메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 109, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 293-306

Microvolt T-wave alternans: A review of techniques, interpretation, utility, clinical studies, and future perspectives

Author keywords

Cardiomyopathy; Myocardial infarction; Noninvasive risk stratification; Sudden death; T wave alternans

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DILTIAZEM; DISOPYRAMIDE; ESMOLOL; FLECAINIDE; LIDOCAINE; METOPROLOL; POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; PROCAINAMIDE; SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; SOTALOL; VERAPAMIL;

EID: 33646468917     PISSN: 01675273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.06.049     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (20)

References (112)
  • 1
    • 0021319917 scopus 로고
    • The relationship among ventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular dysfunction and mortality in the 2 years after myocardial infarction
    • Bigger J.T., Fleiss J.L., Kleiger R., Miller J.P., and Rolnittzky L.M. The relationship among ventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular dysfunction and mortality in the 2 years after myocardial infarction. Circulation 69 (1984) 250-258
    • (1984) Circulation , vol.69 , pp. 250-258
    • Bigger, J.T.1    Fleiss, J.L.2    Kleiger, R.3    Miller, J.P.4    Rolnittzky, L.M.5
  • 2
    • 0026011647 scopus 로고
    • Mortality and morbidity inpatients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo
    • Echt D.S., Liebson P.R., Mitchell L.B., et al. Mortality and morbidity inpatients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. N Engl J Med 324 (1991) 781-788
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.324 , pp. 781-788
    • Echt, D.S.1    Liebson, P.R.2    Mitchell, L.B.3
  • 3
    • 8944234858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction
    • Waldo A.L., Camm A.J., deRuyter H., et al. Effects of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. Lancet 348 (1996) 7-12
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 7-12
    • Waldo, A.L.1    Camm, A.J.2    deRuyter, H.3
  • 4
    • 0031029373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized trial of outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with frequent or repetitive ventricular premature depolarizations: CAMIAT
    • Cairns J., Connolly S., Roberts R., and Gent M. Randomized trial of outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with frequent or repetitive ventricular premature depolarizations: CAMIAT. Lancet 349 (1997) 675-682
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 675-682
    • Cairns, J.1    Connolly, S.2    Roberts, R.3    Gent, M.4
  • 5
    • 0006918490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved survival with an implantable defibrillator in patients with coronary artery disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia
    • Moss A.J., Hall W.J., Cannom D.S., et al. Improved survival with an implantable defibrillator in patients with coronary artery disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. N Engl J Med 335 (1996) 1933-1940
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.335 , pp. 1933-1940
    • Moss, A.J.1    Hall, W.J.2    Cannom, D.S.3
  • 6
    • 0033576804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease
    • Buxton A.E., Lee K.L., Fisher J.D., Josephson M.E., Prystowsky E.N., and Hafley G. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 341 (1999) 1882-1890
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 1882-1890
    • Buxton, A.E.1    Lee, K.L.2    Fisher, J.D.3    Josephson, M.E.4    Prystowsky, E.N.5    Hafley, G.6
  • 7
    • 0029909539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting sudden cardiac death from T-wave alternans of the surface electrocardiogram: promise and pitfalls
    • Rosenbaum D.S., Albrecht P., and Cohen R.J. Predicting sudden cardiac death from T-wave alternans of the surface electrocardiogram: promise and pitfalls. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 7 (1996) 1095-1111
    • (1996) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.7 , pp. 1095-1111
    • Rosenbaum, D.S.1    Albrecht, P.2    Cohen, R.J.3
  • 8
    • 0009758850 scopus 로고
    • Das Wesen des Herzalternans
    • Hering H.E. Das Wesen des Herzalternans. Munch Med Wochenschr 4 (1908) 1417-1421
    • (1908) Munch Med Wochenschr , vol.4 , pp. 1417-1421
    • Hering, H.E.1
  • 9
    • 84960586355 scopus 로고
    • Notes upon alternation of the heart
    • Lewis T. Notes upon alternation of the heart. Q J Med 4 (1910) 141-144
    • (1910) Q J Med , vol.4 , pp. 141-144
    • Lewis, T.1
  • 11
    • 0016437025 scopus 로고
    • Electrical alternation of the T-wave: clinical and experimental evidence of its relationship with the sympathetic nervous system and with the long Q-T syndrome
    • Schwartz P.J., and Malliani A. Electrical alternation of the T-wave: clinical and experimental evidence of its relationship with the sympathetic nervous system and with the long Q-T syndrome. Am Heart J 89 (1975) 45-50
    • (1975) Am Heart J , vol.89 , pp. 45-50
    • Schwartz, P.J.1    Malliani, A.2
  • 13
    • 0034732750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Images in cardiovascular medicine. T-wave alternans preceding torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia
    • Armoundas A.A., Nanke T., and Cohen R.J. Images in cardiovascular medicine. T-wave alternans preceding torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 101 (2000) 2550
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.101 , pp. 2550
    • Armoundas, A.A.1    Nanke, T.2    Cohen, R.J.3
  • 14
    • 0022542081 scopus 로고
    • Ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial ischemia in man. The role and significance of R-ST-T alternans and the prevention of ischemic sudden death by medical treatment
    • Salerno J.A., Previtali M., Panciroli C., et al. Ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial ischemia in man. The role and significance of R-ST-T alternans and the prevention of ischemic sudden death by medical treatment. Eur Heart J 7 Suppl. A (1986) 63-75
    • (1986) Eur Heart J , vol.7 , Issue.SUPPL. A , pp. 63-75
    • Salerno, J.A.1    Previtali, M.2    Panciroli, C.3
  • 15
    • 0025801015 scopus 로고
    • Dynamic tracking of cardiac vulnerability by complex demodulation of the T wave
    • Nearing B.D., Huang A.H., and Verrier R.L. Dynamic tracking of cardiac vulnerability by complex demodulation of the T wave. Science 252 (1991) 437-440
    • (1991) Science , vol.252 , pp. 437-440
    • Nearing, B.D.1    Huang, A.H.2    Verrier, R.L.3
  • 16
    • 0029941377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potent antifibrillatory effect of combined blockade of calcium channels and 5-HT2 receptors with nexopamil during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in dogs: comparison to diltiazem
    • Nearing B.D., Hutter J.J., and Verrier R.L. Potent antifibrillatory effect of combined blockade of calcium channels and 5-HT2 receptors with nexopamil during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in dogs: comparison to diltiazem. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 27 (1996) 777-787
    • (1996) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol , vol.27 , pp. 777-787
    • Nearing, B.D.1    Hutter, J.J.2    Verrier, R.L.3
  • 17
    • 0020561142 scopus 로고
    • Electrical alternans. An association with coronary artery spasm
    • Cheng T.C. Electrical alternans. An association with coronary artery spasm. Arch Intern Med 143 (1983) 1052-1053
    • (1983) Arch Intern Med , vol.143 , pp. 1052-1053
    • Cheng, T.C.1
  • 18
    • 0021269802 scopus 로고
    • Potentiating effects of a ventricular premature beat on the alternation of the ST-T complex of epicardial electrograms and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias during acute coronary occlusion in dogs
    • Hashimoto H., Asano M., and Nakashima M. Potentiating effects of a ventricular premature beat on the alternation of the ST-T complex of epicardial electrograms and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias during acute coronary occlusion in dogs. J Electrocardiol 17 (1984) 289-301
    • (1984) J Electrocardiol , vol.17 , pp. 289-301
    • Hashimoto, H.1    Asano, M.2    Nakashima, M.3
  • 19
    • 0019362798 scopus 로고
    • Effects of calcium antagonists on the alternation of the ST-T complex and associated conduction abnormalities during coronary occlusion in dogs
    • Hashimoto H., and Nakashima M. Effects of calcium antagonists on the alternation of the ST-T complex and associated conduction abnormalities during coronary occlusion in dogs. Br J Pharmacol 74 (1981) 371-380
    • (1981) Br J Pharmacol , vol.74 , pp. 371-380
    • Hashimoto, H.1    Nakashima, M.2
  • 20
    • 0018859868 scopus 로고
    • Alternans of the ST segment and T wave in acute myocardial infarction
    • Puletti M., Curione M., Righetti G., and Jacobellis G. Alternans of the ST segment and T wave in acute myocardial infarction. J Electrocardiol 13 (1980) 297-300
    • (1980) J Electrocardiol , vol.13 , pp. 297-300
    • Puletti, M.1    Curione, M.2    Righetti, G.3    Jacobellis, G.4
  • 21
    • 0017350360 scopus 로고
    • Alternans of the ST segment in Prinzmetal's angina
    • Kleinfeld M.J., and Rozanski J.J. Alternans of the ST segment in Prinzmetal's angina. Circulation 55 (1977) 574-577
    • (1977) Circulation , vol.55 , pp. 574-577
    • Kleinfeld, M.J.1    Rozanski, J.J.2
  • 22
    • 0021348685 scopus 로고
    • Repolarization alternans associated with alcoholism and hypomagnesemia
    • Reddy C.V., Kiok J.P., Khan R.G., and El-Sherif N. Repolarization alternans associated with alcoholism and hypomagnesemia. Am J Cardiol 53 (1984) 390-391
    • (1984) Am J Cardiol , vol.53 , pp. 390-391
    • Reddy, C.V.1    Kiok, J.P.2    Khan, R.G.3    El-Sherif, N.4
  • 23
    • 0021175535 scopus 로고
    • Electrical alternans of giant U waves with multiple electrolyte deficits
    • Shimoni Z., Flatau E., Schiller D., Barzilay E., and Kohn D. Electrical alternans of giant U waves with multiple electrolyte deficits. Am J Cardiol 54 (1984) 920-921
    • (1984) Am J Cardiol , vol.54 , pp. 920-921
    • Shimoni, Z.1    Flatau, E.2    Schiller, D.3    Barzilay, E.4    Kohn, D.5
  • 24
    • 0020907646 scopus 로고
    • Ventricular fibrillation and fluctuations in the magnitude of the repolarization vector
    • Adam D.R., Powell A.O., Gordon H., and Cohen R.J. Ventricular fibrillation and fluctuations in the magnitude of the repolarization vector. IEEE Comput Cardiol (1982) 241-244
    • (1982) IEEE Comput Cardiol , pp. 241-244
    • Adam, D.R.1    Powell, A.O.2    Gordon, H.3    Cohen, R.J.4
  • 26
    • 0021236875 scopus 로고
    • Period multiplying-evidence for nonlinear behavior of the canine heart
    • Ritzenberg A.L., Adam D.R., and Cohen R.J. Period multiplying-evidence for nonlinear behavior of the canine heart. Nature 307 (1984) 159-161
    • (1984) Nature , vol.307 , pp. 159-161
    • Ritzenberg, A.L.1    Adam, D.R.2    Cohen, R.J.3
  • 30
    • 0034548484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of T-wave alternans, signal averaged electrocardiography and programmed ventricular stimulation for arrhythmia risk stratification
    • Gold M.R., Bloomfield D.M., Anderson K.P., et al. A comparison of T-wave alternans, signal averaged electrocardiography and programmed ventricular stimulation for arrhythmia risk stratification. J Am Coll Cardiol 36 (2000) 2247-2253
    • (2000) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.36 , pp. 2247-2253
    • Gold, M.R.1    Bloomfield, D.M.2    Anderson, K.P.3
  • 31
    • 0034163647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined assessment of T-wave alternans and late potentials used to predict arrhythmic events after myocardial infarction. A prospective study
    • Ikeda T., Sakata T., Takami M., et al. Combined assessment of T-wave alternans and late potentials used to predict arrhythmic events after myocardial infarction. A prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 35 (2000) 722-730
    • (2000) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.35 , pp. 722-730
    • Ikeda, T.1    Sakata, T.2    Takami, M.3
  • 32
    • 0036145491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T-wave alternans as a predictor for sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction
    • Ikeda T., Saito H., Tanno K., et al. T-wave alternans as a predictor for sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 89 (2002) 79-82
    • (2002) Am J Cardiol , vol.89 , pp. 79-82
    • Ikeda, T.1    Saito, H.2    Tanno, K.3
  • 33
    • 0031676796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T wave alternans as a predictor of recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias in ICD recipients: prospective comparison with conventional risk markers
    • Hohnloser S.H., Klingenheben T., Li Y.G., Zabel M., Peetermans J., and Cohen R.J. T wave alternans as a predictor of recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias in ICD recipients: prospective comparison with conventional risk markers. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 9 (1998) 1258-1268
    • (1998) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.9 , pp. 1258-1268
    • Hohnloser, S.H.1    Klingenheben, T.2    Li, Y.G.3    Zabel, M.4    Peetermans, J.5    Cohen, R.J.6
  • 34
    • 0034686917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive value of T-wave alternans for arrhythmic events in patients with congestive heart failure
    • Klingenheben T., Zabel M., D'Agostino R.B., Cohen R.J., and Hohnloser S.H. Predictive value of T-wave alternans for arrhythmic events in patients with congestive heart failure. Lancet 356 (2000) 651-652
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.356 , pp. 651-652
    • Klingenheben, T.1    Zabel, M.2    D'Agostino, R.B.3    Cohen, R.J.4    Hohnloser, S.H.5
  • 35
    • 0032752513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinant of microvolt-level T-wave alternans in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Adachi K., Ohnishi Y., Shima T., et al. Determinant of microvolt-level T-wave alternans in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 34 (1999) 374-380
    • (1999) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.34 , pp. 374-380
    • Adachi, K.1    Ohnishi, Y.2    Shima, T.3
  • 36
    • 0009235302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise induced microvolt level T wave alternans identifies patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy at high risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events
    • Klingenheben T., Credner S.C., Bender B., Cohen R.J., and Hohnloser S.H. Exercise induced microvolt level T wave alternans identifies patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy at high risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 22 (1999) 860
    • (1999) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.22 , pp. 860
    • Klingenheben, T.1    Credner, S.C.2    Bender, B.3    Cohen, R.J.4    Hohnloser, S.H.5
  • 37
    • 0030764858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise-induced T-wave alternans as a marker of high risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
    • Momiyama Y., Hartikainen J., Nagayoshi H., et al. Exercise-induced T-wave alternans as a marker of high risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Jpn Circ J 61 (1997) 650-656
    • (1997) Jpn Circ J , vol.61 , pp. 650-656
    • Momiyama, Y.1    Hartikainen, J.2    Nagayoshi, H.3
  • 38
    • 0141706666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between microvolt-level T-wave alternans and cardiac sympathetic nervous system abnormality using iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Harada M., Shimizu A., Murata M., et al. Relation between microvolt-level T-wave alternans and cardiac sympathetic nervous system abnormality using iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 92 (2003) 998-1001
    • (2003) Am J Cardiol , vol.92 , pp. 998-1001
    • Harada, M.1    Shimizu, A.2    Murata, M.3
  • 39
    • 0017698151 scopus 로고
    • The effect of acute coronary artery occlusion on subepicardial transmembrane potentials in the intact heart
    • Downar E., Janse M., and Durrer D. The effect of acute coronary artery occlusion on subepicardial transmembrane potentials in the intact heart. Circulation 56 (1977) 217-224
    • (1977) Circulation , vol.56 , pp. 217-224
    • Downar, E.1    Janse, M.2    Durrer, D.3
  • 40
    • 0033596974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular and ionic basis for T wave alternans under long QT conditions
    • Shimizu W., and Antzelevitch C. Cellular and ionic basis for T wave alternans under long QT conditions. Circulation 99 (1999) 1499-1507
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.99 , pp. 1499-1507
    • Shimizu, W.1    Antzelevitch, C.2
  • 41
    • 0032556025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiological basis of arrhythmogenicity of QT/T alternans in the long QT syndrome: tridimensional analysis of the kinetics of cardiac repolarization
    • Chinushi M., Restivo M., Caref E.B., and El-Sherif N. Electrophysiological basis of arrhythmogenicity of QT/T alternans in the long QT syndrome: tridimensional analysis of the kinetics of cardiac repolarization. Circ Res 83 (1998) 614-628
    • (1998) Circ Res , vol.83 , pp. 614-628
    • Chinushi, M.1    Restivo, M.2    Caref, E.B.3    El-Sherif, N.4
  • 42
    • 0028082351 scopus 로고
    • Clinical relevance of cardiac arrhythmias generated by afterdepolarizations: the role of M cells in the generation of U waves, triggered activity and torsade de pointes
    • Antzelevitch C., and Sicouri S. Clinical relevance of cardiac arrhythmias generated by afterdepolarizations: the role of M cells in the generation of U waves, triggered activity and torsade de pointes. J Am Coll Cardiol 23 (1994) 259-277
    • (1994) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.23 , pp. 259-277
    • Antzelevitch, C.1    Sicouri, S.2
  • 43
    • 0033574271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism linking Microvolt T-Wave Alternans to the genesis of cardiac fibrillation
    • Pastore J.M., Girouard S.D., Laurita K.R., Akar F.G., and Rosenbaum D.S. Mechanism linking Microvolt T-Wave Alternans to the genesis of cardiac fibrillation. Circulation 99 (1999) 1385-1394
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.99 , pp. 1385-1394
    • Pastore, J.M.1    Girouard, S.D.2    Laurita, K.R.3    Akar, F.G.4    Rosenbaum, D.S.5
  • 44
    • 0027494306 scopus 로고
    • Electrical and mechanical alternans in canine myocardium in vivo: dependence on intracellular calcium cycling
    • Hirayama Y., Saitoh H., Atarashi H., and Hayakawa H. Electrical and mechanical alternans in canine myocardium in vivo: dependence on intracellular calcium cycling. Circulation 88 (1993) 2894-2902
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.88 , pp. 2894-2902
    • Hirayama, Y.1    Saitoh, H.2    Atarashi, H.3    Hayakawa, H.4
  • 45
    • 0029995694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monophasic action potential recordings during T-wave alternans in congenital long QT syndrome
    • Shimizu W., Yamada K., Arakaki Y., Kamiya T., and Shimomura K. Monophasic action potential recordings during T-wave alternans in congenital long QT syndrome. Am Heart J 132 (1996) 699-701
    • (1996) Am Heart J , vol.132 , pp. 699-701
    • Shimizu, W.1    Yamada, K.2    Arakaki, Y.3    Kamiya, T.4    Shimomura, K.5
  • 46
    • 0034668923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous maps of optical action potentials and calcium transients in guinea-pig hearts: mechanisms underlying concordant alternans
    • Choi B.R., and Salama G. Simultaneous maps of optical action potentials and calcium transients in guinea-pig hearts: mechanisms underlying concordant alternans. J Physiol 529 (2000) 171-188
    • (2000) J Physiol , vol.529 , pp. 171-188
    • Choi, B.R.1    Salama, G.2
  • 47
    • 0343963165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional coupling between glycolysis and excitation-contraction coupling underlies alternans in cat heart cells
    • Huser J., Wang Y.G., Sheehan K.A., Cifuentes F., Lipsius S.L., and Blatter L.A. Functional coupling between glycolysis and excitation-contraction coupling underlies alternans in cat heart cells. J Physiol 524 (2000) 795-806
    • (2000) J Physiol , vol.524 , pp. 795-806
    • Huser, J.1    Wang, Y.G.2    Sheehan, K.A.3    Cifuentes, F.4    Lipsius, S.L.5    Blatter, L.A.6
  • 48
    • 33750829749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different responses of epicardium and endocardium to KATP channel modulators during regional ischemia
    • Miyoshi S., Miyazaki T., Moritani K., and Ogawa S. Different responses of epicardium and endocardium to KATP channel modulators during regional ischemia. Am J Physiol 271 (1996) H140-H147
    • (1996) Am J Physiol , vol.271
    • Miyoshi, S.1    Miyazaki, T.2    Moritani, K.3    Ogawa, S.4
  • 49
    • 0017698151 scopus 로고
    • The effect of acute coronary artery occlusion on subepicardial transmembrane potentials in the intact porcine heart
    • Downar E., Janse M.J., and Durrer D. The effect of acute coronary artery occlusion on subepicardial transmembrane potentials in the intact porcine heart. Circulation 56 (1977) 217-224
    • (1977) Circulation , vol.56 , pp. 217-224
    • Downar, E.1    Janse, M.J.2    Durrer, D.3
  • 50
    • 0018184692 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism and time course of S-T and T-Q segment changes during acute regional myocardial ischemia in the pig heart determined by extracellular and intracellular recordings
    • Kleber A.G., Janse M.J., van Capelle F.J., and Durrer D. Mechanism and time course of S-T and T-Q segment changes during acute regional myocardial ischemia in the pig heart determined by extracellular and intracellular recordings. Circ Res 42 (1978) 603-613
    • (1978) Circ Res , vol.42 , pp. 603-613
    • Kleber, A.G.1    Janse, M.J.2    van Capelle, F.J.3    Durrer, D.4
  • 51
    • 0023809396 scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiological alternans and restitution during acute regional ischaemia in myocardium of anaesthetized pig
    • Dilly S.G., and Lab M.J. Electrophysiological alternans and restitution during acute regional ischaemia in myocardium of anaesthetized pig. J Physiol 402 (1988) 315-333
    • (1988) J Physiol , vol.402 , pp. 315-333
    • Dilly, S.G.1    Lab, M.J.2
  • 52
    • 85047675278 scopus 로고
    • Dispersion of monophasic action potential durations and activation times during atrial pacing, ventricular pacing, and ventricular premature stimulation in canine ventricles
    • Kuo C.S., Amlie J.P., Munakata K., Reddy C.P., and Surawicz B. Dispersion of monophasic action potential durations and activation times during atrial pacing, ventricular pacing, and ventricular premature stimulation in canine ventricles. Cardiovasc Res 17 (1983) 152-161
    • (1983) Cardiovasc Res , vol.17 , pp. 152-161
    • Kuo, C.S.1    Amlie, J.P.2    Munakata, K.3    Reddy, C.P.4    Surawicz, B.5
  • 53
    • 0008383004 scopus 로고
    • Simple finite-element model accounts for wide range of cardiac dysrhythmias
    • Smith J.M., and Cohen R.J. Simple finite-element model accounts for wide range of cardiac dysrhythmias. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81 (1984) 233-237
    • (1984) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.81 , pp. 233-237
    • Smith, J.M.1    Cohen, R.J.2
  • 54
    • 0034973352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microvolt T-wave alternans in human hypertrophy: electrical instability and abnormal myocardial arrangement
    • Kon-No Y., Watanabe J., Koseki Y., et al. Microvolt T-wave alternans in human hypertrophy: electrical instability and abnormal myocardial arrangement. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 12 (2001) 759-763
    • (2001) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.12 , pp. 759-763
    • Kon-No, Y.1    Watanabe, J.2    Koseki, Y.3
  • 55
    • 0025643351 scopus 로고
    • Significance of discordant ST alternans in ventricular fibrillation
    • Konta T., Ikeda K., Yamaki M., et al. Significance of discordant ST alternans in ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 82 (1990) 2185-2189
    • (1990) Circulation , vol.82 , pp. 2185-2189
    • Konta, T.1    Ikeda, K.2    Yamaki, M.3
  • 56
  • 57
    • 0037125412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiological basis and clinical application of T-wave alternans
    • Armoundas A.A., Tomaselli G.F., and Esperer H.D. Pathophysiological basis and clinical application of T-wave alternans. J Am Coll Cardiol 40 (2002) 207-217
    • (2002) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.40 , pp. 207-217
    • Armoundas, A.A.1    Tomaselli, G.F.2    Esperer, H.D.3
  • 58
    • 0037488136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ambulatory electrogram-based tracking of T wave alternans in postmyocardial infarction patients to assess risk of cardiac arrest or arrhythmic death
    • Verrier R.L., Nearing B.D., La Rovere M.T., et al. Ambulatory electrogram-based tracking of T wave alternans in postmyocardial infarction patients to assess risk of cardiac arrest or arrhythmic death. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 14 (2003) 705-711
    • (2003) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.14 , pp. 705-711
    • Verrier, R.L.1    Nearing, B.D.2    La Rovere, M.T.3
  • 60
    • 0036090028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modified moving average analysis of T-wave alternans to predict ventricular fibrillation with high accuracy
    • Nearing B.D., and Verrier R.L. Modified moving average analysis of T-wave alternans to predict ventricular fibrillation with high accuracy. J Appl Physiol 92 (2002) 541-549
    • (2002) J Appl Physiol , vol.92 , pp. 541-549
    • Nearing, B.D.1    Verrier, R.L.2
  • 61
    • 0033616879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracoronary flecainide induces ST alternans and reentrant arrhythmia on intact canine heart: a role of 4-aminopyridine-sensitive current
    • Tachibana H., Yamaki M., Kubota I., Watanabe T., Yamauchi S., and Tomoike H. Intracoronary flecainide induces ST alternans and reentrant arrhythmia on intact canine heart: a role of 4-aminopyridine-sensitive current. Circulation 99 (1999) 1637-1643
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.99 , pp. 1637-1643
    • Tachibana, H.1    Yamaki, M.2    Kubota, I.3    Watanabe, T.4    Yamauchi, S.5    Tomoike, H.6
  • 63
    • 0031656939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T wave alternans after sotalol: evidence for increased sensitivity to sotalol after conversion from atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm
    • Tan H.L., and Wilde A.A. T wave alternans after sotalol: evidence for increased sensitivity to sotalol after conversion from atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Heart 80 (1998) 303-306
    • (1998) Heart , vol.80 , pp. 303-306
    • Tan, H.L.1    Wilde, A.A.2
  • 64
    • 0035195247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of metoprolol and d,l-sotalol on microvolt-level T-wave alternans. Results of a prospective, double-blind, randomized study
    • Klingenheben T., Gronefeld G., Li Y.G., and Hohnloser S.H. Effect of metoprolol and d,l-sotalol on microvolt-level T-wave alternans. Results of a prospective, double-blind, randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol 38 (2001) 2013-2019
    • (2001) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.38 , pp. 2013-2019
    • Klingenheben, T.1    Gronefeld, G.2    Li, Y.G.3    Hohnloser, S.H.4
  • 65
    • 0032836369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amiodarone reduces the prevalence of T wave alternans in a population with ventricular tachyarrhythmias
    • Groh W.J., Shinn T.S., Engelstein E.E., and Zipes D.P. Amiodarone reduces the prevalence of T wave alternans in a population with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 10 (1999) 1335-1339
    • (1999) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.10 , pp. 1335-1339
    • Groh, W.J.1    Shinn, T.S.2    Engelstein, E.E.3    Zipes, D.P.4
  • 66
    • 0036284683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amiodarone-induced giant T wave alternans hastens proarrhythmic response
    • Tomcsanyi J., Somloi M., and Horvath L. Amiodarone-induced giant T wave alternans hastens proarrhythmic response. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 13 (2002) 629
    • (2002) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.13 , pp. 629
    • Tomcsanyi, J.1    Somloi, M.2    Horvath, L.3
  • 67
    • 0348238916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T wave alternans for predicting adverse effects of amiodarone in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Matsuyama T.A., Tanno K., Kobayashi Y., et al. T wave alternans for predicting adverse effects of amiodarone in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy. Jpn Circ J 65 (2001) 468-470
    • (2001) Jpn Circ J , vol.65 , pp. 468-470
    • Matsuyama, T.A.1    Tanno, K.2    Kobayashi, Y.3
  • 68
    • 0037133351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of selective autonomic blockade on T-wave alternans in humans
    • Rashba E.J., Cooklin M., MacMurdy K., et al. Effects of selective autonomic blockade on T-wave alternans in humans. Circulation 105 (2002) 837-842
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 837-842
    • Rashba, E.J.1    Cooklin, M.2    MacMurdy, K.3
  • 69
    • 0141926590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of long-term beta-blocker therapy on microvolt-level T-wave alternans in association with the improvement of the cardiac sympathetic nervous system and systolic function in patients with non-ischemic heart disease
    • Murata M., Harada M., Shimizu A., et al. Effect of long-term beta-blocker therapy on microvolt-level T-wave alternans in association with the improvement of the cardiac sympathetic nervous system and systolic function in patients with non-ischemic heart disease. Circ J 67 (2003) 821-825
    • (2003) Circ J , vol.67 , pp. 821-825
    • Murata, M.1    Harada, M.2    Shimizu, A.3
  • 70
    • 0035031978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angerlike behavioral state potentiates myocardial ischemia-induced T-wave alternans in canines
    • Kovach J.A., Nearing B.D., and Verrier R.L. Angerlike behavioral state potentiates myocardial ischemia-induced T-wave alternans in canines. J Am Coll Cardiol 37 (2001) 1719-1725
    • (2001) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.37 , pp. 1719-1725
    • Kovach, J.A.1    Nearing, B.D.2    Verrier, R.L.3
  • 71
    • 0020573595 scopus 로고
    • Effects of calcium antagonists on the electrical alternans of the ST segment and on associated mechanical alternans during acute coronary occlusion in dogs
    • Hashimoto H., Suzuki K., Miyake S., and Nakashima M. Effects of calcium antagonists on the electrical alternans of the ST segment and on associated mechanical alternans during acute coronary occlusion in dogs. Circulation 68 (1983) 667-672
    • (1983) Circulation , vol.68 , pp. 667-672
    • Hashimoto, H.1    Suzuki, K.2    Miyake, S.3    Nakashima, M.4
  • 72
    • 85047678961 scopus 로고
    • Effects of heart rate and diltiazem hydrochloride on alternans of ST segment elevation and ventricular arrhythmia during acute myocardial ischemia in dogs
    • Hayakawa T., Nagamoto Y., Ninomiya K., Abe S., Fukumoto T., and Kuroiwa A. Effects of heart rate and diltiazem hydrochloride on alternans of ST segment elevation and ventricular arrhythmia during acute myocardial ischemia in dogs. Cardiovasc Res 23 (1989) 520-528
    • (1989) Cardiovasc Res , vol.23 , pp. 520-528
    • Hayakawa, T.1    Nagamoto, Y.2    Ninomiya, K.3    Abe, S.4    Fukumoto, T.5    Kuroiwa, A.6
  • 73
    • 0022542081 scopus 로고
    • Ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial ischemia in man: the role and significance of R-ST-T alternans and the prevention of ischemic sudden death by medical treatment
    • Salerno J.A., Previtali M., Panciroli C., et al. Ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial ischemia in man: the role and significance of R-ST-T alternans and the prevention of ischemic sudden death by medical treatment. Eur Heart J 7 (1986) A63-A75
    • (1986) Eur Heart J , vol.7
    • Salerno, J.A.1    Previtali, M.2    Panciroli, C.3
  • 74
    • 84904148518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T-wave alternans
    • Zipes D.P., and Jalife J. (Eds), Saunders, Philadelphia
    • Hohnloser S.H. T-wave alternans. In: Zipes D.P., and Jalife J. (Eds). Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside (2004), Saunders, Philadelphia 846
    • (2004) Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside , pp. 846
    • Hohnloser, S.H.1
  • 75
    • 33646468656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Key clinical summary: multi-center study clinical results. http://www.cambridgeheart.com/camh/professional/index.html. Accessed February 11 2005.
  • 76
    • 0037988927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T wave alternans for ventricular arrhythmia risk stratification
    • Sturdivant J.L., and Gold M.R. T wave alternans for ventricular arrhythmia risk stratification. Minerva Cardioangiol 51 (2003) 15-19
    • (2003) Minerva Cardioangiol , vol.51 , pp. 15-19
    • Sturdivant, J.L.1    Gold, M.R.2
  • 77
    • 0030778791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrical alternans during rest and exercise as predictors of vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias
    • Estes III N.A.M., Michaud G., Zipes D.P., et al. Electrical alternans during rest and exercise as predictors of vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 80 (1997) 1314-1318
    • (1997) Am J Cardiol , vol.80 , pp. 1314-1318
    • Estes III, N.A.M.1    Michaud, G.2    Zipes, D.P.3
  • 78
    • 0031664020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic significance of electrical alternans versus signal averaged electrocardiography in predicting the outcome of electrophysiological testing and arrhythmia-free survival
    • Armoundas A.A., Rosenbaum D.S., Ruskin J.N., and Cohen R.J. Prognostic significance of electrical alternans versus signal averaged electrocardiography in predicting the outcome of electrophysiological testing and arrhythmia-free survival. Heart 80 (1998) 251-256
    • (1998) Heart , vol.80 , pp. 251-256
    • Armoundas, A.A.1    Rosenbaum, D.S.2    Ruskin, J.N.3    Cohen, R.J.4
  • 79
    • 0031676796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T-wave alternans as a predictor of recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias in ICD recipients: prospective comparison with conventional risk factors
    • Hohnloser S.H., Klingenheben T., Li Y.G., and Zabel M. T-wave alternans as a predictor of recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias in ICD recipients: prospective comparison with conventional risk factors. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 9 (1998) 1258-1268
    • (1998) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.9 , pp. 1258-1268
    • Hohnloser, S.H.1    Klingenheben, T.2    Li, Y.G.3    Zabel, M.4
  • 80
    • 0033113109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T-wave alternans and left ventricular ejection fraction, but not Qt variability index, predict appropriate ICD discharge
    • Hohnloser S.H., and Cohen R.J. T-wave alternans and left ventricular ejection fraction, but not Qt variability index, predict appropriate ICD discharge. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 10 (1999) 626-627
    • (1999) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.10 , pp. 626-627
    • Hohnloser, S.H.1    Cohen, R.J.2
  • 81
    • 0034548484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of T-wave alternans, signal averaged electrocardiography and programmed ventricular stimulation for arrhythmia risk stratification
    • Gold M.R., Bloomfield D.M., Anderson K.P., et al. A comparison of T-wave alternans, signal averaged electrocardiography and programmed ventricular stimulation for arrhythmia risk stratification. J Am Coll Cardiol 36 (2000) 2247-2253
    • (2000) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.36 , pp. 2247-2253
    • Gold, M.R.1    Bloomfield, D.M.2    Anderson, K.P.3
  • 82
    • 0031734307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T-wave alternans and dispersion of the QT interval as risk stratification markers in patients susceptible to sustained ventricular arrhythmias
    • Armoundas A.A., Osaka M., Mela T., et al. T-wave alternans and dispersion of the QT interval as risk stratification markers in patients susceptible to sustained ventricular arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 82 (1998) 1127-1129
    • (1998) Am J Cardiol , vol.82 , pp. 1127-1129
    • Armoundas, A.A.1    Osaka, M.2    Mela, T.3
  • 83
    • 0034755613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between the QT indices and the microvolt-level T-wave alternans in cardiomyopathy
    • Kuroda N., Ohnishi Y., Adachi K., and Yokoyama M. Relationship between the QT indices and the microvolt-level T-wave alternans in cardiomyopathy. Jpn Circ J 65 (2001) 974-978
    • (2001) Jpn Circ J , vol.65 , pp. 974-978
    • Kuroda, N.1    Ohnishi, Y.2    Adachi, K.3    Yokoyama, M.4
  • 84
    • 17944372100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of T-wave alternans and QT interval dispersion to predict ventricular tachyarrhythmia in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and without antiarrhythmic drugs
    • Sakabe K., Ikeda T., Sakata T., et al. Comparison of T-wave alternans and QT interval dispersion to predict ventricular tachyarrhythmia in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and without antiarrhythmic drugs. Jpn Heart J 42 (2001) 451-457
    • (2001) Jpn Heart J , vol.42 , pp. 451-457
    • Sakabe, K.1    Ikeda, T.2    Sakata, T.3
  • 85
    • 20844456962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microvolt T-wave alternans distinguishes between patients likely and patients not likely to benefit from implanted cardiac defibrillator therapy
    • Bloomfield D.M., Steinman R.C., Namerow P.B., et al. Microvolt T-wave alternans distinguishes between patients likely and patients not likely to benefit from implanted cardiac defibrillator therapy. Circulation 110 (2004) 1885-1889
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.110 , pp. 1885-1889
    • Bloomfield, D.M.1    Steinman, R.C.2    Namerow, P.B.3
  • 86
    • 1542380000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced detection of arrhythmia vulnerability using T-wave alternans, left ventricular ejection fraction, and programmed ventricular stimulation: a prospective study in subjects with chronic ischemic heart disease
    • Rashba E.J., Osman A.F., Macmurdy K., et al. Enhanced detection of arrhythmia vulnerability using T-wave alternans, left ventricular ejection fraction, and programmed ventricular stimulation: a prospective study in subjects with chronic ischemic heart disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 15 (2004) 170-176
    • (2004) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.15 , pp. 170-176
    • Rashba, E.J.1    Osman, A.F.2    Macmurdy, K.3
  • 87
    • 0034986898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic significance of risk stratifier of mortality, including T wave alternans, after acute myocardial infarction: results of a prospective follow-up study
    • Tapanainen J.M., Still A.-M., Airaksinen K.E.J., and Huikuri H.V. Prognostic significance of risk stratifier of mortality, including T wave alternans, after acute myocardial infarction: results of a prospective follow-up study. J Cardiovasc Electrophsiol 12 (2001) 645-652
    • (2001) J Cardiovasc Electrophsiol , vol.12 , pp. 645-652
    • Tapanainen, J.M.1    Still, A.-M.2    Airaksinen, K.E.J.3    Huikuri, H.V.4
  • 88
    • 0018079721 scopus 로고
    • The dependence of T-wave alternans on diastolic resting period duration
    • Cinca J., Sassine A., Deceuninck P., et al. The dependence of T-wave alternans on diastolic resting period duration. Eur J Cardiol 7 (1978) 299-309
    • (1978) Eur J Cardiol , vol.7 , pp. 299-309
    • Cinca, J.1    Sassine, A.2    Deceuninck, P.3
  • 89
    • 0034623825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of structural barriers in the mechanism of alternans-induced reentry
    • Pastore J.M., and Rosenbaum D.S. Role of structural barriers in the mechanism of alternans-induced reentry. Circ Res 87 (2000) 1157-1163
    • (2000) Circ Res , vol.87 , pp. 1157-1163
    • Pastore, J.M.1    Rosenbaum, D.S.2
  • 91
    • 0037116566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Onset heart rate of microvolt-level T-wave alternans provides clinical and prognostic value in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Kitamura H., Ohnishi Y., Okajima K., et al. Onset heart rate of microvolt-level T-wave alternans provides clinical and prognostic value in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 39 (2002) 295-300
    • (2002) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.39 , pp. 295-300
    • Kitamura, H.1    Ohnishi, Y.2    Okajima, K.3
  • 92
    • 0034662791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Onset heart rate and microvolt T-wave alternans during atrial pacing
    • Tanno K., Kobayashi Y., Adachi T., et al. Onset heart rate and microvolt T-wave alternans during atrial pacing. Am J Cardiol 86 (2000) 877-880
    • (2000) Am J Cardiol , vol.86 , pp. 877-880
    • Tanno, K.1    Kobayashi, Y.2    Adachi, T.3
  • 94
    • 0036743112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise is superior to pacing for T wave alternans measurement in subjects with chronic coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction
    • Rashba E.J., Osman A.F., Macmurdy K., et al. Exercise is superior to pacing for T wave alternans measurement in subjects with chronic coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 13 (2002) 845-850
    • (2002) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.13 , pp. 845-850
    • Rashba, E.J.1    Osman, A.F.2    Macmurdy, K.3
  • 95
    • 0025905303 scopus 로고
    • Renal neurohormonal and vascular response to exercise in humans
    • Tidgren B., Hjemdahl P., Theodorsson E., and Nussberger J. Renal neurohormonal and vascular response to exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 70 (1991) 2279-2286
    • (1991) J Appl Physiol , vol.70 , pp. 2279-2286
    • Tidgren, B.1    Hjemdahl, P.2    Theodorsson, E.3    Nussberger, J.4
  • 96
    • 0021194420 scopus 로고
    • Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure
    • Cohen J.N., Levine T.B., Olivari M.T., et al. Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 311 (1984) 819-823
    • (1984) N Engl J Med , vol.311 , pp. 819-823
    • Cohen, J.N.1    Levine, T.B.2    Olivari, M.T.3
  • 97
    • 0036667618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of QRS duration on the prognostic value of T wave alternans
    • Rashba E.J., Osman A.F., Macmurdy K., et al. Influence of QRS duration on the prognostic value of T wave alternans. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 13 (2002) 770-775
    • (2002) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.13 , pp. 770-775
    • Rashba, E.J.1    Osman, A.F.2    Macmurdy, K.3
  • 98
    • 0029859545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of time- and frequency domain analysis of signal-averaged electrocardiography for arrhythmia risk prediction in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Grimm W., Hoffmann J., Knop U., Winzenburg J., Menz V., and Maisch B. Value of time- and frequency domain analysis of signal-averaged electrocardiography for arrhythmia risk prediction in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 19 (1996) 1923-1927
    • (1996) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.19 , pp. 1923-1927
    • Grimm, W.1    Hoffmann, J.2    Knop, U.3    Winzenburg, J.4    Menz, V.5    Maisch, B.6
  • 99
    • 0030586903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QT dispersion and arrhythmic events in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Grimm W., Steder U., Menz V., Hoffmann J., and Maisch B. QT dispersion and arrhythmic events in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 78 (1996) 458-461
    • (1996) Am J Cardiol , vol.78 , pp. 458-461
    • Grimm, W.1    Steder, U.2    Menz, V.3    Hoffmann, J.4    Maisch, B.5
  • 100
    • 0028910706 scopus 로고
    • Prognostic value of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram and a prolonged QRS in ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy
    • Silverman M.E., Pressel M.D., Brackett J.C., Lauria S.S., Gold M.R., and Gottlieb S.S. Prognostic value of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram and a prolonged QRS in ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 75 (1995) 460-464
    • (1995) Am J Cardiol , vol.75 , pp. 460-464
    • Silverman, M.E.1    Pressel, M.D.2    Brackett, J.C.3    Lauria, S.S.4    Gold, M.R.5    Gottlieb, S.S.6
  • 101
    • 0027230151 scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of signal-averaged electrocardiogram in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy for identifying patients with ventricular arrhythmias
    • Keeling P.J., Kulakowski P., Yi G., Slade A.K., Bent S.E., and McKenna W.J. Usefulness of signal-averaged electrocardiogram in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy for identifying patients with ventricular arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 72 (1993) 78-84
    • (1993) Am J Cardiol , vol.72 , pp. 78-84
    • Keeling, P.J.1    Kulakowski, P.2    Yi, G.3    Slade, A.K.4    Bent, S.E.5    McKenna, W.J.6
  • 102
    • 0038037757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of microvolt T-wave alternans for prediction of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: results from a prospective observational study
    • Hohnloser S.H., Klingenheben T., Bloomfield D., Dabbous O., and Cohen R.J. Usefulness of microvolt T-wave alternans for prediction of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: results from a prospective observational study. J Am Coll Cardiol 41 (2003) 2220-2224
    • (2003) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.41 , pp. 2220-2224
    • Hohnloser, S.H.1    Klingenheben, T.2    Bloomfield, D.3    Dabbous, O.4    Cohen, R.J.5
  • 103
    • 0344736939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive arrhythmia risk stratification in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: results of the Marburg cardiomyopathy Study
    • Grimm W., Christ M., Bach J., Muller H.-H., and Maisch B. Noninvasive arrhythmia risk stratification in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: results of the Marburg cardiomyopathy Study. Circulation 108 (2003) 2883-2891
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.108 , pp. 2883-2891
    • Grimm, W.1    Christ, M.2    Bach, J.3    Muller, H.-H.4    Maisch, B.5
  • 104
    • 0035029538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of noninvasive markers in identifying patients at risk in the Brugada syndrome: insight into risk stratification
    • Ikeda T., Sakurada H., Sakabe K., et al. Assessment of noninvasive markers in identifying patients at risk in the Brugada syndrome: insight into risk stratification. J Am Coll Cardiol 37 (2001) 1628-1634
    • (2001) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.37 , pp. 1628-1634
    • Ikeda, T.1    Sakurada, H.2    Sakabe, K.3
  • 105
    • 0242551935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventricular arrhythmia induced by sodium channel blocker in patients with Brugada syndrome
    • Morita H., Nishii N., Tani Y., et al. Ventricular arrhythmia induced by sodium channel blocker in patients with Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 42 (2003) 1624-1631
    • (2003) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.42 , pp. 1624-1631
    • Morita, H.1    Nishii, N.2    Tani, Y.3
  • 106
    • 0036679961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pilsicainide-induced marked T wave alternans and ventricular fibrillation in a patient with Brugada syndrome
    • Takagi M., Doi A., Takeuchi K., and Yoshikawa J. Pilsicainide-induced marked T wave alternans and ventricular fibrillation in a patient with Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 13 (2002) 837
    • (2002) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.13 , pp. 837
    • Takagi, M.1    Doi, A.2    Takeuchi, K.3    Yoshikawa, J.4
  • 107
    • 0035052337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous administration of class IC antiarrhythmic drugs induced T wave alternans in a patient with Brugada syndrome
    • Chinushi M., Washizuka T., Okumura H., and Aizawa Y. Intravenous administration of class IC antiarrhythmic drugs induced T wave alternans in a patient with Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 12 (2001) 491-495
    • (2001) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.12 , pp. 491-495
    • Chinushi, M.1    Washizuka, T.2    Okumura, H.3    Aizawa, Y.4
  • 108
    • 2342554404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T wave alternans does not assess arrhythmic risk in patients with Brugada syndrome
    • Kirchhof P., Eckardt L., Rolf S., et al. T wave alternans does not assess arrhythmic risk in patients with Brugada syndrome. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 9 (2004) 162-165
    • (2004) Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol , vol.9 , pp. 162-165
    • Kirchhof, P.1    Eckardt, L.2    Rolf, S.3
  • 109
    • 0142057369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T-wave alternans in patients with right ventricular tachycardia
    • Kinoshita O., Tomita T., Hanaoka T., et al. T-wave alternans in patients with right ventricular tachycardia. Cardiology 100 (2003) 86-92
    • (2003) Cardiology , vol.100 , pp. 86-92
    • Kinoshita, O.1    Tomita, T.2    Hanaoka, T.3
  • 110
    • 33646494516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision memo for implantable Cardioverter defibrillators (CAG-00157R3). http://www.cms.hhs.gov/mcd/viewdecisionmemo.asp?id=148. Accessed February 10 2005.
  • 111
    • 33646482413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Independent studies on how implantable defibrillators can save lives are giving Cambridge Heart the opportunity to show how their Microvolt T-Wave Alternans Test™ can inform patients of their need for the device. http://www.ceocfointerviews.com/interviews/CambridgeHeart04WR.htm. Accessed February 12 2005.
  • 112
    • 33646469239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge Heart Announces REFINE Study Enrollment Completed Canadian Risk Stratification Study Completes 350 Patient Enrollment. http://www.cambridgeheart.com/camh/media/index.html. Accessed February 12 2005.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.