Very high frequency (13 MHz) ultrasonographic examination of the normal neck: detection of normal lymph nodes and throid nodules. J Ultrasound Med 13 (1994) 87-90
12. Ying M., Ahuja A., Brook F., and Metrewei C. Power Doppler sonography of normal cervical lymph nodes. J Ultrasound Med 19 (2000) 511-517
13. Deurloo E.E., Tanis P.J., Gilhuijs K.G.A., et al. Reduction in the number of sentinel lymph node procedures by preoperative ultrasonography of the axilla in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 39 8 (2003) 1068-1073
14. Vassallo P., Wernecke K., Roos N., and Peters P.E. Differentiation of benign from malignant superficial lymphadenopathy: the role of high resolution US. Radiology 183 (1992) 215-220
15. Yang W.T., Ahuja A., Tang A., Suen M., King W., and Metreweli C. Ultrasonographic demonstration of normal axillary lymph nodes: a learning curve. J Ultrasound Med 14 (1995) 823-827
16. Kubota K., Hisa N., Ogawa Y., and Yoshida S. Evaluation of tissue harmonic imaging for breast tumors and axillary lymph nodes. Oncol Rep 9 6 (2002) 1335-1338
17. Ying M., Ahuja A., and Brook F. Gray scale and power Doppler sonography of normal cervical lymph nodes: a comparison between Chinese and white subjects. J Ultrasound Med 21 (2002) 59-65
18. Ying M., Ahuja A., and Brook F. Sonographic appearances of cervical lymph nodes: variations by age and sex. J Clin Ultrasound 30 (2002) 1-11
19. Ying M., Ahuja A., Brook F., and Metreweli C. Power Doppler sonography of normal cervical lymph nodes. J Ultrarsound Med 19 (2000) 511-517
20. Tsunodo-Schimizu H., and Saida Y. Ultrasonographic visibility of supraclavicular lymph nodes in normal usbjects. J Ultrasound Med 16 7 (1997) 481-483
21. Tshammler A., Ott G., Schang T., Seelbach-Goebel B., Schwager K., and Hahn D. Lymphadenopathy: differentiation of benign from malignant disease-color Doppler US assessment of intranodal angioarchitecture. Radiology 208 (1998) 117-123
22. Leung A.K.C., and Robson W.L.M. Childhood cervical lymphadenopathy. J Pediatr Health Care 18 (2004) 3-7
23. Ahuja A., and Ying M. Gray-scale sonography in assessment of servical lymphadenopathy: revew of sonographic appearances and features that may help a beginner. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 38 (2000) 451-459
24. Van den Breckel M.W.M., Castelijns J.A., Stel H.V., et al. Occult metastatic neck disease: detection with US and US-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology. Radiology 180 (1991) 457-461
25. Van den Breckel M.W.M., Castelijns J.A., Stel H.V., Golding R.P., Meyer C.J., and Snow G.B. Modern imaging techniques and ultrasound-guided aspiration cytology for the assessment of neck node metastases: a prospective comparative study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 250 (1993) 11-17
26. Yang W.T., Chang J., and Metreweli C. Patients with breast cancer: differences in color flow and gray-scale US features of benign and malignant axillary lymph nodes. Radiology 215 (2000) 568-573
27. Tschammler A., Wirkner H., Ott G., and Hahn D. Vascular patterns in reactive and malignant lymphadenopathy. Eur Radiol 6 (1996) 473-480
28. Brountzos E.N., Panagiotou I.E., Bafaloukos D.I., and Kelekis D.A. Ultrasonographicdetection of regional lymph node metastases in patients with intermediate or thick malignant melanoma. Oncol Rep 10 2 (2003) 505-510
29. Rubaltelli L., Proto E., Salmaso R., Bortoletto P., Candiani F., and Cagol P. Sonography of abnormal lymph nodes in vitro: correlation of sonographic and histologic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 155 (1990) 1241-1244
30. Maurer J., Willam C., Steinkamp H.J., Knollmann F.D., and Felix R. Keratinization and necrosis: morphologic aspects of lymphatic metastases in ultrasound. Invest Radiol 31 9 (1996) 545-549
31. Ahuja A.T., Ying M., Yuen H.Y., and Metreweli C. Pseuducystic appearance of non-Hodgkin's lymphomatous nodes: an infrequent finding with high-resolution transducers. Clin Radiol 56 (2001) 111-115
32. Newman L.A., Kuerer H.M., Fornage B., et al. Adverse prognostic significance of infraclavicular lymph nodes detected by ultrasonography in patients with locally advensed breast cancer. Am J Surg 181 4 (2001) 313-318
33. Puri S.K., Fan C.Y., and Hanna e. Significance of extracapsular lymph node metastases in patients with head and neck squamous carcinoma. Curr Opin Otollaryngol Head Neck Surg 11 2 (2003) 119-122
34. Ying M., Ahuja A., and Brook F. Accuracy of sonographic vascular features in differentiating different causes of cervical lymphadenopathy. Ultrasound Med Biol 30 4 (2004) 441-447
35. Steinkamp H.J., Teichgraber U.K., Mueffelmann M., Hosten N., Kenzel P., and Felix R. Differential diagnosis of lymph node lesions: a semiquantitative approach with power Doppler sonography. Invest Radiol 34 8 (1999) 509-515
36. Giovagnorio F., Galluzzo M., Andreoli C., De Cicco M.L., and David V. Color Doppler sonography in the evaluation of superficial lymphomatous lymph nodes. J Ultrasound Med 21 (2002) 403-408
37. Ahuja A., and Ying M. Sonographic evaluation of cervical lymphadenopathy: is power Doppler sonography routinely indicated?. Ultrasound Med Biol 29 3 (2003) 353-359
38. Ahuja A., Ying M., Yuen Y.H., and Metreweli C. Power Doppler sonography to differentiate tuberculous lymphadenopathy from nasopharyngeal carcinoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22 (2001) 735-740
39. Choi M.Y., Lee J.W., and Jang K.J. Distinction between benign and malignant causes of cervical, axillary, and inguinal lymphadenopathy: value of Doppler spectral waveform analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 165 4 (1995) 981-984
40. Brnic Z., and Hebrang A. Usefulness of Doppler waveform analysis in differential dignosis of cervical lymphadenopathy. Eur Radiol 13 1 (2003) 175-180
41. Adibelli Z.H., Unal G., Gul E., Uslu F., Kocak U., and Abali Y. Differentiation of benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes: value of B-mode and color Doppler sonography. Eur J Radiol 28 3 (1998) 230-234
42. Ahuja A., and Ying M. Sonographic evaluation of cervical lymphadenopathy: is power Doppler sonography routinely indicated?. Ultrasound Med Biol 29 3 (2003) 353-359
43. Rubaltelli L., Khadivi Y., Tregnaghi A., et al. Evaluation of lymph node perfusion using continuous mode harmonic ultrasonography with a second-generation contrast agent. J Ultrasound Med 23 (2004) 829-836
44. Yang W.T.T., Metreweli C., Lam P.K.W., and Chang L. Benign and malignant breast masses and axillary nodes: evaluation with echo-enhanced color power Doppler US. Radiology 220 (2001) 795-802
45. Rickert D., Jecker P., Metzler V., Lehmann T., Ernst E., and Westhofen M. Color-coded duplex sonography of the cervical lymph nodes: improved differential diagnostic assessment after administration of the signal enhancer SH U 508A (Levovist). Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 257 8 (2000) 453-548
46. Moritz J.D., Lufwig A., and Oestmann J.W. Contrast-enhanced color Doppler sonography for evaluation of enlarged cervical lymph nodes in head and neck tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174 5 (2000) 1279-1284
47. Schulte-Altedorneburg G., Demharter J., Linne R., Droste D.W., Bohndorf K., and Bucklein W. Does ultrasound contrast agent improve the diagnostic value of colour and power Doppler sonography in superficial lymph node enlargement?. Eur J Radiol 48 3 (2003) 252-257
48. Knappe M., Louw M., and Gregor R.T. Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration for the assessment of cervical metastases. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 126 (2000) 1091-1096
49. Atula T.S., Varpula M.J., Kurki T.J., Klemi P.J., and Grenman R. Assessment of cervical lymph node status in head and neck cancer patients: palpation, computed tomography and low field magnetic resonance imaging compared with ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology. Eur J Radiol 25 (1997) 152-161
50. Van den Breckel M.W., Reitsma L.C., Quak J.J., et al. Sonographically guided aspiration cytology of neck nodes for selection of treatment and follow-up in patients with N0 head and neck cancer. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20 (1999) 1727-1731
51. Krishnamurthy S., Sneige N., Bedi D.G., et al. Role of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of indeterminate and suspicious axillary lymph nodes in the initial staging of breast carcinoma. Cancer 95 5 (2002) 982-988
52. Sapino A., Cassoni P., Zanon E., et al. Ultrasonographically-guided fine-needle aspiration of axillary lymph nodes: role in breast cancer management. Br J Cancer 88 5 (2003) 702-706
53. Schafernak K.T., Kluskens L.F., Ariga R., Reddy V.B., and Gattuso P. Fine-needle aspiration of superficial and deeply seated lymph nodes on patients with and without a history of malignancy: review of 439 cases. Diagn Cytopathol 29 6 (2003) 315-319
54. Abdsalch S., Azavedo E., and Lindgren P.G. Ultrasound-guided large needle core biopsy of the axilla. Acta Radiol 45 2 (2004) 193-196
55. Damera A.A., Evans A.J., Cornford E.J., et al. Diagnosis of axillary nodal metastases by ultrasound-guided core biopsy in primary operable breast cancer. Br J Cancer 89 7 (2003) 1310-1313
56. Van Overhagen H., Brakel K., Heijenbrok M.W., et al. Metastases in supraclavicular lymph nodes in lung cancer: assessment with palpation US and CT. Radiology 232 1 (2004) 75-80
57. Blum A., Schlagenhauff B., Stroebel W., Breuninger H., Rassner G., and Garbe C. Ultrasound examination of regional lymph nodes significantly improves early detection of locoregional metastases during the follow-up of patients with cutaneous melanoma: results of a prospective study of 1288 patients. Cancer 88 11 (2000) 2534-2539
58. Klauber-Demore N., Kuzmiak C., Rager E.L., et al. High-resolution axillary ultrasound is a poor prognostic test for determining pathologic lymph node status in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer. Am J Surg 188 4 (2004) 386-389
59. Gobbi P.G., Broglia C., Maffe G.C., Ruga A., Molinari E., and Ascari E. Lymphomatous superficial lymph nodes: limitations of physical examination for accurate staging and response assessment. Haematologica 87 11 (2002) 1151-1156
60. Krag D., Weaver T., and Ahigaka T. The sentinel node in breast cancer: a multicenter valadation study. N Engl J Med 339 (1998) 941-946
61. Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Galimberti V. Sentinel-node biopsy to avoid axillary dissection in breast cancer with clinically negative lymph nodes. Lancet, 349:1864-67.
62. Giuliano A.E., Haigh P.I., and Brennan M.B. Prospective obsrvational study of sentinel lymphadenectomy without further axillary dissection in patients with sentinel node negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 18 (2000) 2553-2559
63. Yang W.T., Ahuja A.T., Tang A., Suen M., King W., and Metreweli C. High frequency ultrasound detection of axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer. J Ultrasound Med 15 (1996) 241-246
64. Freitas R., Costa M.v., schneider S.V., Nicolau M.A., and MArussi E. Accuracy of ultrasound and clinical examination in the diagnosis of axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 17 (1991) 240-244
65. MacMillan R.D., RAmpaul R.S., Lewis S., and Evans A.J. Prospective ultrasound-guided node biopsy and sentinel node augmented node sample is best practice. Eur J Cancer 40 2 (2004) 176-178
66. Kahle B., Hoffend J., Wacker J., and Hartschuh W. Preoperative ultrasonographic identification of the sentinel lymph node in patients with malignant melanoma. Cancer 97 8 (2003) 1821-1823
67. Wisner E.R., Ferrara K.W., Short R.E., Ottoboni T.B., Gabe J.D., and Patel D. Sentinel node detection using contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasound lymphography. Invest Radiol 38 6 (2003) 358-365