Determination of opiates and cocaine in hair using automated enzyme immunoassay screening methodologies followed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) confirmation

Forensic Science International

Volumn 159, Issue 2-3, 2006, Pages 189-199

  Lachenmeier, Katrin ^a   Musshoff, Frank ^a   Madea, Burkhard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Drugs of abuse; Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Gas chromatography mass spectrometry; Hair analysis; Immunological screening

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCODEINE; COCAINE; CODEINE; MORPHINE; OPIATE;

ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG HAIR LEVEL; ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; HAIR ANALYSIS; HUMAN; MASS SPECTROMETRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; SCREENING TEST; VALIDATION STUDY;

EID: 33646451061     PISSN: 03790738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.08.009     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Madea B., and Musshoff F. Haaranalytik, Technik und Interpretation in Medizin und Recht (2004), Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag, Cologne, Germany
2. Sachs H., and Kintz P. Testing for drugs in hair. Critical review of chromatographic procedures since 1992. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 713 (1998) 147-161
3. Sachs H., and Arnold W. Results of comparative determination of morphine in human hair using RIA and GC/MS. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 27 (1989) 873-877
4. Cassani M., and Spiehler V. Analytical requirements, perspectives and limits of immunological methods for drugs in hair. Forensic Sci. Int. 63 (1993) 175-184
5. Strano-Rossi S., Bermejo-Barrera A., and Chiarotti M. Segmental hair analysis for cocaine and heroin abuse determination. Forensic Sci. Int. 70 (1995) 211-216
6. Tagliaro F., Valentini R., Manetto G., Crivellente F., Carli G., and Marigo M. Hair analysis by using radioimmunoassay, high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis to investigate chronic exposure to heroin, cocaine and/or ecstasy in applicants for driving licences. Forensic Sci. Int. 107 (2000) 121-128
7. Moeller M.R., Fey P., and Wennig R. Simultaneous determination of drugs of abuse (opiates, cocaine and amphetamine) in human hair by GC/MS and its application to a methadone treatment program. Forensic Sci. Int. 63 (1993) 185-206
8. Cone E.J., Darwin W.D., and Wang W.L. The occurrence of cocaine, heroin and metabolites in hair of drug abusers. Forensic Sci. Int. 63 (1993) 55-68
9. Wang W.L., Darwin W.D., and Cone E.J. Simultaneous assay of cocaine, heroin and metabolites in hair, plasma, saliva and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl. 660 (1994) 279-290
10. Kintz P., and Mangin P. Simultaneous determination of opiates, cocaine and major metabolites of cocaine in human hair by gas chromotography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Forensic Sci. Int. 73 (1995) 93-100
11. Gaillard Y., and Pepin G. Simultaneous solid-phase extraction on C18 cartridges of opiates and cocainics for an improved quantitation in human hair by GC-MS: one year of forensic applications. Forensic Sci. Int. 86 (1997) 49-59
12. Hoeld K.M., Wilkins D.G., and Rollins D.E. Simultaneous quantitation of cocaine, opiates, and their metabolites in human hair by positive ion chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 36 (1998) 125-130
13. Pichini S., Pacifici R., Altieri I., Pellegrini M., and Zuccaro P. Determination of opiates and cocaine in hair as trimethylsilyl derivatives using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Toxicol. 23 (1999) 343-348
14. Spiehler V. Hair analysis by immunological methods from the beginning to 2000. Forensic Sci. Int. 107 (2000) 249-259
15. Spiehler V.R., Collison I.B., Sedgwick P.R., Perez S.L., Le S.D., and Farnin D.A. Validation of an automated microplate enzyme immunoassay for screening of postmortem blood for drugs of abuse. J. Anal. Toxicol. 22 (1998) 573-579
16. Kemp P., Sneed G., Kupiec T., and Spiehler V. Validation of a microtiter plate ELISA for screening of postmortem blood for opiates and benzodiazepines. J. Anal. Toxicol. 26 (2002) 504-512
17. Cirimele V., Kintz P., Lohner S., and Ludes B. Enzyme immunoassay validation for the detection of buprenorphine in urine. J. Anal. Toxicol. 27 (2003) 103-105
18. Barnes A.J., Kim I., Schepers R., Moolchan E.T., Wilson L., Cooper G., Reid C., Hand C., and Huestis M.A. Sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency in detecting opiates in oral fluid with the cozart opiate microplate EIA and GC-MS following controlled codeine administration. J. Anal. Toxicol. 27 (2003) 402-407
19. Kacinko S.L., Barnes A.J., Kim I., Moolchan E.T., Wilson L., Cooper G.A., Reid C., Baldwin D., Hand C.W., and Huestis M.A. Performance characteristics of the cozart rapiscan oral fluid drug testing system for opiates in comparison to ELISA and GC/MS following controlled codeine administration. Forensic Sci. Int. 20 141 (2004) 41-48
20. Gamaleya N., Tagliaro F., Parshin A., Vrublevskii A., Bugari G., Dorizzi R., Ghielmi S., and Marigo M. Immune response to opiates: new findings in heroin addicts investigated by means of an original enzyme immunoassay and morphine determination in hair. Life Sci. 53 (1993) 99-105
21. Sweeney S.A., Kelly R.C., Bourland J.A., Johnson T., Brown W.C., Lee H., and Lewis E. Amphetamines in hair by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J. Anal. Toxicol. 22 (1998) 418-424
22. Segura J., Stramesi C., Redon A., Ventura M., Sanchez C.J., Gonzalez G., San L., and Montagna M. Immunological screening of drugs of abuse and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric confirmation of opiates and cocaine in hair. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 724 (1999) 9-21
23. Moore C., Deitermann D., Lewis D., Feeley B., and Niedbala R.S. The detection of cocaine in hair specimens using micro-plate enzyme immunoassay. J. Forensic Sci. 44 (1999) 609-612
24. Cooper G., Wilson L., Reid C., Baldwin D., Hand C., and Spiehler V. Validation of the Cozart microplate ELISA for detection of opiates in hair. J. Anal. Toxicol. 27 (2003) 581-586
25. Cirimele V., Etienne S., Villain M., Ludes B., and Kintz P. Evaluation of the one-step ELISA kit for the detection of buprenorphine in urine, blood, and hair specimens. Forensic Sci. Int. 143 (2004) 153-156
26. H. Sachs, G. Schwarz, ELISA-pre-test in Hair analysis for illicit drugs, in: Proceedings of the Workshop 2002 of the Society of Hair Testing (SoHT), Berlin, Germany.
27. Schmitt G., Herbold M., and Peters F. Methodenvalidierung im Forensisch-Toxikologischen Labor (2003), Arvecon GmbH
28. Esbensen K. Multivariate Data Analysis in Practice (2001), CAMO Process AS, Oslo, Norway
29. Brereton R.G. Introduction to multivariate calibration in analytical chemistry. Analyst 125 (2000) 2125-2154
30. Musshoff F., Sachs H., and Thieme D. Anlage zu den Richtlinien der GTFCh zur Qualitätssicherung bei forensisch-toxikologischen Untersuchungen, Anhang B: Qualitätsstandards für spezielle Analyte, 2. Untersuchung von Haarproben. Toxichem. Krimtech 71 (2004) 140-145
31. SAMSHA, Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs, 2005. http://www.workplace.samsha.gov.