The effect of environmental conditions on sodium chloride damage: A step in the development of an effective weathering test

Studies in Conservation

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 41-56

  Lubelli, Barbara ^a   van Hees, Rob P J ^a,b   Groot, Caspar J W P ^c  

^a TNO   (Netherlands)

^b DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^c DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION; MINERALOGY; SODIUM CHLORIDE; WEATHERING; X RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS;

LABORATORY WEATHERING TEST; MERCURY INTRUSION POROSIMETRY;

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT;

EID: 33646367417     PISSN: 00393630     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/sic.2006.51.1.41     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Charola, E., 'Salts in the deterioration of porous material: an overview', Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 39 (2000) 327-343.
2. Goudie, A., Salt Weathering Hazards, John Wiley, Chichester (1997).
3. Winkler, E.M., and Singer, P.C., 'Crystallization pressure of salts in stone and concrete', Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83 (1972) 3509-3514.
4. Scherer, G., 'Crystallisation in pores', Cement and Concrete Research 29(8) (1999) 1347-1358.
5. Puhringer, J., Salt Disintegration, Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm (1983).
6. Rodriguez Navarro, C., and Doehne, E., 'Salt weathering: influence of evaporation rate, supersaturation and crystallization pattern', Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 24 (1999) 191-209.
7. Pel, L., Huinink, H., and Kopinga, K., 'Ion transport and crystallization in inorganic building materials as studied by nuclear magnetic resonance', Applied Physics Letters 81 (2002) 2893-2895.
8. Flatt, R.J., 'Salt damage in porous materials: how high super-saturations are generated', Journal of Crystal Growth 242 (2002) 435-454.
9. Rijniers, L., Salt Crystallization in Porous Materials: A NMR Study, PhD dissertation, Eindhoven University of Technology (2004).
10. RILEM Recommendation MS-A1, 'Determination of the resistance of wallettes against sulphates and chlorides', Materials and Structure 31 (1998) 2-19.
11. van Hees, R.P.J., and Brocken, H.J.P., 'The salt crystallisation method', in Final report EC Project SCOST (Salt Compatibility of Surface Treatment), ENV4-CT98-0710, ed. E. de Witte, (2001) 35-37, on CD-rom.
12. Wissenschaftlich Technischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Bauwerkserhaltung und Denkmalpflege, 'WTA Merkblatt 2-2-91 - Sanierputzsysteme', Bautenschutz + Bausanierung 15 (1992) 59-63.
13. Wijffels, T.J., and van Hees, R.P.J., 'The influence of the loss of water of the fresh mortar to the substrate on the hygric characteristics of so-called restoration renderings', in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Urban Heritage and Building Maintenance VII, 1 September 2000, Zurich, ed. L.G.W. Verhoef, and F.H. Wittman, Freiburg (2000) 49-54.
14. RILEM Recommendation CPC 11.3, 'Absorption of water by immersion under vacuum', Material and Structures 12 (1979) 391-394.
15. European Committee for Standardization, Draft prEN 1015-18 Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry: Determination of Water Absorption Coefficient due to Capillary Action of Hardened Rendering Mortar, Brussels (1996).
16. Camuffo, D., Microclimate for Cultural Heritage, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1998).
17. 3', in Final report EC Project SCOST (Salt Compatibility of Surface Treatment), ENV4-CT98-0710, ed. E. de Witte, (2001) 109-119, on CD-rom.
18. Lubelli, B., van Hees, R.P.J., and Brocken, H.J.P., 'Experimental research on hygroscopic behaviour of porous specimens ontaminated with salt', Construction and Building Materials 18(5) (2004) 339-348.
19. Tammes, E., and Vos, B.H., Warmte en vochttransprot in bouwconstructies, Kluwer Technische Boeken B.V., Deventer-Antwerpen (1980).
20. Wijffels, T., and van Hees, R.P.J., Salt Transportation in Restoration Plaster, unpublished TNO report 2001-BS-R0400, Delft (2001).
21. Wendler, E., 'Laboratory measurements on salt-loaded brick samples in periodically changing climate conditions', in The Study of Salt Deterioration Mechanism, ed. T. Von Konow, European Heritage Laboratories, Raphaël 1999, The Governing Body of Suomenlinna (2002) 81-87.
22. Eswaran, H., Stoops, G., and Abathi, A., 'SEM morphology of halite (NaCl) in soil', Journal of Microscopy 120 (1969) 343-352.
23. Obika, B., Freer-Hewish, R.J., and Fookes, P.G., 'Soluble salt damage to thin bituminous road and runway surfaces', Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology 22 (1989) 59-73.
24. Charola, E., and Puhringer, J., 'Salts in deterioration of porous materials: a call for the right questions', unpublished proceeding of Workshop ARCCHIP ARIADNE 13 - SALTeXPERT Tasks No. AR13/13, December, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, ITAM - ARCCHIP, Prague (2002).
25. Arnold, A., and Zehnder, K., 'Crystallization and habits of salt efflorescences: II. Condition of crystallization', in Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, 25-27 September 1985, Lausanne, ed. G. Felix, Presses Polytechniques Romandes, Lausanne (1985) 269-277.
26. van Hees, R.P.J., Lubelli, B., Pel, L., Huinink, H., Groot, C., and de Rooij, M., 'Transport and crystallization of salts in masonry and plasters', in Proceedings of the 13th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference, July 4-7 2004, Amsterdam, ed. D. Martens, and A. Vermeltfoort, Schaubroeck, Amsterdam (2004).
27. Lubelli, B., van Hees, R.P.J., and Groot, C., 'Investigation on the behaviour of a restoration plaster applied on heavy salt loaded masonry', Construction and Building Materials (2005) in press.