Quantifying leukocytes in first catch urine provides new insights into our understanding of symptomatic and asymptomatic urethritis

International Journal of STD and AIDS

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 289-295

  Wiggins, Rebecca C ^a   Holmes, Christopher H ^a   Andersson, Monique ^b   Ibrahim, Fowzia ^a   Low, Nicola ^c   Horner, Patrick J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b BRISTOL ROYAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Leukocytes; Quantification; Urethritis; Urine

Indexed keywords

CD45 ANTIGEN;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM DETECTION; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DYSURIA; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY CELL; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MALE; NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SYMPTOM; URETHRITIS; URINALYSIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; EXUDATES AND TRANSUDATES; GONORRHEA; HUMANS; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE; URETHRITIS;

EID: 33646338891     PISSN: 09564624     EISSN: 09564624     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1258/095646206776790268     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. O'Mahony C. View from the frontline. Int J STD AIDS 2004;15:498
2. Horner PJ. Should we still be testing for asymptomatic non-specific urethritis in departments of genitourinary medicine? Int J STD AIDS 2005;16:273-7
3. Falk L, Fredlund H, Jensen JS. Symptomatic urethritis is more prevalent in men infected with Mycoplasma genitalium than with Chlamydia trachomatis. Sex Transm Infect 2004;80:289-93
4. Horner PJ, Coker RJ. The diagnosis and management of urethral discharge in males. In: Barton SE, Hay PE, eds. Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine. London: Arnold, 1999;123-38
5. Martin DH, Bowie WR. Urethritis in males. In: Holmes KK, Mardh P-A, Sparling PF, Lemon SM, Piot P, Wasserheit JN, eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 3rd edn. New York: McGraw Hill, 1999;833-45
6. Clinical Effectiveness Group (Association of Genitourinary Medicine and the Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases). National guideline for the management of non-gonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Infect 1999;75(Suppl 1):S9-12 (revised 2002 [www.BASHH.org])
7. Taylor-Robinson D, Horner PJ. The role of Mycoplasma genitalium in non-gonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Infect 2001;77:229-31
8. Morre SA, van den Brule AJ, Rozendaal L, Boeke AJ, Voorhorst FJ, de Blok S, et al. The natural course of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections: 45% clearance and no development of clinical PID after one-year follow-up. Int J STD AIDS 2002;13:12-18
9. Molano M, Meijer CJ, Weiderpass E, et al. The natural course of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in asymptomatic Colombian women: a 5-year follow-up study. J Infect Dis 2005;191:907-16
10. Clad A, Prillwitz J, Hintz KC, et al. Discordant prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic couples screened using urine ligase chain reaction. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001;20:324-8
11. Lin JS, Donegan SP, Heeren TC, et al. Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men with urethritis and their female sex partners. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1707-12
12. Quinn TC,Welsh L, Lentz A, et al. Diagnosis by AMPLICOR PCR of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in urine samples from women and men attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:1401-6
13. Khan AM. The prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomonas in sexual partnerships: implications for partner notification and treatment. Sex Transm Dis 2005;32:260-4
14. Kelly KA. Cellular immunity and chlamydia genital infection: induction, recruitment, and effector mechanisms. Int Rev Immunol 2003;22:3-41
15. Debattista J, Timms P, Allan J, Allan J. Immunopathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women. Fertil Steril 2003;79:1273-87
16. Haddow LJ, Bunn A, Copas AJ, et al. Polymorph count for predicting non-gonococcal urethral infection: a model using Chlamydia trachomatis diagnosed by ligase chain reaction. Sex Transm Infect 2004;80:198-200
17. Horner PJ, Cain D, McClure M, et al. Association of antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis heat-shock protein 60 kD with chronic nongonococcal urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:653-60
18. Smith R, Copas AJ, Prince M, George B, Walker AS, Sadiq ST. Poor sensitivity and consistency of microscopy in the diagnosis of low grade non-gonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Infect 2003;79:487-90
19. Willcox JR, Adler MW, Belsey EM. Observer variation in the interpretation of Gram-stained urethral smears: implications for the diagnosis of non-specific urethritis. Br J Vener Dis 1981;57:134-6
20. Holmes CH, Simpson KL, Wainwright SD, et al. Preferential expression of the complement regulatory protein decay accelerating factor at the fetomaternal interface during human pregnancy. J Immunol 1990;144:3099-105
21. Dalchau R, Kirkley J, Fabre JW. Monoclonal antibody to a human leukocyte-specific membrane glycoprotein probably homologous to the leukocyte-common (L-C) antigen of the rat. Eur J Immunol 1980;10:737-44
22. Shahmanesh M. Characteristics of inflammatory cells in urethral smears from men with non-gonococcal urethritis. Genitourin Med 1989;65:18-21
23. Tanaka M, Nakayama H, Sagiyama K, et al. Evaluation of a new amplified enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in male urine, female endocervical swab, and patient obtained vaginal swab specimens. J Clin Pathol 2000;53:350-4
24. Chernesky M, Jang D, Copes D, et al. Comparison of a polymer conjugate-enhanced enzyme immunoassay to ligase chain reaction for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical swabs. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:2306-7
25. Chernesky MA. Chlamydia trachomatis diagnostics. Sex Transm Infect 2002;78:232-4
26. Paul I, Leece J, Caul EO, et al. Sensitive Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Cervical/Urethral and Vulvo/Vaginal Swab Specimens from Women Using the Dako 'PCE' Amplified Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (EIA). Berlin: International Congress of Sexually Transmitted Infections, ISSTDR/IUSTI, 2001
27. Horner PJ, Thomas B, Gilroy CB, Egger M, Taylor-Robinson D. Do all men attending departments of genitourinary medicine need to be screened for non-gonococcal urethritis? Int J STD AIDS 2002;13:667-73
28. Fernandes A, Herring A, Longhurst D, et al. Cervicitis and ectropion, but not bacterial vaginosis are associated with an increased chlamydial load in the vagina. Int J STD AIDS 2004;15(Suppl 1):7 [BASHH/ASTDA Spring Meeting Bath, UK, 2004]
29. Geisler WM, Suchland RJ, Whittington WL, Stamm WE. Quantitative culture of Chlamydia trachomatis: relationship of inclusion-forming units produced in culture to clinical manifestations and acute inflammation in urogenital disease. J Infect Dis 2001;184:1350-4
30. Herring A, Longhurst D, Eastick K, et al. Which is the best specimen for chlamydial screening? Chlamydial 'loads' in urine and vulvo/vaginal swabs. Chlamydial Infections: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infections, 2 AD, 16 June 2002: 421-4
31. Yoshida T, Deguchi T, Ito M, Maeda S, Tamaki M, Ishiko H. Quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium from first-pass urine of men with urethritis and asymptomatic men by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:1451-5
32. Swartz SL, Kraus SJ, Herrmann KL, Stargel MD, Brown WJ, Allen SD. Diagnosis and etiology of nongonococcal urethritis. J Infect Dis 1978;138:445-54
33. Arya OP, Mallinson H, Andrews BE, Sillis M. Diagnosis of urethritis: role of polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts in gram-stained urethral smears. Sex Transm Dis 1984;11:10-17
34. Janier M, Lassau F, Casin I, et al. Male urethritis with and without discharge: a clinical and microbiological study. Sex Transm Dis 1995;22:244-52
35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. MMWR 2002;51(RR-6):1-78