Magnetic resonance imaging and the detection of fetal brain anomalies, injury, and physiologic adaptations

Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 164-176

  Girard, Nadine ^a   Chaumoitre, Kathia ^b   Confort Gouny, Sylvianne ^c   Viola, Angele ^c   Levrier, Olivier ^a  

^a TIMONE HOSPITAL   (France)

^b HÔPITAL NORD   (France)

^c University of Aix Marseille   (France)

Author keywords

Cerebellar cortex; Cerebral cortex; Congenital abnormalities; Fetal development; Fetus; Magnetic resonance imaging; Prenatal diagnosis

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN MALFORMATION; BRAIN MATURATION; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FETUS; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; REVIEW; SECOND TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; THIRD TRIMESTER PREGNANCY;

BRAIN; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; FEMALE; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS;

EID: 33646525437     PISSN: 1040872X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.gco.0000193002.58158.07     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Economides DL, Whitlow BJ, Kadir R, et al. First trimester sonographic detection of chromosomal abnormalities in an unselected population. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105:58-62.
2. Economides DL, Braithwaite JM. First trimester ultrasonographic diagnosis of fetal structural abnormalities in a low risk population. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105:53-57.
3. Isaksen CV, Eik-Nes SH, Blaas HG, et al. Comparison of prenatal ultrasound and postmortem findings in fetuses and infants with central nervous system anomalies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998; 11:246-253.
4. Levi S. Is antenatal screening for congenital defects feasible in average-risk populations? The Eurofetus Study. Prenat Neonat Med 1998; 3:191-193.
5. Monteagudo A, Timor-Tritsch IE. Development of fetal gyri, sulci and fissures: a transvaginal sonographic study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997; 9:222-228.
6. Girard NJ, Raybaud CA. In vivo MRI of fetal brain cellular migration. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1992; 16:265-267.
7. Girard N, Raybaud C, Poncet M. In vivo MR study of brain maturation in normal fetuses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995; 16:407-413.
8. Chong BW, Babcook CJ, Salamat MS, et al. A magnetic resonance template for normal neuronal migration in the fetus. Neurosurgery 1996; 39:110-116.
9. Brisse H, Fallet C, Sebag G, et al. Supratentorial parenchyma in the developing fetal brain : in vitro MR study with histologic comparison. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997; 18:1491-1497.
10. Kier EL, Kim JH, Fulbright RK, Bronen RA. Embryology of the human fetal hippocampus; MR imaging, anatomy, and histology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997; 18:525-532.
11. Levine D, Barnes PD. Cortical maturation in normal and abnormal fetuses as assessed with prenatal MR imaging. Radiology 1999; 210:751-758.
12. Stazzone MM, Hubbard AM, Bilaniuk LT, et al. Ultrafast MR imaging of the normal posterior fossa in fetuses. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000; 175:835-839.
13. Girard N, Raybaud C, Gambarelli D. Pediatric neuroimaging : Fetal MR imaging. In: Demaerel PH, editor. Recent advances in diagnostic neuroradiology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2001. pp. 373-398.
14. Girard N, Raybaud C, Gambarelli D, Figarella-Branger D. Fetal brain MR imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2001; 9:19-56.
15. Girard N, Gambarelli D. In: Brunelle F, Shaw D, editors. Normal fetal brain. Magnetic resonance imaging. An atlas with anatomic correlations. Rickmansworth; 2001.
16. Garel C, Chantrel E, Brisse H, et al. Fetal cerebral cortex: normal gestational landmarks identified using prenatal MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001; 22:184-189.
17. Huisman TAGM, Martin E, Kubik-Huch R, Marincek B. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging of the brain: technical considerations and normal brain development. Eur Radiol 2002; 12:1941-1951.
18. Fogliarini C, Chaumoitre K, Chapon F, et al. Assessment of cortical maturation with prenatal MRI. Parti: normal cortical maturation. Eur Radiol 2005; 15:1671-1685. An extensive and comprehensive review of normal maturation of the cortex as well as fetal brain MRI technical considerations.
19. Girard N, Huisman TAGM. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system. In: Tortori-Donati P, editor. Pediatric neuroradiology. Berlin: Springer; 2005. pp. 1219-1253. Extensive review of normal and abnormal brain development.
20. Girard N, Raybaud C, D'Ercole C, et al. In vivo MRI of the fetal brain. Neuroradiology 1993; 35:431-436.
21. Sonigo P, Elmaleh A, Fermont L, et al. Prenatal MRI diagnosis of fetal cerebral tuberous sclerosis. Pediatr Radiol 1996; 26:1-4.
22. Sonigo PC, Rypens FF, Carteret M, et al. MR imaging of fetal cerebral anomalies. Pediatr Radiol 1998; 28:212-222.
23. De Laveaucoupet J, Audibert F, Guis F, et al. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of ischemic brain injury. Prenat Diagn 2001; 21:729-736.
24. Merzoug V, Ferey S, Andre C, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the fetal brain. J Neuroradiol 2002; 29:76-90.
25. Huisman TAGM, Wisser J, Martin E, et al. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system. Eur Radiol 2002; 12:1952-1961.
26. Girard N, Gire C, Sigaudy S, et al. MR imaging of acquired fetal brain disorders. Childs Nerv Syst 2003; 19:490-500.
27. Girard N, Gambarelli D. Fetal brain abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging. An atlas with anatomic-pathologic correlations. Marseille: Label production; 2004. Extensive and comprehensive illustrations of the different brain abnormalities encountered in utero, shown at different gestational ages for each type of anomaly, in order to demonstrate the changes of MRI features in a definite pathology along with gestational age.
28. Brunel H, Girard N, Confort-Gouny S, et al. Fetal brain injury. J Neuroradiol 2004; 31:123-137. An extensive review of fetal brain techniques and a comprehensive description of the unique response of the fetal brain to injury, with changing MRI features according to gestational age in a given pathology.
29. Adamsbaum C, Moutard ML, Andre C, et al. MRI of the fetal posterior fossa. Pediatr Radiol 2005; 35:124-140. An excellent and comprehensive review of the normal development of the posterior fossa and its abnormalities, with assessment of prognosis.
30. Fogliarini C, Chaumoitre K, Chapon F, et al. Assessment of cortical maturation with prenatal MRI. Part II: abnormalities of cortical maturation. Eur Radiol 2005; 15:1781-1789. An extensive and comprehensive review of the different abnormalities of the development of the cortex encountered in utero.
31. Amin RS, Nikolaidis P, Kawashima A, et al. Normal anatomy of the fetus at MR imaging. Radiographics 1999; 19:5201-5214.
32. Woodward PJ, Sohaey R, Harris DP, et al. Post-mortem fetal MR imaging: comparison with findings at autopsy. AJR 1997; 168:41-46.
33. Griffiths PD, Variend D, Evans M, et al. Postmortem imaging of the fetal and stillborn central nervous system. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003; 24:22-27.
34. Griffiths PD, Paley MNJ, Whitby EH. Post-mortem MRI as an adjunct to fetal or neonatal autopsy. Lancet 2005; 365:1271-1273. The highlighting of fetal MRI as a useful adjunct to autopsy.
35. Baldoli C, Righini A, Parazzini C, et al. Demonstration of acute ischemic lesions in the fetal brain by diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 2002; 52:243-246.
36. Righini A, Bianchini E, Parazzini C, et al. Apparent diffusion coefficient determination in normal fetal brain : a prenatal MR imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003; 24:799-804.
37. D'Ercole C, Girard N, Boubli L, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal cerebral abnormalities by ultrasonography and resonance imaging. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1993; 50:177-184.
38. D'Ercole C, Girard N, Cravello L, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal corpus callosum agenesis by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Prenat Diagn 1998; 18:247-253.
39. Daffos F, Capella-Pavlovsky M, Forestier F. Fetal blood sampling during pregnancy with use of a needle guided by ultrasound : a study of 606 consecutive cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 153:655-660.
40. Daffos F. Acces to the fetus. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1990; 32:431-433.
41. Simon EM, Goldstein RB, Coakley FV, et al. Fast MR imaging of fetal CNS anomalies in utero. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21:1688-1698.
42. Coakley FV, Gienn OA, Qayyum A, et al. Fetal MRI : a developing technique for the developing patient. AJR 2004; 182:243-252. An excellent presentation of fetal MRI techniques.
43. Larroche JC, Amakawa H. Glia of myelination and fat deposit during early myelogenesis. Biol Neonate 1973; 22:421-435.
44. Larroche JC. Development of the central nervous system. In: Larroche JC, editor. Developmental pathology of the neonate. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North- Holland Biomedical Press; 1977. pp. 319-353.
45. Fees-Higgins A, Larroche JC. In: INSERM, editor. Development of the human fetal brain. An anatomical atlas. Paris: Masson; 1987.
46. Holms GL. Morphological and physiological maturation of the brain in the neonate and young child. J Clin Neurophysiol 1986; 3:209-238.
47. Brody BA, Kinney HC, Kloman AS, et al. Sequence of central nervous system myelination in human infancy I : An autopsy study of myelination. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1987; 46:283-301.
48. Kucharczyk W, MacDonald PM, Stanisz GH, et al. Relaxivity and magnetization transfer of white matter lipids at MR imaging : Importance of cerebrosides and pH. Radiology 1994; 192:521-529.
49. Yamashita Y, Namimoto T, Abe Y, et al. MR imaging of the fetus by a HASTE sequence. AJR 1997; 168:513-519.
50. Stehling MK, Mansfield P, Ordidge RJ, et al. Echo-planar imaging of the human fetus in utero. Magn Reson Med 1990; 13:314-318.
51. Prayer D, Prayer L. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral white matter development. Eur. J. Radiol. 2002; 45:235-243.
52. Girard N, Ozanne A, Chaumoitre K, et al. MRI and ventriculomegaly in utero. J Radiol 2003; 84:1933-1944. An extensive and comprehensive review of ventriculomegaly in utero, with emphasis on physiopathology and isolated ventriculomegaly.
53. Malinger G, Ben-Sira L, Ben-Aroya Z, et al. Fetal brain imaging : a comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and dedicated neurosonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 23:333-340. An excellent discussion on the necessity to get a dedicated neurosonography in utero before indicating fetal brain MRI.
54. Malinger G, Lerman-Sagie T, Watemberg N, et al. A normal second-trimester ultrasound does not exclude intracranial structural pathology. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 1:51-56.
55. Kok RD, van den Bergh AJ, Heerschap A, et al. Metabolic information from the human fetal brain obtained with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185:1011-1015.
56. Kok RD, van den Berg PP, van den Bergh AJ, et al. Maturation of the human fetal brain as observed by 1H MR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 2002; 48:611-616.
57. Kreis R, Hofmann L, Kuhlmann B, et al. Brain metabolite composition during early human brain development as measured by quantitative in vivo 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 2002; 48:949-958.
58. Girard N, Fogliarini C, Viola A, et al. MRS of normal and impaired fetal brain development. Eur J Rad in press. A review of the techniques of monovoxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy used in utero, of the metabolic changes occurring along with brain maturation, and discussion of future applications of spectroscopy as an adjunct to better understand normal and abnormal brain maturation.
59. Girard NJ, Raybaud CA. Ventriculomegaly and pericerebral collection in the fetus: early stage of benigh external hydrocephalus? Childs Nerv Syst 2001; 17:239-245.
60. Moutard ML, Kieffer V, Feingold J, et al. Agenesis of corpus callosum : prenatal diagnosis and prognosis. Childs Nerv Syst 2003; 19:471-476.
61. Raybaud C, Levrier O, Brunel H, et al. MR imaging of fetal brain malformations. Childs Nerv Syst 2003; 19:455-470.
62. Barkovich AJ. Pediatric neuroimaging, Third edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000.
63. Puche A, Rodriguez T, Domingo R, et al. X-linked subcortical laminar heterotopia and lissencephaly : a new family. Neuropediatrics 1998; 29:276-278.
64. Raybaud C, Girard N, Canto-Moreira N, et al. High-definition magnetic resonance imaging identification of cortical dysplasias : Micropolygyria versus lissencephaly. In: Guerrini R, Andermann F, Canapicchi R, Roger J, Zifkin BG, Pfanner P, editors. Dysplasia of cerebral cortex and epilepsy. Philadelphia: Lippincot-Raven; 1996. pp. 131-143.
65. Barkovich AJ, Girard N. Fetal brain infections. Childs Nerv Syst 2003; 19:501-507.
66. Cavalheiro S, Fernandes Moron A, Hisaba W, et al. Fetal brain tumors. Childs Nerv Syst 2003; 19:529-536.
67. Garel C, Luton D, Oury JF, Gressens P. Ventricular dilatations. Childs Nerv Syst 2003; 19:517-523.
68. Oi S. Diagnosis, outcome, and management of fetal abnormalities: fetal hydrocephalus. Chids Nerv Syst 2003; 19:508-516.
69. Levitsky DB, Mack LA, Nyberg DAA, et al. Fetal aqueductal stenosis diagnosed sonographically: How grave is the prognosis? AJR 1995; 164:725-730.
70. Pretorius DH, Davis K, Manco-Johnson ML, et al. Clinical course of fetal hydrocephalus: 40 cases. AJR 1985; 144:827-831.
71. Anhoury P, Andre M, Droullle P, et al. Dilatation of the cerebral ventricles diagnosed in utero. 85 cases histories. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 1991; 20:191-197.
72. Bloom SL, Bloom DD, Dellanebbia C, et al. The developmental outcome of children with antenatal mild isolated ventriculomegaly. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90:93-97.
73. Patel MD, Filly AL, Hersh DR, et al. Isolated mild fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly: Clinical course and outcome. Radiology 1994; 192:759-764.
74. Vergani P, Locatelli A, Strobelt N, et al. Clinical outcome of mild fetal ventriculomegaly. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178:218-222.
75. Girard N, Gire C, Mancini J, et al. Ventriculomegaly. J Neuroradiol 2002; 29:1S8.