Traces, trajectories, and timing: The temporal perspective on groups

Theories of Small Groups: Interdisciplinary Perspectives

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 313-368

  Arrow, Holly ^a   Henry, Kelly Bouas ^b   Poole, Marshall Scott ^c   Wheelan, Susan ^d   Moreland, Richard ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

^b MISSOURI WESTERN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33646442892     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4135/9781483328935.n9     Document Type: Chapter

References (191)

1. Ancona, D., & Chong, C. (1996). Entrainment: Pace, cycle, and rhythm in organizational behavior. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 251-284.
2. Ancona, D. G., Okhuysen, G. A., & Perlow, L. A. (2001). Taking time to integrate temporal research. Academy of Management Review, 26(4), 512-529.
3. Argote, L. (1993). Group and organizational learning curves: Individual, system, and environmental components. British Journal of Social Psychology, 32(1), 31-51. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1993.tb00984.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1993.tb00984.x
4. Argote, L., Insko, C. A., Yovetich, N., & Romero, A. A. (1995). Group learning curves: The effects of turnover and task complexity on group performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(6), 512-529. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01765.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01765.x
5. Arrow, H. (1997). Stability, bistability, and instability in small group influence patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 75-85. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.75 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.75
6. Arrow, H., & Crosson, S. B. (2003). Musical chairs: Membership dynamics in self-organized group formation. Small Group Research, 5, 523-556. doi:10.1177/1046496403254585 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496403254585
7. Arrow, H., & McGrath, J. E. (1993). Membership matters: How member change and continuity affect small group structure, process, and performance. Small Group Research, 24, 334-361. doi:10.1177/1046496493243004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496493243004
8. Arrow, H., & McGrath, J. E. (1995). Membership dynamics in groups at work: A theoretical framework. In B. M.Staw & L. L.Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 17, pp. 373-411). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
9. Arrow, H., McGrath, J. E., & Berdahl, J. L. (2000). Small groups as complex systems: Formation, coordination, development, and adaptation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781452204666 http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452204666
10. Axelrod, R. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books.
11. Bales, R. F. (1950). Interaction process analysis: A method for the study of small groups. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12. Bales, R. F. (1953). The equilibrium problem in small groups. In T.Parsons, R. F.Bales, & E. A.Shils (Eds.), Working papers in the theory of action (pp. 111-161). Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
13. Bales, R. F. (1955). Adaptive and integrative changes as sources of strain in social systems. In A. P.Hare, E. F.Borgatta, & R. F.Bales (Eds.), Small groups: Studies in social interaction (pp. 127-131). New York: Knopf.
14. Bales, R. F., & Strodtbeck, F. L. (1951). Phases in group problem solving. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46, 485-495. doi:10.1037/h0059886 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0059886
15. Bales, R. F., Strodtbeck, F. L., Mills, T. M., & Roseborough, M. E. (1951). Channels of communication in small groups. American Sociological Review, 16, 461-468. doi:10.2307/2088276 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2088276
16. Bennis, W., & Shepard, H. (1956). A theory of group development. Human Relations, 9, 415-437. doi:10.1177/001872675600900403 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872675600900403
17. Bettenhausen, K. L., & Murnighan, J. K. (1985). The emergence of norms in competitive decision-making groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 350-372. doi:10.2307/2392667 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2392667
18. Bion, W. (1961). Experiences in groups. New York: Basic Books. doi:10.4324/9780203359075 http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203359075
19. Bliese, P. D. (2000). Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In K. J.Klein & S. W.Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations (pp. 349-381). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
20. Bouas, K. S., & Komorita, S. S. (1996). Group discussion and cooperation in social dilemmas. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1144-1150. doi:10.1177/01461672962211005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672962211005
21. Braaten, L. J. (1974/1975). Developmental phases of encounter groups: A critical review of models and a new proposal. Interpersonal Development, 75, 112-129.
22. Brower, A. M. (1986). Behavior changes in psychotherapy groups: A study using an empirically based statistical method. Small Group Behavior, 17, 164-185. doi:10.1177/104649648601700203 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104649648601700203
23. Burke, P. J. (1974). Participation and leadership in small groups. American Sociological Review, 39, 832-843. doi:10.2307/2094156 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2094156
24. Carley, K. M. (1991). A theory of group stability. American Sociological Review, 56, 331-354. doi:10.2307/2096108 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2096108
25. Chang, A., Bordia, P., & Duck, J. (2003). Punctuated equilibrium and linear progression: Toward a new understanding of group development. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 106-117. doi:10.2307/30040680 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30040680
26. Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1998). Charismatic leadership in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781452204932 http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452204932
27. Contractor, H., & Seibold, D. R. (1993). Theoretical frameworks for the study of structuring processes in group decision support systems: Adaptive structuration theory and self-organizing systems theory. Human Communication Research, 19, 528-563. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00312.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00312.x
28. Crosson, S. B., Orbell, J., & Arrow, H. (2004). "Social poker": A laboratory test of predictions from club theory. Rationality and Society, 16(2), 225-248.
29. Davis, J. A., & Leinhardt, S. (1972). The structure of positive interpersonal relations in small groups. In J.Berger, M.Zelditch, & B.Anderson (Eds.), Sociological theories in progress (pp. 218-251). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
30. Dennis, A. R., & Valacich, J. S. (1993). Computer brainstorms: More heads are better than one. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 531-537. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.531 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.531
31. DeSanctis, G., & Poole, M. S. (1994). Capturing the complexity in advanced technology use: Adaptive structuration theory. Organization Science, 5, 121-147. doi:10.1287/orsc.5.2.121 http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.2.121
32. Diehl, M., & Stroebe, W. (1987). Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: Toward the solution of a riddle. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 497-509. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.497 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.497
33. Dunphy, D. C. (1968). Phases, roles, and myths in self-analytic groups. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 4, 195-225. doi:10.1177/002188636800400203 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002188636800400203
34. Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
35. Eisenhardt, K. M., & Sull, D. N. (2001). Strategy as simple rules. Harvard Business Review, 19, 107-116.
36. Farrell, M. P. (1976). Patterns in the development of self-analytic groups. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 12, 523-542. doi:10.1177/002188637601200405 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002188637601200405
37. Faure, G. O., & Sjostedt, G. (1993). Culture and negotiation: An introduction. In G. O.Faure & J. Z.Rubin (Eds.), Culture and negotiation (pp. 1-13). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
38. Feldman, M. S. (2000). Organizational routines as a source of continuous change. Organization Science, 11(6), 611-629. doi:10.1287/orsc.11.6.611.12529 http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.6.611.12529
39. Fine, G. A. (1987). With the boys: Little League baseball and preadolescent culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
40. Fisek, M. H., & Ofshe, R. (1970). The process of status evolution. Sociometry, 33, 327-335. doi:10.2307/2786161 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2786161
41. Folger, J. P., Poole, M. S., & Stutman, R. (2004). Working through conflict (5th ed.). New York: Addison-Wesley Longman.
42. Forrester, J. W. (1961). Industrial dynamics. Cambridge, MA: Productivity Press.
43. Frey, L. R. (Ed.). (2003). Group communication in context: Studies of bona fide groups (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
44. Gersick, C. J. G. (1988). Time and transition in work teams: Toward a new model of group development. Academy of Management Journal, 31, 9-41. doi:10.2307/256496 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256496
45. Gersick, C. J. G. (1989). Marking time: Predictable transitions in task groups. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 274-309. doi:10.2307/256363 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256363
46. Gersick, C. J. G., & Hackman, J. R. (1990). Habitual routines in task-performing groups. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 47, 65-97. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(90)90047-D http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978%2890%2990047-D
47. Giddens, A. (1979). Central problems in social theory: Action, structure, and contradiction in social analysis. Berkeley: University of California Press.
48. Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press.
49. Glasl, F. (1982). The process of conflict escalation and roles of third parties. In G. B. J.Bomers & R.Peterson (Eds.), Conflict management and industrial relations (pp. 119-140). Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-1132-6_6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1132-6_6
50. Graen, G. B., & Scandura, T. (1987). Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing. Research in Organizational Behavior, 9, 175-208.
51. Guastello, S. J. (1995). Chaos, catastrophe, and human affairs: Applications of nonlinear dynamics to work, organizations, and social evolution. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
52. Hackman, J. R. (Ed.). (1990). Groups that work (and those that don't). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
53. Hackman, J. R. (2002). Leading teams: Setting the stage for great performances. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
54. Hackman, J. R., & Morris, C. H. (1975). Group tasks, group interaction process, and group effectiveness: A review and proposed integration. In L.Berkowitz (Ed.). Advances in experimental social psychology, (Vol. 8, pp. 45-99). New York: Academic Press.
55. Hall, E. T. (1983). The dance of life: The other dimension of time. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
56. Hare, A. P. (1967). Small group development in the relay assembly testroom. Sociological Inquiry, 37, 169-182. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1967.tb00646.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1967.tb00646.x
57. Hare, A. P. (1982). Creativity in small groups. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
58. Hare, A. P., & Naveh, D. (1984). Group development at the Camp David Summit, 1978. Small Group Behavior, 15, 299-318. doi:10.1177/104649648401500301 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104649648401500301
59. Harrison, D. A., Price, K. H., & Bell, M. P. (1998). Beyond relational demography: Time and the effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 96-107. doi:10.2307/256901 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256901
60. Hastie, R., Penrod, S. D., & Pennington, N. (1983). Inside the jury. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
61. Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: John Wiley. doi:10.1037/10628-000 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10628-000
62. Henry, K. B. (2000). Perceptions of cooperation in a longitudinal social dilemma. Small Group Research, 31, 507-527. doi:10.1177/104649640003100501 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104649640003100501
63. Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1969). Life cycle theory of leadership. Training and Development Journal, 23, 26-40.
64. Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1988). Management of organizational behavior (5th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
65. Hill, W. F. (1974). Systematic group development-SGD therapy. In A.Jacobs & W.Spradlin (Eds.), The group as agent of change. New York: Behavioral Publications.
66. Hill, W. F., & Gruner, L. (1973). A study of development in open and closed groups. Small Group Behavior, 4, 355-382. doi:10.1177/104649647300400303 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104649647300400303
67. Hiltz, S. R., Johnson, K., & Turoff, M. (1986). Experiments in group decision making, 1: Communications process and outcome in face-to-face vs. computerized conferences. Human Communication Research, 13(2), 225-252. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1986.tb00104.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1986.tb00104.x
68. Hirokawa, R. Y. (1990). The role of communication in group decision-making efficacy: A task-contingency perspective. Small Group Research, 21, 190-204. doi:10.1177/1046496490212003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496490212003
69. Hogg, M. A. (1992). The social psychology of group cohesiveness: From attraction to social identity. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
70. Hollander, E. P. (1978). Leadership dynamics: A practical guide to effective relationships. New York: Free Press.
71. Hollingshead, A. B., & McGrath, J. E. (1995). Computer-assisted groups: A Critical review of the empirical research. In R. L.Guzzo & E.Salas (Eds.), Team effectiveness and decision-making in organizations (pp. 46-78). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
72. Holmes, M. E. (1992). Phase structures in negotiation. In L. L.Putnam & M. E.Roloff (Eds.), Communication and negotiation (pp. 83-107). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
73. Isaac, R. M., & Walker, J. M. (1988). Group size effects in public goods provision: The voluntary contributions mechanism. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 103, 179-199. doi:10.2307/1882648 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1882648
74. Jackson, M., & Poole, M. S. (2003). Idea generation in naturally occurring groups: Complex appropriation of a simple group procedure. Human Communication Research, 29, 560-591.
75. Janicik, G. A., & Bartel, C. A. (2003). Talking about time: Effects of temporal planning and time awareness norms on group coordination and performance. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7, 122-134. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.7.2.122 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.7.2.122
76. Janis, I. L. (1982). Groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
77. Kahai, S. S., Sosik, J. J., & Avolio, B. J. (1997). Effects of leadership style and problem structure on work group process and outcomes in an electronic meeting system environment. Personnel Psychology, 50, 121-146. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1997.tb00903.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1997.tb00903.x
78. Kaufman-Scarborough, C., & Lindquist, J. D. (1999). Time management and polychronicity: Comparisons, contrasts, and insights for the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 14, 288-312. doi:10.1108/02683949910263819 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910263819
79. Kelly, J. R., Futoran, G. C., & McGrath, J. E. (1990). Capacity and capability: Seven studies of entrainment of task performance rates. Small Group Research, 21, 283-314. doi:10.1177/1046496490213001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496490213001
80. Kelly, J. R., Jackson, J. W., & Hutson-Comeaux, S. L. (1997). The effect of time pressure and task differences on influence modes and accuracy in problem-solving groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 10-22. doi:10.1177/0146167297231002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167297231002
81. Kelly, J. R., & Karau, S. J. (1993). Entrainment of creativity in small groups. Small Group Research, 24, 179-198. doi:10.1177/1046496493242002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496493242002
82. Kelly, J. R., & McGrath, J. E. (1985). Effects of time limits and task types on task performance and interaction of four-person groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49, 395-407. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.2.395 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.2.395
83. Keogh, C. M., & Lake, R. (1993). Values as structuring properties in contract negotiations. In C.Conrad (Ed.), The ethical nexus (pp. 171-191). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
84. Komorita, S. S., Hilty, J. A., & Parks, C. D. (1991). Reciprocity and cooperation in social dilemmas. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 35, 494-518. doi:10.1177/0022002791035003005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002791035003005
85. Komorita, S. S., Parks, C. D., & Hulbert, L. G. (1992). Reciprocity and the induction of cooperation in social dilemmas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 607-617. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.607 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.607
86. Kuhn, T., & Poole, M. S. (2000). Do conflict management styles affect group decision-making? Evidence from a longitudinal field study. Human Communication Research, 26, 558-590. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00769.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00769.x
87. Kuypers, B., Davies, D., & Glaser, K. (1986). Developmental arrestations in self-analytic groups. Small Group Behavior, 17, 269-302. doi:10.1177/104649648601700302 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104649648601700302
88. Lacoursiere, R. B. (1980). The life cycle of groups: Group developmental stage theory. New York: Human Sciences Press.
89. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
90. Latané, B. (1996). Dynamic social impact: The creation of culture by communication. Journal of Communication, 46, 13-25.
91. Lau, D. C., & Murnighan, J. K. (1998). Demographic diversity and fault lines: The compositional dynamics of organizational groups. Academy of Management Review, 23, 325-340.
92. Lebie, L., Rhoades, J. A., & McGrath, J. E. (1996). Interaction process in computer-mediated and face-to-face groups. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 4(2 & 3), 127-152. doi:10.1007/BF00749744 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00749744
93. Leik, R. K., & Meeker, B. F. (1975). Mathematical sociology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
94. Lewin, K. (1947a). Frontiers in group dynamics: Channels of group life: Social planning and action research. Human Relations, 1, 143-153. doi:10.1177/001872674700100201 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872674700100201
95. Lewin, K. (1947b). Frontiers in group dynamics: Concept, method, and reality in social science: Social equilibria and social change. Human Relations, 1, 5-41. doi:10.1177/001872674700100103 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872674700100103
96. Lim, S. A., & Murnighan, J. K. (1994). Phases, deadlines, and the bargaining process. Oganizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 58, 153-171. doi:10.1006/obhd.1994.1032 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1994.1032
97. Lindsley, D. H., Brass, D. J., & Thomas, J. B. (1995). Efficacy-performance spirals: A multilevel perspective. Academy of Management Review, 20, 645-678.
98. Lundgren, D., & Knight, D. (1978). Sequential stages of development in sensitivity training groups. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 14, 204-222. doi:10.1177/002188637801400205 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002188637801400205
99. Majchrsak, A., Rice, R. E., Malhotra, A., & King, N. (2000). Technology adaptation: The case of a computer-supported inter-organizational virtual team. MIS Quarterly, 24, 569-600. doi:10.2307/3250948 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3250948
100. Mann, R., Gibbard, G., & Hartman, J. (1967). Interpersonal style and group development. New York: John Wiley.
101. McCollom, M. (1995). Reevaluating group development: A critique of familiar models. In J.Gillette & M.McCollom (Eds.), Groups in context: A new perspective on group dynamics (pp. 133-154). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
102. McGrath, J. E. (1990). Time matters in groups. In J.Galegher & R. E.Kraut (Eds.), Intellectual teamwork: Social and technological foundations of cooperative work (pp. 23-61). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
103. McGrath, J. E. (1991). Time, interaction, and performance (TIP): A theory of groups. Small Group Research, 22, 147-174. doi:10.1177/1046496491222001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496491222001
104. McGrath, J. E., & Kelly, J. R. (1986). Time and human interaction: Toward a social psychology of time. New York: Guilford Press.
105. McGrath, J. E., & O'Connor, K. M. (1996). Temporal issues in work groups. In M. A.West (Ed.), Handbook of work group psychology (pp. 25-52). Chichester, UK: John Wiley.
106. McGrath, J. E., & Tschan, F. (2004a). Dynamics in groups and teams: Groups as complex action systems. In M. S.Poole & A. H.Van de Ven (Eds.), Handbook of organizational change and development (pp. 50-72). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
107. McGrath, J. E., & Tschan, F. (2004b). Temporal matters in social psychology: Examining the role of time in the lives of groups and individuals. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10659-000 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10659-000
108. McPhee, R. D., & Poole, M. S. (1981). Mathematical models in communication research. In M.Burgoon (Ed.), Communication yearbook (Vol. 5, pp. 159-191). New Brunswick, NJ: ICA-Transaction Press.
109. Mills, T. (1964). Group transformations: An analysis of a learning group. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
110. Moore, D. A. (2003). Myopic prediction, self-destructive secrecy, and the unexpected benefits of revealing final deadlines in negotiations. Carnegie Mellon GSIA Working Paper.
111. Moore, D. A. (2004). The unexpected benefits of final deadlines in negotiation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 121-127. doi:10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00090-8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031%2803%2900090-8
112. Moreland, R. L. (1996). Lewin's legacy for small-groups research. Systems Practice, 9, 7-26. doi:10.1007/BF02173416 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02173416
113. Moreland, R. L. (1999). Transactive memory: Learning who knows what in work groups and organizations. In L.Thompson, D.Messick, & J.Levine (Eds.), Shared cognition in organizations: The management of knowledge (pp. 3-31). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
114. Moreland, R. L., & Argote, L. (2003). Transactive memory in dynamic organizations. In R.Peterson & E.Mannix (Eds.), Understanding the dynamic organization (pp. 135-162). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
115. Moreland, R. L., Hogg, M. A., & Hains, S. C. (1994). Back to the future: Social psychological research on groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 527-555. doi:10.1006/jesp.1994.1025 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1994.1025
116. Moreland, R. L., & Levine, J. M. (1982). Socialization in small groups: Temporal changes in individual-group relations. In L.Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 15, pp. 137-192). New York: Academic Press.
117. Moreland, R. L., & Levine, J. M. (1992). The composition of small groups. In E.Lawler, B.Markovsky, C.Ridgeway, & H.Walker (Eds.), Advances in group processes (Vol. 9, pp. 237-280). Greenwich, CT.: JAI Press.
118. Moreland, R. L., & Levine, J. M. (2000). Socialization in organizations and work groups. In M.Turner (Ed.), Groups at work: Theory and research (pp. 69-112). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
119. Newcomb, T. M. (1961). The acquaintance process. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. doi:10.1037/13156-000 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/13156-000
120. Neuendorff, K. (2001). Content analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
121. Nutt, P. C. (1984). Types of organizational decision processes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 414-450. doi:10.2307/2393033 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393033
122. Ofori-Dankwa, J., & Julian, S. D. (2001). Complexifying organizational theory: Illustrations using time research. Academy of Management Review, 26(3), 415-430.
123. Olekalns, M., & Smith, P. L. (2000). Understanding optimal outcomes: The role of strategy sequences in competitive negotiations. Human Communication Research, 26, 527-557.
124. Opp, K.-D. (1982). The evolutionary emergence of norms. British Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 139-149. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00522.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00522.x
125. Orlitzky, M., & Hirokawa, R. Y. (2001). To err is human, to correct for it divine: A meta-analysis of research testing the functional theory of group decision-making effectiveness. Small Group Research, 32, 313-341. doi:10.1177/104649640103200303 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104649640103200303
126. Osborn, A. F. (1957). Applied imagination. New York: Scribner's.
127. Parks, C. D., Henager, R. F., & Scamahorn, S. D. (1996). Trust and reactions to messages of intent in social dilemmas. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40, 134-151. doi:10.1177/0022002796040001007 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002796040001007
128. Parks, C. D., & Rumble, A. C. (2001). Elements of reciprocity and social value orientation. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1301-1309. doi:10.1177/01461672012710006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672012710006
129. Poole, M. S. (1981). Decision development in small groups I: A test of two models. Communication Monographs, 48, 1-24. doi:10.1080/03637758109376044 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03637758109376044
130. Poole, M. S. (1999). Theories of group communication. In L.Frey, D.Gouran, & M. S.Poole (Eds.), Handbook of group communication theory and research (pp. 37-70). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
131. Poole, M. S., & DeSanctis, G. (1990). Understanding the use of decision support systems: The theory of adaptive structuration. In J.Fulk & C.Steinfield (Eds.), Organizations and communication technology (pp. 173-193). Newbury Park CA: Sage.
132. Poole, M. S., & DeSanctis, G. (2003). Structuration theory in information systems research: Methods and controversies. In M. E.Whitman & A. B.Woszczynski (Eds.), Handbook for information systems research (pp. 206-249). Hershey, PA: Idea Press. doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-144-5.ch013 http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-144-5.ch013
133. Poole, M. S., & Roth, J. (1989). Decision development in small groups IV: A typology of group decision paths. Human Communication Research, 15, 323-356. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1989.tb00188.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1989.tb00188.x
134. Poole, M. S., Seibold, D. R., & McPhee, R. D. (1985). Group decision-making as a structurational process. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 71, 74-102. doi:10.1080/00335638509383719 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00335638509383719
135. Poole, M. S., Seibold, D. R., & McPhee, R. D. (1996). The structuration of group decisions. In R. Y.Hirokawa & M. S.Poole (Eds.), Communication and group decision-making (2nd ed., pp. 114-146). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
136. Poole, M. S., Van de Ven, A. H., Dooley, K., & Holmes, M. E. (2000). Organizational change and innovation processes: Theory and methods for research. New York: Oxford University Press.
137. Pruitt, D. G., & Kimmel, M. J. (1977). Twenty years of experimental gaming: Critique, synthesis, and suggestions for the future. Annual Review of Psychology, 28, 363-392. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.28.020177.002051 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.28.020177.002051
138. Rapoport, A., & Chammah, A. M. (1965). Prisoner's dilemma. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
139. Rice, R. (1984). The new media: Communication, research, and technology. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
140. Ridgeway, C. L. (1984). Dominance, performance, and status in groups: A theoretical analysis. In E. J.Lawler (Ed.), Advances in group processes (Vol. 1, pp. 59-93). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
141. Rogers, C. (1970). Carl Rogers on encounter groups. New York: Harper &Row.
142. Roy, D. F. (1960). "Banana time": Job satisfaction and informal interaction. Human Organization, 18, 158-168.
143. Sambamurthy, V., & Poole, M. S. (1992). The effects of variations in capabilities of GDSS designs on the management of cognitive conflict in groups. Information Systems Research, 3, 224-251. doi:10.1287/isre.3.3.224 http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/isre.3.3.224
144. Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
145. Schultz, B. (1986). Communicative correlates of perceived leaders in the small group. Small Group Behavior, 17(1), 51-65. doi:10.1177/104649648601700105 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104649648601700105
146. Schutz, W. (1958). FIRO: A three dimensional theory of interpersonal behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
147. Sheppard, B. H. (1984). Third party conflict intervention: A procedural framework. In B. M.Staw & L. L.Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 6, pp. 41-190). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
148. Sherif, M. (1966). In common predicament: Social psychology of intergroup conflict and cooperation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
149. Slater, P. (1966). Microcosm. New York: John Wiley.
150. Smith, K. K., & Berg, D. N. (1987). Paradoxes of group life: Understanding conflict, paralysis, and movement in group dynamics. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
151. Stasser, G. (1988). Computer simulation as a research tool: The DISCUSS model of group decision making. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 393-422. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(88)90028-5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031%2888%2990028-5
152. Stech, E. L. (1975). An analysis of interaction structure in the discussion of a ranking task. Speech Monographs, 37, 249-256. doi:10.1080/03637757009375674 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03637757009375674
153. Sterman, J. (2000). Business dynamics: Systems thinking and modeling for a complex world. New York: Irwin.
154. Stiles, W. B., Tupler, L. A., & Carpenter, J. C. (1982). Participants' perceptions of self-analytic group sessions. Small Group Behavior, 13, 237-254. doi:10.1177/104649648201300208 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104649648201300208
155. Stock, D., & Thelen, H. (1958). Emotional dynamics and group culture. New York: New York University Press.
156. Stuhlmacher, A. F., Gillespie, T. L., & Champagne, M. V. (1998). The impact of time pressure in negotiation: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Conflict Management, 9, 97-116. doi:10.1108/eb022805 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb022805
157. Taylor, J. R., Groleau, C., Heaton, L., & Van Every, E. (2001). The computerization of work: A communication perspective. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
158. Theodorson, G. A. (1962). The function of hostility in small groups. The Journal of Social Psychology, 256, 57-66. doi:10.1080/00224545.1962.9919373 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1962.9919373
159. Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H, (1959). The social psychology of groups. New York: John Wiley.
160. Tschan, F. (1995). Communication enhances small group performance if it conforms to task requirements: The concept of ideal communication cycles. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17, 371-393. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1703_6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1703_6
161. Tschan, F. (2002). Ideal cycles of communication (or cognitions) in triads, dyads, and individuals. Small Group Research, 33(6), 615-643. doi:10.1177/1046496402238618 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496402238618
162. Tuckman, B. W. (1965). Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 63, 384-399. doi:10.1037/h0022100 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0022100
163. Tuckman, B. W., & Jensen, M. A. C. (1977). Stages in small group development revisited. Group and Organizational Studies, 2, 419-427. doi:10.1177/105960117700200404 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105960117700200404
164. Tuckman, J., & Lorge, I. (1962). Individual ability as a determinant of group superiority. Human Relations, 15, 45-51. doi:10.1177/001872676201500105 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872676201500105
165. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
166. Tushman, M. L., & Romanelli, E. (1985). Organizational evolution: A metamorphosis model of convergence and reorientation. In B. M.Staw & L. L.Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 7, pp. 171-222). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
167. Valacich, J. S., Wheeler, B. C., Mennecke, B. E., & Wachter, R. (1995). The effects of numerical and logical group size on computer-mediated idea generation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 62, 318-329. doi:10.1006/obhd.1995.1053 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1995.1053
168. Verdi, A. F., & Wheelan, S. (1992). Developmental patterns in same-sex and mixed-sex groups. Small Group Research, 23, 256-278. doi:10.1177/1046496492233006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496492233006
169. Von Cranach, M. (1996). Toward a theory of the acting group. In E.Witte & J. H.Davis (Eds.), Understanding group behavior: Small group processes and interpersonal relations (pp. 147-187). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
170. Waller, M. J. (1997). Keeping the pins in the air: How work groups juggle multiple tasks. In M. M.Beyerlein, D. A.Johnson, & S. T.Beyerlein (Eds.), Advances in interdisciplinary studies of work teams (Vol. 4, pp. 217-247). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
171. Waller, M. J. (2000). All in the timing: Team pacing behaviors in dynamic conditions. In C. L.Cooper & D. M.Rousseau (Eds.), Trends in organizational behavior: Time in organizational behavior (Vol. 7, pp. 37-43). Brisbane, Australia: Wiley.
172. Waller, M. J., Conte, J. M, Gibson, C. B., & Carpenter, M. A. (2001). The effect of individual perceptions of deadlines on team performance. Academy of Management Review, 26, 586-600.
173. Waller, M. J., Giambatista, R. C., & Zellmer-Bruhn, M. (1999). The effects of individual time urgency on group polychronicity. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 13, 244-256. doi:10.1108/02683949910263765 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910263765
174. Waller, M. J., Zellmer-Bruhn, M. E., & Giambatista, R. C. (2002). Watching the clock: Group pacing behavior under dynamic deadlines. Academy of Management Journal, 45(5), 1046-1055. doi:10.2307/3069329 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3069329
175. Weingart, L. R. (1992). Impact of group goals, task component complexity, effort, and planning on group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(5), 682-693. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.77.5.682 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.77.5.682
176. Weingart, L. R. (1997). How did they do that? The ways and means of studying group process. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19, 198-239.
177. Weingart, L. R., Prietula, M. J., Hyder, E. B., & Genovese, C. R. (1999). Knowledge and the sequential processes of negotiation: A Markov chain analysis of response-in-kind. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 366-393. doi:10.1006/jesp.1999.1378 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1999.1378
178. Weisband, S. P. (1992). Group discussion and first advocacy effects in computer mediated and face-to-face decision making groups. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 53, 352-380. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(92)90070-N http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978%2892%2990070-N
179. Weldon, E., & Weingart, L. R. (1993). Group goals and group performance. British Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 307-334. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1993.tb01003.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1993.tb01003.x
180. Wheelan, S. A. (1990). Facilitating training groups: A guide to leadership and verbal intervention skills. New York: Praeger.
181. Wheelan, S. (1994). Group processes: A developmental perspective. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
182. Wheelan, S. (1996). An initial exploration of the relevance of complexity theory to group research and practice. Systems Practice, 9(1), 49-70. doi:10.1007/BF02173418 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02173418
183. Wheelan, S., & Kaeser, R. M. (1997). The influence of task type and designated leaders on developmental patterns in groups. Small Group Research, 28(1), 94-121. doi:10.1177/1046496497281004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496497281004
184. Wheelan, S., & McKeage, R. (1993). Developmental patterns in small and large groups. Small Group Research, 24, 60-83. doi:10.1177/1046496493241005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496493241005
185. Wheelan, S., Murphy, D., Tsumura, E., & Fried Kline, S. (1998). Member perceptions of internal group dynamics and productivity. Small Group Research, 29, 371-393. doi:10.1177/1046496498293005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496498293005
186. Wheelan, S., Verdi, A. F., & McKeage, R. (1994). The group development observation system: Origins and applications. Philadelphia: GDQ Associates.
187. Wittenbaum, G. M., & Stasser, G. (1996). Management of information in small groups. In J. L.Nye & A. M.Brower (Eds.), What's social about social cognition? Social cognition research in small groups (pp. 3-28). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
188. Worchel, S. (1994). You can go home again: Returning group research to the group context with an eye on developmental issues. Small Group Research, 25, 205-223. doi:10.1177/1046496494252004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496494252004
189. Worchel, S., Coutant-Sassic, D., & Grossman, M. (1992). A developmental approach to group dynamics: A model and illustrative research. In S.Worchel, W.Wood, & J. A.Simpson (Eds.), Group process and productivity. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
190. Worchel, S., Coutant-Sassic, D., & Wong, F. (1993). Toward a more balanced view of conflict: There is a positive side. In S.Worchel & J. A.Simplson (Eds.), Conflict between people and groups. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
191. Zaheer, S., Albert, S., & Zaheer, A. (1999). Time scales and organizational theory. Academy of Management Review, 24(4), 725-741.