Is there an alternative to systemic anticoagulation, as related to interventional biomedical devices?

Expert Review of Medical Devices

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 245-261

  Conn, Gemma ^a   Kidane, Asmeret G ^a   Punshon, Geoffrey ^a   Kannan, Ruben Y ^a   Hamilton, George ^b   Seifalian, Alexander M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b ROYAL FREE LONDON NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anticoagulant; Antiplatelet; Cardiovascular bypass graft; Catheter; Extracorporeal circuit; Guide wire; Heparin; Stent; Tissue engineering

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPYRIDAMOLE; EPTIFIBATIDE; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; HEPARIN; HIRUDIN; HIRULOG; IBUPROFEN; LEPIRUDIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; MELAGATRAN; PACLITAXEL; PALMAZ-SCHATZ; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; RAPAMYCIN; THROMBIN INHIBITOR; TICLOPIDINE; TIROFIBAN; WARFARIN; XIMELAGATRAN;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ARTERY INTIMA PROLIFERATION; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BLEEDING DISORDER; BYPASS SURGERY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CATHETER; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG ELUTING STENT; DRUG HALF LIFE; EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GUIDE WIRE; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS; HEPARIN INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEPARINIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; LEACHING; LIVER TOXICITY; MATERIAL COATING; MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION; NEUTROPENIA; OCCLUSIVE CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; RESTENOSIS; REVIEW; STENT; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOEMBOLISM; THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TREATMENT FAILURE;

ANTICOAGULANTS; BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING; BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS; COATED MATERIALS, BIOCOMPATIBLE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EQUIPMENT SAFETY; HUMANS; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; STENTS; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 33646195850     PISSN: 17434440     EISSN: 17452422     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/17434440.3.2.245     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Gott VL, Whiffen JD, Dutton RC. Heparin bonding on colloidal graphite surfaces. Science 142, 1297-1298 (1963).
2. Engbers GH, Feijen J. Current techniques to improve the blood compatibility of biomaterial surfaces. Int. J. Artif. Organs 14(4), 199-215 (1991).
3. Larm O, Larsson R, Olsson P. A new non-thrombogenic surface prepared by selective covalent binding of heparin via a modified reducing terminal residue. Biomater. Med. Devices Artif. Organs 11(2-3), 161-173 (1983).
4. Tayama E, Hayashida N, Akasu K et al. Biocompatibility of heparin-coated extracorporeal bypass circuits: new heparin bonded bioline system. Artif. Organs 24(8), 618-623 (2000).
5. Petitou M, van Boeckel CA. A synthetic antithrombin III binding pentasaccharide is now a drug! What comes next? Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 43(24), 3118-3133 (2004).
6. Bussey H, Francis JL. Heparin overview and issues. Pharmacotherapy 24 (8 Pt 2), 103S-107S (2004).
7. Reverter JC. Fondaparinux sodium. Drugs Today (Barc.) 38(3), 185-194 (2002).
8. Bauer KA. Fondaparinux: basic properties and efficacy and safety in venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. Am J. Orthop. 31(11 Suppl.), 4-10 (2002).
9. Larned ZL, O'Shea SI, Ortel TL. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: clinical presentations and therapeutic management. Clin. Adv. Hematol. Oncol. 1(6), 356-364 (2003).
10. Menajovsky LB. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: clinical manifestations and management strategies. Am J. Med. 118(Suppl. 8A), 21S-30S (2005).
11. Poncz M. Mechanistic basis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 17(1), 73-79 (2005).
12. Su HM, Voon WC, Chu CS, Lin TH, Lai WT, Sheu SH. Heparin-induced cardiac tamponade and life-threatening hyperkalemia in a patient with chronic hemodialysis. Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. 21(3), 128-133 (2005).
13. Koren-Michowitz M, Avni B, Michowitz Y, Moravski G, Efrati S, Golik A. Early onset of hyperkalemia in patients treated with low molecular weight heparin: a prospective study. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 13(5), 299-302 (2004).
14. Oster JR, Singer I, Fishman LM. Heparin-induced aldosterone suppression and hyperkalemia. Am J. Med. 98(6), 575-586 (1995).
15. Kidane AG, Salacinski H, Tiwari A, Bruckdorfer KR, Seifalian AM. Anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents: their clinical and device application(s) together with usages to engineer surfaces. Biomacromolecules 5(3), 798-813 (2004).
16. Fischer KG. The role of recombinant hirudins in the management of thrombotic disorders. BioDrugs 18(4), 235-268 (2004).
17. Greinacher A. Lepirudin: a bivalent direct thrombin inhibitor for anticoagulation therapy. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 2(3), 339-357 (2004).
18. Warkentin TE, Koster A. Bivalirudin: a review. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 6(8), 1349-1371 (2005).
19. Nawarskas JJ, Anderson JR. Bivalirudin: a new approach to anticoagulation. Heart Dis. 3(2), 131-137 (2001).
20. Fareed J, Jeske WP. Small-molecule direct antithrombins: argatroban. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol. 17(1), 127-138 (2004).
21. Walenga JM. An overview of the direct thrombin inhibitor argatroban. Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb. 32(Suppl. 3), 9-14 (2002).
22. Lewis BE, Walenga JM. Argatroban in HIT Type II and acute coronary syndrome. Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb. 32(Suppl. 3), 46-55 (2002).
23. Mohapatra R, Tran M, Gore JM, Spencer FA. A review of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran: not yet the end of the warfarin era. Am. Heart J. 150(1), 19-26 (2005).
24. Brighton TA. The direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran/ximelagatran. Med. J. Aust. 181(8), 432-437 (2004).
25. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. Br. Med. J. 324 (7329), 71-86 (2002).
26. Manolis AS, Tzeis S, Andrikopoulos G, Koulouris S, Meiita H. Aspirin and clopidogrel: a sweeping combination in cardiology. Curr. Med. Chem. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents 3(3), 203-219 (2005).
27. Kam PC, Nethery CM. The thienopyridine derivatives (platelet adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonists), pharmacology and clinical developments. Anaesthesia 58(1), 28-35 (2003).
28. Quinn MJ, Fitzgerald DJ. Ticlopidine and clopidogrel. Circulation 100(15), 1667-1672 (1999).
29. Berger PB. The thienopyridines in coronary artery disease. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 1(3), 192-198 (1999).
30. Easton JD. Clinical aspects of the use of clopidogrel, a new antiplatelet agent. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 25(Suppl. 2), 77-82 (1999).
31. Symeonidis A, Kouraklis-Symeonidis A, Seimeni U et al. Ticlopidine-induced aplastic anemia: two new case reports, review, and meta-analysis of 55 additional cases. Am J. hematol. 71(1), 24-32 (2002).
32. Feurle GE, Bartz KO, Schmitt-Graff A. Lymphocytic colitis, induced by ticlopidine. Z. Gastroenterol. 37(11), 1105-1108 (1999).
33. Bennett CL, Davidson CJ, Raisch DW, Weinberg PD, Bennett RH, Feldman MD. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with ticlopidine in the setting of coronary artery stents and stroke prevention. Arch. Intern. Med. 159(21), 2524-2528 (1999).
34. Leavey SF, Weinberg J. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with ticlopidine therapy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8(4), 689-693 (1997).
35. Muszkat M, Shapira MY, Sviri S, Linton DM, Caraco Y. Ticlopidine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Pharmacotherapy 18(6), 1352-1355 (1998).
36. Claeys MJ. Antiplatelet therapy for elective coronary stenting: a moving target. Semin. Vasc. Med. 3(4), 415-418 (2003).
37. Steinhubl S, Berger P. What is the role for improved long-term antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention? Am. Heart J. 145(6), 971-978 (2003).
38. Moore SA, Steinhubl SR. Clopidogrel and coronary stenting: what is the next question? J. Thromb. Thrombolysis 10(2), 121-126 (2000).
39. Nurden AT, Nurden P. GPIIb/IIIa antagonists and other anti-integrins. Semin. Vasc. Med. 3(2), 123-130 (2003).
40. Patel S, Patel M, Din I, Reddy CV, Kassotis J. Profound thrombocytopenia associated with tirofiban: case report and review of literature. Angiology 56(3), 351-355 (2005).
41. Aster RH. Immune thrombocytopenia caused by glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Chest 127(2 Suppl.), 53S-59S (2005).
42. Aster RH, Curtis BR, Bougie DW. Thrombocytopenia resulting from sensitivity to GPIIb-IIIa inhibitors. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 30(5), 569-577 (2004).
43. Trivedi SM, Shani J, Hollander G. Bleeding complications of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor abciximab (ReoPro). J. Invasive Cardiol. 14(7), 423-425 (2002).
44. Huang F, Hong E. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition and its clinical use. Curr. Med. Chem. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents 2(3), 187-196 (2004).
45. Moliterno DJ, Chan AW. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition in early intent-to-stent treatment of acute coronary syndromes: EPISTENT, ADMIRAL, CADILLAC, and TARGET. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 41(4 Suppl.), 49S-54S (2003).
46. Leung VW, Sunderji R, Zed PJ, Gin K. Switching from abciximab to eptifibatide for percutaneous coronary interventions: a local analysis (SWAP study). Can. J. Cardiol. 19(7), 809-814 (2003).
47. Baron JH, Gershlick AH, Hogrefe K et al. In vitro evaluation of c7E3-Fab (ReoPro) eluting polymer-coated coronary stents. Cardiovasc. Res. 46(3), 585-594 (2000).
48. Topol EJ, Mark DB, Lincoff AM et al. Outcomes at 1 year and economic implications of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade in patients undergoing coronary stenting: results from a multicentre randomised trial. EPISTENT Investigators. Evaluation of Platelet IIb/IIIa Inhibitor for Stenting. Lancet 354 (9195), 2019-2024 (1999).
49. Leonardi-Bee J, Bath PM, Bousser MG et al. Dipyridamole for preventing recurrent ischemic stroke and other vascular events: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized controlled trials. Stroke 36(1), 162-168 (2005).
50. Matsuda T, Magoshi T. Preparation of vinylated polysaccharides and photofabrication of tubular scaffolds as potential use in tissue engineering. Biomacromolecules 3(5), 942-950 (2002).
51. Mizutani M, Matsuda T. Photocurable liquid biodegradable co-polymers: in vitro hydrolytic degradation behaviors of photocured films of coumarin-endcapped poly(epsilon-caprolactone-co-trimethylene carbonate). Biomacromolecules 3(2), 249-255 (2002).
52. Erdmann L, Uhrich KE. Synthesis and degradation characteristics of salicylic acid-derived poly(anhydride-esters). Biomaterials 21 (19), 1941-1946 (2000).
53. Zamora PO, Tsang R, Pena LA, Osaki S, Som P. Local delivery of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) using adsorbed silylheparin, benzylbis (dimethylsilylmethyl) oxycarbamoylheparin. Bioconjug. Chem. 13(5), 920-926 (2002).
54. Magoshi T, Matsuda T. Formation of polymerized mixed heparin/albumin surface layer and cellular adhesional responses. Biomacromolecules 3(5), 976-983 (2002).
55. Tanihara M, Suzuki Y, Yamamoto E, Noguchi A, Mizushima Y. Sustained release of basic fibroblast growth factor and angiogenesis in a novel covalently crosslinked gel of heparin and alginate. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 56(2), 216-221 (2001).
56. Matsuda T, Mizutani M. Liquid acrylate-endcapped biodegradable poly(epsilon-caprolactone-co-trimethylene carbonate). II. Computer-aided stereolithographic microarchitectural surface photoconstructs. J. Biomed. Mater Res. 62(3), 395-403 (2002).
57. Seifert B, Romaniuk P, Groth T. Covalent immobilization of hirudin improves the haemocompatibility of polylactide-polyglycolide in vitro. Biomaterials 18(22), 1495-1502 (1997).
58. Sigwart U, Puel J, Mirkovitch V, Joffre F, Kappenberger L. Intravascular stents to prevent occlusion and restenosis after transluminal angioplasty. N. Engl. J. Med. 316(12), 701-706 (1987).
59. Schomig A, Neumann FJ, Kastrati A et al. A randomized comparison of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy after the placement of coronary-artery stents. N. Engl. J. Med. 334(17), 1084-1089 (1996).
60. Moussa I, Di Mario C, Di Francesco L, Reimers B, Blengino S, Colombo A. Subacute stent thrombosis and the anticoagulation controversy: changes in drug therapy, operator technique, and the impact of intravascular ultrasound. Am. J. Cardiol. 78(3A), 13-17 (1996).
61. O'Neill WW, Leon MB. Drug-eluting stents: costs versus clinical benefit. Circulation 107(24), 3008-3011 (2003).
62. Cohen DJ, Bakhai A, Shi C et al. Cost-effectiveness of sirolimus-eluting stents for treatment of complex coronary stenoses: results from the Sirolimus-Eluting Balloon Expandable Stent in the Treatment of Patients With De novo Native Coronary Artery Lesions (SIRIUS) trial. Circulation 110(5), 508-514 (2004).
63. Blezer R, Cahalan L, Cahalan PT, Lindhout T. Heparin coating of tantalum coronary stents reduces surface thrombin generation but not Factor IXa generation. Blood Coagul. Filbrinolysis 9(5), 435-440 (1998).
64. De SI, Wang K, Wilczek K et al. Experimental study of thrombogenicity and foreign body reaction induced by heparin-coated coronary stents. Circulation 95(6), 1549-1553 (1997).
65. Hardhammar PA, van Beusekom HM, Emanuelsson HU et al. Reduction in thrombotic events with heparin-coated Palmaz-Schatz stents in normal porcine coronary arteries. Circulation 93(3), 423-430 (1996).
66. Serruys PW, van Hour B, Bonnier H et al. Randomised comparison of implantation of heparin-coated stents with balloon angioplasty in selected patients with coronary artery disease (Benestent II). Lancet 352(9129), 673-681 (1998).
67. Vrolix MC, Legrand VM, Reiber JH et al. Heparin-coated Wiktor stents in human coronary arteries (MENTOR trial). MENTOR Trial Investigators. Am. J. Cardiol. 86(4), 385-389 (2000).
68. Baksaas ST, Videm V, Pedersen T et al. Comparison of three oxygenator-coated and one total-circuit-coated extracorporeal devices. Perfusion 14(2), 119-127 (1999).
69. Gupta V, Aravamuthan BR, Baskerville S et al. Reduction of subacute stent thrombosis (SAT) using heparin-coated stents in a large-scale, real world registry. J. Invasive Cardiol. 16(6), 304-310 (2004).
70. Shin EK, Son JW, Sohn MS et al. Efficacy of heparin-coated stent in early setting of acute myocardial infarction. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 52(3), 306-312 (2001).
71. Topol EJ, Ferguson JJ, Weisman HF et al. Long-term protection from myocardial ischemic events in a randomized trial of brief integrin beta3 blockade with percutaneous coronary intervention. EPIC Investigator Group. Evaluation of Platelet IIb/IIIa Inhibition for Prevention of Ischemic Complication. JAMA 278(6), 479-484 (1997).
72. Christensen K, Larsson R, Emanuelsson H, Elgue G, Larsson A. Improved blood compatibility of a stent graft by combining heparin coating and abciximab. Thromb. Res. 115(3), 245-253 (2005).
73. Hausleiter J, Kastrati A, Mehilli J et al. A randomized trial comparing phosphorylcholine-coated stenting with balloon angioplasty as well as abciximab with placebo for restenosis reduction in small coronary arteries. J. Intern. Med. 256(5), 388-397 (2004).
74. Kastrati A, Schomig A, Dirschinger J et al. Increased risk of restenosis after placement of gold-coated stents: results of a randomized trial comparing gold-coated with uncoated steel stents in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 101(21), 2478-2483 (2000).
75. Hanekamp C, Koolen J, Bonnier H et al. Randomized comparison of balloon angioplasty versus silicon carbon-coated stent implantation for de novo lesions in small coronary arteries. Am. J. Cardiol. 93(10), 1233-1237 (2004).
76. Unverdorben M, Sattler K, Degenhardt R et al. Comparison of a silicon carbide coated stent versus a noncoated stent in humans: the Tenax- versus Nir-Stent Study (TENISS). J. Interv. Cardiol. 16(4), 325-333 (2003).
77. Airoldi F, Colombo A, Tavano D et al. Comparison of diamond-like carboncoated stents versus uncoated stainless steel stents in coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 93(4), 474-477 (2004).
78. Galli M, Bartorelli A, Bedogni F et al. Italian BiodivYsio open registry (BiodivYsio PC-coated stent): study of clinical outcomes of the implant of a PC-coated coronary stent. J. Invasive Cardiol. 12(9), 452-458 (2000).
79. Galli M, Sommariva L, Prati F et al. Acute and mid-term results of phosphorylcholine-coated stents in primary coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarction. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 53(2), 182-187 (2001).
80. Prasad CK, Resmi KR, Krishnan LK, Vaishnav R. Survival of endothelial cells in vitro on Paclitaxel-loaded coronary stents. J. Biomater. Appl. 19(4), 271-286 (2005).
81. Tanabe K, Serruys PW, Grube E et al. TAXUS III trial: in-stent restenosis treated with stent-based delivery of paclitaxel incorporated in a slow-release polymer formulation. Circulation 107(4), 559-564 (2003).
82. Radke PW, Kobella S, Kaiser A et al. Treatment of in-stent restenosis using a paclitaxel-eluting stent: acute results and long-term follow-up of a matched-pair comparison with intracoronary beta-radiation therapy. Eur. Heart J. 25(11), 920-925 (2004).
83. Stone GW, Ellis SG, Cox DA et al. A polymer-based, paclitaxel-eluting stent in patients with coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 350(3), 221-231 (2004).
84. Holmes DR Jr, Leon MB, Moses JW et al. Analysis of 1-year clinical outcomes in the SIRIUS trial: a randomized trial of a sirolimus-eluting stent versus a standard stent in patients at high risk for coronary restenosis. Circulation 109(5), 634-640 (2004).
85. Machan L. Drug eluting stents in the infrainguinal circulation. Tech. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 7(1), 28-32 (2004).
86. McFadden EP, Stabile E, Regar E et al. Late thrombosis in drug-eluting coronary stents after discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy. Lancet 364(9444), 1519-1521 (2004).
87. Kannan RY, Salacinski HJ, Odlyha M, Butler PE, Seifalian AM. The degradative resistance of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocore integrated polyurethanes: an in vitro study. Biomaterials 27 (9), 1971-1979 (2006).
88. Kannan RY, Salacinski HJ, Butler PE, Seifalian AM. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocomposites: the next generation material for biomedical applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 38(11), 879-884 (2005).
89. Punshon G, Vara DS, Sales KM, Kidane AG, Salacinski HJ, Seifalian AM. Interactions between endothelial cells and a poly(carbonate-silsesquioxane-bridge-urea)urethane. Biomaterials 26(32), 6271-6279 (2005).
90. Sales KM, Salacinski HJ, Alobaid N, Mikhail M, Balakrishnan V, Seifalian AM. Advancing vascular tissue engineering: the role of stem cell technology. Trends Biotechnol. 23(9), 461-467 (2005).
91. Hsu SH, Tang CM, Lin CC. Biocompatibility of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) / poly(ethyleneglycol) diblock co-polymers with nanophase separation. Biomaterials 25(25), 5593-5601 (2004).
92. Hsu SH, Kao YC. Biocompatibility of poly(carbonate urethane)s with various degrees of nanophase separation. Macromol. Biosci. 5(3), 246-253 (2005).
93. Canver CC. Conduit options in coronary artery bypass surgery. Chest 108(4), 1150-1155 (1995).
94. Kakisis JD, Liapis CD, Breuer C, Sumpio BE. Artificial blood vessel: the Holy Grail of peripheral vascular surgery. J. Vasc. Surg. 41(2), 349-354 (2005).
95. Devine C, Hons, B, McCollum C. Heparin-bonded Dacron or polytetrafluoroethylene for femoropopliteal bypass grafting: a multicenter trial. J. Vasc. Surg. 33(3), 533-539 (2001).
96. Bos GW, Scharenborg NM, Poot AA et al. Endothelialization of crosslinked albumin-heparin gels. Thromb. Haemost. 82(6), 1757-1763 (1999).
97. Bos GW, Scharenborg NM, Poot AA et al. Proliferation of endothelial cells on surface-immobilized albumin-heparin conjugate loaded with basic fibroblast growth factor. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 44(3), 330-340 (1999).
98. Wissink MJ, Beernink R, Poor AA et al. Improved endothelialization of vascular grafts by local release of growth factor from heparinized collagen matrices. J. Control. Release 64 (1-3), 103-114 (2000).
99. Conklin BS, Wu H, Lin PH, Lumsden AB, Chen C. Basic fibroblast growth factor coating and endothelial cell seeding of a decellularized heparin-coated vascular graft. Artif. Organs 28(7), 668-675 (2004).
100. Gosselin C, Ren D, Ellinger J, Greisler HP. In vivo platelet deposition on polytetrafluoroethylene coated with fibrin glue containing fibroblast growth factor 1 and heparin in a canine model. Am. J. Surg. 170(2), 126-130 (1995).
101. Zarge JI, Husak V, Huang P, Greisler HP. Fibrin glue containing fibroblast growth factor Type 1 and heparin decreases platelet deposition. Am. J. Surg. 174(2), 188-192 (1997).
102. Gosselin C, Vorp DA, Warty V et al. ePTFE coating with fibrin glue, FGF-1, and heparin: effect on retention of seeded endothelial cells. J. Surg. Res. 60(2), 327-332 (1996).
103. Alkhamis TM, Beissinger RL, Chediak JR. Effect of hirudin on platelet deposition to an artificial surface during low-stress shear flow of whole blood. Biomaterials 14(11), 865-870 (1993).
104. Berceli SA, Phaneuf MD, LoGerfo FW. Evaluation of a novel hirudin-coated polyester graft to physiologic flow conditions: hirudin bioavailability and thrombin uptake. J. Vasc. Surg. 27(6), 1117-1127 (1998).
105. Park HD, Lee WK, Ooya T, Park KD, Kim YH, Yui N. Anticoagulant activity of sulfonated polyrotaxanes as blood-compatible materials. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 60(1), 186-190 (2002).
106. Phaneuf MD, Berceli SA, Bide MJ, Quist WC, LoGerfo FW. Covalent linkage of recombinant hirudin to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (Dacron): creation of a novel antithrombin surface. Biomaterials 18(10), 755-765 (1997).
107. Phaneuf MD, Szycher M, Berceli SA, Dempsey DJ, Quist WC, LoGerfo FW. Covalent linkage of recombinant hirudin to a novel ionic poly(carbonate) urethane polymer with protein binding sites: determination of surface antithrombin activity. Artif. Organs 22(8), 657-665 (1998).
108. Wyers MC, Phaneuf MD, Rzucidlo EM, Contreras MA, LoGerfo FW, Quist WC. In vivo assessment of a novel dacron surface with covalently bound recombinant hirudin. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 8(3), 153-159 (1999).
109. Aldenhoff YB, Blezer R, Lindhout T, Koole LH. Photo-immobilization of dipyridamole (Persantin) at the surface of polyurethane biomaterials: reduction of in vitro thrombogenicity. Biomaterials 18(2), 167-172 (1997).
110. Aldenhoff YB, van DV, ter WJ, Habets J, Poole-Warren LA, Koole LH. Performance of a polyurethane vascular prosthesis carrying a dipyridamole (Persantin) coating on its lumenal surface. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 54(2), 224-233 (2001).
111. Aldenhoff YB, Kooie LH. Platelet adhesion studies on dipyridamole coated polyurethane surfaces. Eur. Cell Mater. 5, 61-67 (2003).
112. Tiwari A, Salacinski HJ, Punshon G, Hamilton G, Seifalian AM. Development of a hybrid cardiovascular graft using a tissue engineering approach. FASEB J. 16(8), 791-796 (2002).
113. Tiwari A, Kidane A, Salacinski H, Punshon G, Hamilton G, Seifalian AM. Improving endothelial cell retention for single stage seeding of prosthetic grafts: use of polymer sequences of arginine-glycine-aspartate. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 25(4), 325-329 (2003).
114. Krijgsman B, Seifalian AM, Salacinski HJ et al. An assessment of covalent grafting of RGD peptides to the surface of a compliant poly(carbonate-urea)umthane vascular conduit versus conventional biological coatings: its role in enhancing cellular retention. Tissue Eng. 8(4). 673-680 (2002).
115. Seifalian AM, Salacinski HJ, Tiwari A, Edwards A, Bowald S, Hamilton G. In vivo biostability of a poly(carbonate-urea)urethane graft. Biomaterials 24(14). 2549-2557(2003).
116. Moen O, Fosse E, Braten J et al. Differences in blood activation related to roller/centrifugal pumps and heparin-coated/uncoated surfaces in a cardiopulmonary bypass model circuit. Perfusion 11(2), 113-123 (1996).
117. Videm V, Mollnes TE, Garred P, Svennevig JL. Biocompatibility of extracorporeal circulation. In vitro comparison of heparin-coated and uncoated oxygenator circuits. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 101(4), 654-660 (1991).
118. Videm V, Nilsson L, Venge P, Svennevig JL. Reduced granulocyte activation with a heparin-coated device in an in vitro model of cardiopulmonary bypass. Artif. Organs 15(2), 90-95 (1991).
119. Hogevold HE, Moen O, Fosse E et al. Effects of heparin coating on the expression of CD11b, CD11c and CD62L by leucocytes in extracorporeal circulation in vitro. Perfusion 12(1), 9-20 (1997).
120. Gorman RC, Ziats N, Rao AK et al. Surface-bound heparin fails to reduce thrombin formation during clinical cardiopulmonary bypass. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 111(1), 1-11 (1996).
121. Esmon CT. Regulation of blood coagulation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1477(1-2), 349-360 (2000).
122. Ovrum E, Brosstad F, Am HE, Tangen G, Abdelnoor M, Oystese R. Complete heparin-coated (CBAS) cardiopulmonary bypass and reduced systemic heparin dose. Effects on coagulation and fibrinolysis. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 10(6), 449-455 (1996).
123. Saenz A, Larranaga G, Alvarez L et al. Heparin-coated circuit in coronary surgery. A clinical study. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 10(1), 48-53 (1996).
124. Inui K, Shimazaki Y, Watanabe T et al. Effects of Duraflo II heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuits on the coagulation system, endothelial damage, and cytokine release in patients with cardiac operation employing aprotinin and steroids. Artif. Organs 23(12), 1107-1112 (1999).
125. Tamim M, Demircin M, Guvener M, Peker O, Yilmaz M. Heparin-coated cir cuits reduce complement activation and inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass. Panminerva Med. 41(3), 193-198 (1999).
126. Gu YJ, van Oeveren W, Akkerman C, Boonstra PW, Huyzen RJ, Wildevuur CR. Heparin-coated circuits reduce the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 55(4), 917-922 (1993).
127. Wan S, LeClerc JL, Antoine M, DeSmet JM, Yim AP, Vincent JL. Heparin-coated circuits reduce myocardial injury in heart or heart-lung transplantation: a prospective, randomized study. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 68(4), 1230-1235 (1999).
128. Videm V, Mollnes TE, Bergh K et al. Heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass equipment. II. Mechanisms for reduced complement activation in vivo. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 117(4), 803-809 (1999).
129. Fosse E, Thelin S, Svennevig JL et al. Duraflo II coating of cardiopulmonary bypass circuits reduces complement activation, but does not affect the release of granulocyte enzymes: a European multicentre study. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 11(2), 320-327 (1997).
130. Horimoto H, Kondo K, Asada K, Sasaki S. Heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuits in coronary bypass surgery. Artif. Organs 20(8), 936-940 (1996).
131. te VH, Baufreton C, Jansen PG et al. Heparin coating of extracorporeal circuits inhibits contact activation during cardiac operations. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 114(1), 117-122 (1997).
132. Ovrum E, Tangen G, Oystese R, Ringdal MA, Istad R. Comparison of two heparin-coated extracorporeal circuits with reduced systemic anticoagulation in routine coronary artery bypass operations. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 121(2), 324-330 (2001).
133. Mirow N, Brinkmann T, Minami K, Tenderich G, Kleesiek K, Korfer R. Heparin-coated extracorporeal circulation with full and low dose heparinization: comparison of thrombin related coagulatory effects. Artif. Organs 25(6), 480-485 (2001).
134. Wendel HP, Ziemer G. Coating-techniques to improve the hemocompatibility of artificial devices used for extracorporeal circulation. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 16(3), 342-350 (1999).
135. Feldman LJ, Riessen R, Steg PG. Prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty: towards a molecular approach? Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 9(1), 8-16 (1995).
136. Tomaru T, Nakamura F, Fujimori Y et al. Local treatment with antithrombotic drugs can prevent thrombus formation: an angioscopic and angiographic study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 26(5), 1325-1332 (1995).
137. Youngberg JA, Kaye AD, Anwar M. Do anticoagulation with heparin and protamine reversal alter thrombogenicity of coated and noncoated pulmonary artely catheters? J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 13(4), 405-409 (1999).
138. Jung F, Bach R, Mrowietz C, Seyfert U, Franke RP Haemocompatibility of endovascular coronary stents: Wiktor GX. Biomed Tech. (Berl.) 46(7-8), 200-206 (2001).
139. Foley PL, Barthel CH, Brausa HR. Effect of covalently bound heparin coating on patency and biocompatibility of long-term indwelling catheters in the rat jugular vein. Comp. Med. 52(3), 243-248 (2002).
140. Mehran R, Aymong ED, Ashby DT et al. Safety of an aspirin-alone regimen after intracoronary stenting with a heparin-coated stent: final results of the HOPE (HEPACOAT and an Antithrombotic Regimen of Aspirin Alone) study. Circulation 108(9), 1078-1083 (2003).
141. Hanssen HJ, Koole LH. Heparin-releasing intravascular guidewires. Med. Device Technol. 13(7), 20-22 (2002).
142. Richey T, Iwata H, Oowaki H, Uchida E, Matsuda S, Ikada Y. Surface modification of polyethylene balloon catheters for local drug delivery. Biomaterials 21(10), 1057-1065 (2000).
143. Johnson MS, Bergmann CA, Carmody TJ et al. Local delivery of nadroparin via hydrogel-coated angioplasty balloon: effect on platelet deposition and smooth muscle cell proliferation - an experimental study. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 11(1), 115-122 (2000).
144. Sheley RC, Schuman ES, Standage BA, Ragsdale JW, Feliciano PD, Quinn SF. Local delivery of heparin with balloon angioplasty: results of a prospective randomized trial. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 7(6), 853-858 (1996).
145. Scheller B, Speck U, Abramjuk C, Bernhardt U, Bohm M, Nickenig G. Paclitaxel balloon coating, a novel method for prevention and therapy of restenosis. Circulation 110(7), 810-814 (2004).
146. 32P-phosphate solutions in angioplasty balloons. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 27(1), 42-50 (2004).
147. Wuu CS, Schiff P, Maryanski MJ, Liu T, Borzillary S, Weinberger J. Dosimetry study of Re- 188 liquid balloon for intravascular brachytherapy using polymer gel dosimeters and laser-beam optical CT scanner. Med. Phys. 30(2), 132-137 (2003).
148. Hendriks M, Everaerts F, Verhoeven M. Alternative fixation of bioprostheses. J. Long Term Eff. Med. Implants 11(3-4), 163-183 (2001).
149. Nimni ME. Glutaraldehyde fixation revisited. J. Long Term Eff. Med. Implants 11(3-4), 151-161 (2001).
150. Horstkotte D. Prosthetic valves or tissue valves - a vote for mechanical prostheses. Z. Kardiol. 74(Suppl. 6), 19-37 (1985).
151. Bussey HI. An overview of anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and the combination in patients with mechanical heart valves. J. Heart Valve Dis. 13(3), 319-324 (2004).
152. Nagasaka S, Taniguchi S, Nakayama Y et al. In vivo study of the effects of cryopreservation on heart valve xenotransplantation. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 14(2), 70-79 (2005).
153. Bader A, Schilling T, Teebken OE et al. Tissue engineering of heart valves - human endothelial cell seeding of detergent acellularized porcine valves. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 14(3), 279-284 (1998).
154. Dohmen PM, Ozaki S, Verbeken E, Yperman J, Flameng W, Konertz WF. Tissue engineering of an auto-xenograft pulmonary heart valve. Asian Cardiovasc. Thorac. Ann. 10(1), 25-30 (2002).
155. Kim WG, Cho SK, Kang MC, Lee TY, Park JK. Tissue-engineered heart valve leaflets: an animal study. Int. J. Artif. Organs 24(9), 642-648 (2001).
156. Hoffman-Kim D, Maish MS, Krueger PM et al. Comparison of three myofibroblast cell sources for the tissue engineering of cardiac valves. Tissue Eng. 11(1-2), 288-301 (2005).
157. Neuenschwander S, Hoerstrup SP. Heart valve tissue engineering. Transpl. Immunol. 12(3-4), 359-365 (2004).
158. Rezai N, Podor TJ, McManus BM. Bone marrow cells in the repair and modulation of heart and blood vessels: emerging opportunities in native and engineered tissue and biomechanical materials. Artif. Organs 28(2), 142-151 (2004).
159. Shi Y, Ramamurthi A, Vesely I. Towards tissue engineering of a composite aortic valve. Biomed Sci. Instrum. 38, 35-40 (2002).
160. Mohamed MS, Mukherjee M, Kakkar VV. Thrombogenicity of heparin and non-heparin bound arterial prostheses: an in vitro evaluation. J. R. Coll. Surg. Edinb. 43(3), 155-157 (1998).
161. Chandy T, Das GS, Wilson RF, Rao GH. Use of plasma glow for surface-engineering biomolecules to enhance bloodcompatibility of Dacron and PTFE vascular prosthesis. Biomaterials 21(7), 699-712 (2000).
162. Goldman S, Copeland J, Moritz T et al. Improvement in early saphenous vein graft patency after coronary artery bypass surgery with antiplatelet therapy: results of a Veterans Administration Co-operative Study. Circulation 77(6), 1324-1332 (1988).
163. Laredo J, Xue L, Husak VA, Ellinger J, Greisler HP. Silyl-heparin adsorption improves the in vivo thromboresistance of carbon-coated polytetrafluoroethylene vascular grafts. Am. J. Surg. 186(5), 556-560 (2003).
164. Park JH, Park KD, Bae YH. PDMS-based polyurethanes with MPEG grafts: synthesis, characterization and platelet adhesion study. Biomaterials 20(10), 943-953 (1999).
165. Kidane A, Lantz GC, Jo S, Park K. Surface modification with PEO-containing triblock co-polymer for improved biocompatibility: in vitro and ex vivo studies. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 10(10), 1089-1105 (1999).
166. Park K, Shim HS, Dewanjee MK, Eigler NL. In vitro and in vivo studies of PEO-grafted blood-contacting cardiovascular prostheses. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 11(11), 1121-1134 (2000).
167. Wang P, Tan KL, Kang ET. Surface modification of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) films via grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) for reduction in protein adsorption. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 11(2), 169-186 (2000).
168. Malik N, Gunn J, Shepherd L, Crossman DC, Cumberland DC, Holt CM. Phosphorylcholine-coated stents in porcine coronary arteries: in vivo assessment of biocompatibility. J. Invasive Cardiol. 13(3), 193-201 (2001).
169. Halstenberg S, Panitch A, Rizzi S, Hall H, Hubbell JA. Biologically engineered protein-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels: a cell adhesive and plasmin-degradable biosynthetic material for tissue repair. Biomacromolecules 3(4), 710-723 (2002).
170. Wang DA, Feng LX, Ji J, Sun YH, Zheng XX, Elisseeff JH. Novel human endothelial cell-engineered polyurethane biomaterials for cardiovascular biomedical applications. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 65 (4), 498-510 (2003).
171. Hsu SH, Chen WC. Improved cell adhesion by plasma-induced grafting of L-lactide onto polyurethane surface. Biomaterials 21(4), 359-367 (2000).
172. Yuan J, Zhang J, Zhu J et al. Reduced platelet adhesion on the surface