Crowds and leisure: Thinking comparatively across the 20th century

Journal of Social History

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2006, Pages

  Cross, Gary ^a,b  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Department of History ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33646526055     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh.2006.0003     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Note Susan Strasser, Charles McGovern, Matthias Judt, eds., Getting and Spending: European and American Consumer Societies in the Twentieth Century (Washington, 1998);
2. Susan Pedersen, Family, Dependence, and the Origins of the Welfare State: Britain and France, 1914-1945 (Cambridge, 1993).
3. David Nasaw, Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements (New York, 1993), 95.
4. J.K. Walton, "The Social Development of Blackpool 1788-1914", Ph.D. dissertation, Lancaster University, 1974, 263.
5. R.W. Malcolmson, Popular Recreations in English Society 1700-1850 (Cambridge, 1973);
6. David Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion: Popular Politics in England 1603-1660 (Oxford, 1985).
7. Martin Hewitt (ed.), Unrespectable Recreations (Leeds, 2001);
8. Mike Huggins, Flat Racing and British Society 1790-1914 (London, 1999).
9. Between 1867 and 1880, five railroads were constructed specifically to facilitate tourism. Brian Cudahy, How We Got to Coney Island: The Development of Mass Transportation in Brooklyn and Kings County (New York, 2002), chs. 5 and 6.
10. Joseph Heller, Now and Then (London, 1998), 32-3, 44;
11. H.S. Ashbee, "A Sunday at Coney Island" (London, 1882: reprinted from Temple Bar).
12. Michael Immerso, Coney Island: The People's Playground (New Brunswick, 2002), 155-6;
13. Charles Denson, Coney Island: Lost and Found (Berkeley, 2002), ch. 2;
14. Walton, "Social Development," ch.5.
15. Walton, "Social Development," 240-58;
16. Robert Poole, The Lancashire Wakes Hot'' days (Preston, UK, 1994).
17. Oliver Pilat and Jo Ranson, Sodom by the Sea, An Affectionate History of Coney Island (Garden City, N.Y., 1941 ), 144-46.
18. Woody Register, Kid of Coney Island: Fred Thompson and the Rise of American Amusements (New York, 2001), 92, 132-33.
19. Walton, "Social Development of Blackpool," chs. 6 and 9.
20. Frederic Thompson, "Amusement Architecture," Architectural Review 16, 7 (July 1909): 88;
21. Thompson, "The Summer Show," Independent 62 (6 July 1907), 14-61.
22. John Kasson, Amusing the Million (New York, 1978), 63;
23. Rem Koolhaas, Delirious New York: a Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan (New York, 1994), 234.
24. Kasson, Amusing the Million, 59, 60;
25. Edwin Slosson, "Amusement Business," Independent 57 (21 July 1904): 136;
26. History of Coney Island: Lists of Photographs by Main Attractions (New York, 1904), 36-37;
27. Judith Adams, The American Amusement Park Industry: A History of Technology and Thrills (Boston, 1991), 45.
28. P. Bennett, A Century of Fun (Blackpool, 1996), 18-25;
29. Walton, "Social Development of Blackpool", 328-9.
30. Walton, Blackpool Landlady: A Social History (Manchester, 1978), ch. 3;
31. Bennett, Century of Fun.
32. History of Coney Island, 22, 14 and New York World, 20 July 1902, Sp. Sect., 2.
33. Bennett, Century of Fun, 21-5, 30-5.
34. Callum Brown, The Death of Christian Britain (London, 2000);
35. Michael Wheeler, Heaven, Hell and the Victorians (Cambridge, UK, 1994);
36. John Wigley, The Rise and Fall of the Victorian Sunday (Manchester, 1980).
37. Robert Bogdan, Freak Show. Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit (Chicago, 1988), 134-42, 158-160;
38. History of Coney Island, 12, 24;
39. Pilat and Ranson, Sodom by the Sea. 176-87;
40. Edo McCullough, Good Old Coney Island (New York, 1957), 258-267;
41. Andrea Dennett, Weird and Wonderful: The Dime Museum in America (New York, 1997).
42. Gary Cross, ed. Worktowners at Blackpool (London, 1990), 110-113, 117-124.
43. John Walton and I develop this theme in our, The Playful Crowd (New York, 2005), chap. 4.
44. Jon Sterngass, First Resorts: Pursuing Pleasure at Saratoga Springs, Newport and Coney Island (Baltimore, 2001).
45. The classic is Maxim Gorky, "Boredom," Independent, 63 (8 July 1907): 310-311, 315.
46. Lindsay Denison, "The Biggest Playground in the World," Munsey's Magazine (Aug. 1905); 557.
47. Cross and Walton, Playful Crowd, ch. 3.
48. Cross and Walton, Playful Crowd, ch. 3;
49. Harvey Taylor, A Claim on the Countryside (Edinburgh, 1997), ch. 6;
50. Chris Waters, British Socialists and the Politics of Popular Culture 1884-1914 (Manchester, 1990), 37-8.
51. James Huneker, New Cosmopolis: A Book of Images (New York, 1915), 154
52. and Rollin Hartt, The People at Play: Excursions in the Honor and Philosophy of Popular Amusements (Boston, 1909), 53-54.
53. Discussion of these British genteel values are found in Peter Borsay, The Image of Georgian Bath (Oxford, 2000);
54. John K. Walton, The English Seaside Resort: A Social History 1750-1914 (Leicester, 1983);
55. Hartmut Berghoff et al. (eds.), The Making of Modern Tourism (Basingstoke, 2002).
56. Heritage tourism and museums are discussed in Jay Anderson, Time Machines: The World of Living History (Nashville, 1984), 17-30;
57. Robert Lumley, ed. The Museum Time-Machine, (London, 1988), 63-86;
58. Warren Leon and Roy Rosenzweig (eds), History Museums in the United States (Urbana, 1989).
59. John Sears, Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1989), 28, 185-88
60. and Sterngass, First Resorts, 7-74, 1. 117-45. 204-20, 227.
61. Jeffrey Stanton, "Coney Island-Second Steeplechase, 1908-1964," May 1999, http://naid.sppsr.ucla.edu/conisland/articles/steeplechase2.htm, 7.
62. J.K. Walton, "The National Trust Centenary: Official and Unofficial Histories", Local Historian 26 (1996), 80-88;
63. Peter Mandler, The Fall and Rise of the Stately Home (New Haven, 1997).
64. Denson, Coney Island, Parts 2 and 3;
65. Immerso, Coney Island: The People's Playground, 125-8;
66. and Robert Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York, 1975), 318-19.
67. Caro, Power Broker, 687;
68. Denson, Coney Island, 66-7, 72;
69. New York Times (NYT) 1 October 1932 A29, 17 June 1934, 12.
70. Bennett, Century of Fun, 58-54.
71. Stephen Weinstein, "The Nickel Empire: Coney Island and the Creation of Urban Seaside Resorts in the United States," Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 272-4;
72. Denson, Coney Island, Parts 2 and 3;
73. Jon Pareles, "Meet the New Boss", The Observer Review (London), 21 July 2002, 5.
74. Walton, Blackpool, ch. 5;
75. S. O'Connell, The Car in British Society: Class, Gender and Motoring 1896-1939 (Manchester, 1998).
76. G. Shaw and A. Williams (eds.), The Rise and Fall of British Coastal Resorts (London, 1997);
77. N. Morgan and A. Pritchard, Power and Politics at the Seaside (Exeter, 1999), chs. 6 and 7.
78. John Walton, Blackpool (Edinburgh), chs. 6 and 7
79. , Walton, British Seaside, 126-31.
80. Denson, Coney Island, Part 3.
81. Good sources include: Karal Ann Marling, ed., Designing Disney's Theme Parks, (New York);
82. Beth Dunlop, Art of Disney Architecture (New York, 1996);
83. John M. Findlay, Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture after 1940 (Berkeley, 1992), 66-67;
84. and Richard Longstreth, The Drive-In, the Supermarket, and the Transformation of Commercial Space in Los Angeles, 1914-1941 (Cambridge, MA, 1999).
85. Neil Harris, "Expository Expositions: Preparing for the Theme Parks," in Marling, Designing Disney's Theme Parks, 26.
86. While many sources have stress that adults outnumber children at Disney (by 4 or more to one), this observation obscures the fact that groups of adults "shared" smaller number of children. "Adults Outnumber Kids 4 to 1," Oakland Tribune, 21 March 1965, 2B, Disney Publicity Book, p. 59, Anaheim Public Library.
87. Gary Cross, The Cute and the Cool: Wondrous Innocence and Modem American Childhood (New York, 2004), chapter 3.
88. Raymond Weinstein, "Disneyland and Coney Island: Reflections on the Evolution of the Modem Amusement Park," Journal of Popular Culture 26 (Summer 1992): 131-142.
89. Margaret King, "Disneyland and Walt Disney World: Traditional Values in Futuristic Form," Journal of Popular Culture, 15, 1 (Summer 1981):116-140;
90. Jean Starobinki, "The Idea of Nostalgia," Diogenes, 54 (Summer 1966): 81-103;
91. and Peter Fritzsche, "Specters of History: On Nostalgia, Exile, and Modernity," American Historical Review, 106 (Dec. 2001).
92. T. J. Jackson Lears, Fables of Affluence (New York, 1994);
93. Roland Marchand, Advertising The American Dream. Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940, (Berkeley, 1988);
94. and William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993).
95. Cross, Cute and the Cool, ch. 3.
96. Cross, Cute and the Cool, ch. 3.
97. Anderson, Time Machines, 17-30.
98. Cross and Walton, Playful Crowd, ch. 6.
99. Cross and Walton, Playful Crowd Ibid.