Anti-political or just anti-communist? Varieties of dissidence in East-Central Europe and their implications for the development of political society

East European Politics and Societies

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 286-318

  Renwick, Alan ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Anti communism; Anti politics; Civil society; Czechoslovakia; Dissidents; Hungary; Poland; Political society

Indexed keywords

EID: 33646187896     PISSN: 08883254     EISSN: 15338371     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0888325405274672     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 272.
2. Aleksander Smolar, "Civil Society after Communism: From Opposition to Atomization," Journal of Democracy 7 (January 1996): 29.
3. For discussion of this crucial debate in English, see Andás Bozóki, "Cultural Pluralism: Informal Initiatives under Late Communism" (Manuscript, 2004), 26-42.
4. One author who recognizes this is Knud Erik Jørgensen, "The End of Anti-Politics in Central Europe," in Paul G. Lewis, ed., Democracy and Civil Society in Eastern Europe: Selected Papers from the Fourth World Congress for Soviet and East European Studies, Harrogate, 1990 (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1992), 46.
5. Václav Havel, "Politics and Conscience," trans. Erazim Kohák and Roger Scruton, in Havel, Open Letters: Selected Writings 1965-1990, ed. Paul Wilson (New York: Vintage, 1992), 269, written February 1984.
6. Václav Havel, "Anatomy of Reticence," trans. Erazim Kohák, Open Letters: Selected Writings 1965-1990, in ibid., 320-21, written April 1985.
7. Václav Havel, "The Power of the Powerless," trans. Paul Wilson, in Havel et al., The Power of the Powerless: Citizens against the State in Central-Eastern Europe, ed. John Keane (London: Hutchinson, 1985), 89-91, written October 1978;
8. Havel, "Politics and Conscience," 267.
9. George Konrád, Anti-politics: An Essay (London: Quartet Books, 1984), 203.
10. György Konnád, "Adottságainkból kell kiindulnunk" [We Must Proceed from What We Are Given], in Fanny Havas, ed., Baszélo: Összkiadás, 1981-1989 [Beszélo: Collected Edition, 1981-1989], vol. 1 (Budapest, Hungary: AB-Beszélo, 1992), 455-50
11. originally published in Beszélo 8 (October 1983).
12. Konrád, Antipolitics, 92.
13. Adam Michnik, "The New Evolutionism," Survey 22 (Summer/Autumn 1976): 276.
14. Aviezer Tucker, Karel Jakeš, Marian Kišš, Ivana Kupcová, Ivo Losman, David Ondračka, Jan Outlý, and Věra Stýskalíková, "From Republican Virtue to Technology of Political Power: Three Episodes of Czech Nonpolitical Politics," Political Science Quarterly 115 (Fall 2000): 422.
15. Václav Benda, "The Parallel 'Polis,' " in H. Gordon Skilling and Paul Wilson, eds., Civic Freedom in Central Europe: Voices from Czechoslovakia (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1991), 35-36, first published in samizdat, May 1978.
16. Václav Benda, Ibid., Civic Freedom in Central Europe: Voices from Czechoslovakia 36.
17. Václav Benda, Ibid., Civic Freedom in Central Europe: Voices from Czechoslovakia 38-40.
18. Aviezer Tucker, The Philosophy and Politics of Czech Dissidence from Patočka to Havel (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000), 129.
19. Benda, "The Parallel 'Polis,' " 37.
20. Havel, "Anatomy of Reticence," 320-21.
21. "Charter 77 Declaration," in Havel et al., The Power of the Powerless, 221, first published in samizdat, 7 January 1977.
22. H. Gordon Skilling, "Independent Currents in Czechoslovakia," Problems of Communism 34 (January-February 1985): 49.
23. "34 magyar értelmiségi szolidaritási nyilatkozata Pavel Kohoutnak, a csehszlovákiai Charta 77 egyik bebörtönzött ügyvivojének" [Declaration of Solidarity of 34 Hungarian Intellectuals with Pavel Kohout, One of the Imprisoned Spokespeople of Czechoslovakia's Charter 77], in Ervin Csizmadia, ed., A magyar demokratikus ellenzék (1968-1988); Dokumentumok [The Hungarian Democratic Opposition (1908-1988): Documents] (Budapest, Hungary: T-Twins, 1995), 74, first issued 9 January 1977.
24. Peter Raina, Independent Social Movements in Poland (London: London School of Economics, 1981), 185.
25. Emil Kürthy [Bálint Magyar], "Polgárrá válni" [To Become a Citizen], in Havas, ed., Beszélo, vol. 1, p. 191
26. first published in Beszélo 4 (September 1982).
27. See also Pál Szalai, "Remény - remény nélkül" [Hope - Without Hope], in ibid., in Beszélo 194;
28. first published in Beszélo 4 (September 1982).
29. "A lakiteleki nyilatkozat" [The Lakitelek Declaration], in Sándor Kurtán, Péter Sándor, and László Vass, eds., Magyarország politikai évkönyve 1988 [Political Yearbook of Hungary 1988] (Budapest, Hungary: R-Forma, 1989), 741, first issued 27 September 1987.
30. David Ost, Solidarity and the Politics of Antipotitics: Opposition and Reform in Poland since 1968 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), 2.
31. David Ost, Ibid., Solidarity and the Politics of Antipotitics: Opposition and Reform in Poland since 1968 70.
32. Adam Michnik, "About the Elections," in Michnik, Letters from Prison and other Essays, trans. Maya Latynski (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 72-73, written 1984.
33. Michnik, "The New Evolutionism," 273.
34. Jacek Kuroń, "Reflections on a Program of Action," trans. Krystyna Aytoun, Polish Review 22:3(1977): 61, written 1976.
35. A. Kemp-Welch, The Birth of Solidarity, 2nd ed. (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1991), 23-27.
36. "TKK's Economic Demands, 24 September 1985," Uncensored Poland News Bulletin 1985:22 (14 November): 27-31.
37. "The May Manifesto: Statement of 61 Leading Personalities before the Papal Visit," Uncensored Poland News Bulletin 1987:12 (16 June): 7-10, first published 31 May 1987.
38. Adam Michnik, Takie czasy . . . Rzecz o kompromisie [Such Other Times . . . Concerning Compromise] (London: Aneks, 1985), 114.
39. Ibid., Takie czasy . . . Rzecz o kompromisie [Such Other Times . . . Concerning Compromise] 138.
40. "Statement by Warsaw Regional Executive Committee of Solidarity, 13 December 1989," Uncensored Poland News Bulletin 1988:1 (8 January): 7.
41. Minutes of the Meeting of the Working Group on Political Reform, 18 February 1989, in Krzysztof Dubiński, ed., Okragły Stót [Round Table] (Warsaw, Poland: Krajowa Agencja Promocyjna, 1999), 278;
42. Minutes of the Working Meeting, Magdalenka, 7 March 1989, in ibid., Okragły Stót [Round Table] 372.
43. Dénes Csonka [Tamás Bauer], "Az optimists alternatíva körvonalai: Magyarorsuág illírizá lása" [The Contours of the Optimistic Alternative: The Illyrianization of Hungary"), in Havas, ed., Beszélo, vol. 1, p. 265, first published in Beszélo 5-6 (December 1982).
44. Norbert Zmijewski, "Vicissitudes of Political Realism in Poland: Tygodnik Powszechny and Znak," Soviet Studies 43:1(1991): 89;
45. and Adam Bromke, Poland's Politics: Idealism vs. Realism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), chap. 12.
46. "Az MDF Alapítólevele" [The Founding Document of the MDF], in Kurtán, Sándor, and Vass, Magyarország politikai évkönyve 1988, 742.
47. Tadeusz Szafar, "Contemporary Political Opposition in Poland," Survey 24 (Autumn 1979): 51.
48. "New Political Party Formed in Warsaw, 11 November 1984," Uncensored Poland News Bulletin 1985:3 (31 January): 34.
49. "Statement of the Political Council of KPN, 5 February 1989," Uncensored Poland News Bulletin 1989:5 (22 March): 10.
50. János Kis, "Gondolatok a közeljövorol" [Thoughts on the Near Future], in Havas, ed., Beszélo, vol. 1, pp. 121-22, first published in Baszélo 3 (May 1982).
51. Interview with János Kis, 29 July 2004.
52. János Kis, "Másfél év után, ugyanarról" [On the Same Subject, a Year and a Half Later], in Havas, éd., Beszélo, vol. 1, pp. 551-52
53. first published in Beszélo 9 (February 1984).
54. "Hogyan keressünk kiutat a válságból?: ABeszélo javaslatai" [How Should We Look for a Way Out of the Crisis? Beszélo's Proposals"], in ibid., Beszélo 236
55. first published in Beszélo 5-6 (December 1982).
56. János Kis, "Az ú) választásl törvényrol - utólag" [On the New Electoral Law - After the Event], In Beszélo ibid., 492
57. first published in Beszélo 9 (February 1984).
58. Ferenc Koszeg, "Kér még a nép? A választási reformtól a szavazásig" [Do the People Still Demand? From the Electoral Reform to the Vote], in ibid., Beszélo vol. 2, pp. 186-87
59. first published in Beszélo 13-14 (1985).
60. "Tarsadalmi szerzodés: A politikai kibontakozás feltétélei" [Social Contract: The Conditions of Political Development], in ibid., Beszélo vol. 2, p. 758
61. first published as Beszélo2Q (June 1987).
62. Ibid., Beszélo2Q 761-62.
63. "Van kiút" [There Is a Way Out], in Kurtán, Sándor, and Vass, Magyarország politikai évkönyve 1988, 767, first issued May 1988;
64. and Ervin Csizmadia, A magyar demokratikus ellenzék (1968-1988): Monográfia [The Hungarian Democratic Opposition (1968-1988): Monograph] (Budapest, Hungary: T-Twins, 1995), 434.
65. "A demokratikus magyar megújulás programja" [The Program of Democratic Hungarian Renewal], in Czizmadia, ed., A magyar demokratikus ellenzék (1968-1988): Dokumentumok, 408;
66. first published in Demokrata, March 1986.
67. János Kis, "Tájkép, csata elott" [Landscape Before the Battle], in Havas, ed., Beszélo, vol. 3, p. 472
68. first published in Beszélo 25 (1988).
69. "100 Solidarity Activists Appeal for Electoral Boycott, 9 September 1985," Uncensored Poland News Bulletin 1985:18 (12 September): 14.
70. Aidrzej Garlicki, Karuzela:Rzecz o okragłym stole [Carousel: On the Roundtable] (Warsaw, Poland: Czytelnik, 2003), 21;
71. and Jan Skórzyński, Ugoda i rewolucja: Władza i opozycja 1985-1989 [Compromise and Revolution: Regime and Opposition 1985-1989] (Warsaw, Poland: Presspublica, 1995), 11.
72. Maciej Poleski [Czesław Bielecki], "A Policy for Poland," Uncensored Poland News Bulletin 1986:4 (20 February): 39.
73. Aleksander Smolar, "The Polish Opposition," in Ferenc Fehér and Andrew Arato, eds., Crisis and Reform in Eastern Europe (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1991), 210-12.
74. "Democracy for All: Manifesto of the Movement for Civic Freedom," trans. A. G. Brain, in Skilling and Wilson, Civic Freedom in Central Europe, 135, first issued 15 October 1988.
75. Ibid., Civic Freedom in Central Europe, 136.
76. Jiří Pehe, " 'Obroda: A Club for Socialist Restructing' Publishes Its Program and Holds a Meeting in Prague "RFE Situation Report - Czechoslovakia 1989:14 (5 July): 11-15;
77. and Jiří Pehe, "The Czechoslovak Democratic Initiative Holds Constituent Conference " RFE Situation Report - Czechoslovakia 1989:20 (6 October): 15-18.
78. Linz and Stepan, Problems, 272.
79. Havel, "Politics and Conscience," 269.
80. Havel, "The Power of the Powerless," 82.
81. Václav Havel, Disturbing the Peace: A Conversation with Karel Hvížd' ala, trans. Paul Wilson (London: Faber and Faber, 1990), 16-17, first published 1986.
82. Václav Havel, "New Year's Address," in Havel, Open Letters, 395-96.
83. Havel, "Politics and Conscience," 267;
84. and Havel, "New Year's Address," 391.
85. Havel, "The Power of the Powerless," 89.
86. Havel, Disturbing the Peace, 17.
87. Havel, "The Power of the Powerless," 92.
88. Havel, Ibid., "The Power of the Powerless," 93.
89. Václav Havel, "Two Notes on Charter 77," trans. Paul Wilson, in Havel, Open Letters, 323
90. first published in Infocb, 29 March 1986.
91. Havel, "Politics and Conscience," 269.
92. Havel, "The Power of the Powerless," 82.
93. Havel, "New Year's Address," 392.
94. Havel, "Politics and Conscience," 271.
95. Havel, "The Power of the Powerless," 90-91.
96. Václav Havel, Summer Meditations, trans. Paul Wilson (New York: Vintage, 1993), 7-8, first published 1991.
97. "Lech Wałȩsa's Statement on the Preparations for the Referendum, 20 October 1987," Uncensored Poland News Bulletin 1987:21 (30 October): 12-13.
98. "Joint Declaration by Solidarity Leaders and Polish Intellectuals, Gdansk, 11 September 1988," Uncensored Poland News Bulletin 1988:18 (30 September): 7.
99. Pawel Smoleński and Wojciech Giełźyński, Robotnicy '88 [Workers '88] (London: Aneks, 1989).
100. Jacek Kuroń, "Instead of Revolution," Uncensored Poland News Bulletin 1989:7(1 May): 10
101. first published in Tygodnik Mazowsze 285 (8 March 1989).
102. Janina Paradowska, "The Three Cards Game: An Interview with Adam Michnik," trans. David Ost, Telos 89 (Fall 1991): 95
103. first published in Polityka, 1 June 1991.
104. Kemp-Welch, The Birth of Solidarity, 188.
105. Nicholas G. Andrews, Poland 1980-81: Solidarity versus the Party (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1985), 206, 210.
106. Adam Michnik, "On Resistance: A Letter from Białoł ȩka, 1982," in Michnik, Letters, 56, written 1982.
107. Michnik, Takie czasy, 114-15.
108. Ibid., Michnik, Takie czasy, 139.
109. "The Difficult Art of Compromise: Public Discussion in a Warsaw Church," Uncensored Poland News Bulletin 1986:21 (16 November): 31
110. first published in Tygodnik Mazowsze 184 (15 October 1986).
111. "Solidarity's Round Table: First Meeting of the Jan Strzelecki Discussion Club," Uncaptive Minds 1 (November-December 1988): 21.
112. Uncensored Poland News Bulletin 1980:19 (14 October): 13;
113. and ibid., Uncensored Poland News Bulletin 21 (30 October 1987): 10.
114. Ibid., Uncensored Poland News Bulletin 18 (30 September 1988): 4.
115. Michnik, "The New Evolutionism," 272.
116. Michnik, Takie czasy, 139.
117. "The Letter of 59 Intellectuals to the Speaker of the Diet of the Polish People's Republic," Polish Review 21:1-2(1976): 56, first issued 5 December 1975.
118. Kuroń, "Reflections," 57.
119. Kuroń Ibid, Reflections 58.
120. "Hogyan keressünk kiutat," 235-36.
121. Tony Judt, "The Dilemmas of Dissidence: The Politics of Opposition in East-Central Europe," East European Politics and Societies 2 (Spring 1988): 197.
122. "Social Contract," 758.
123. Barbara J. Falk, The Dilemmas of Dissidence in East-Central Europe: Citizen Intellectuals and Philosopher Kings (Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press, 2003), 278, 279.
124. Kis, "Másfél év," 552.
125. "Hogyan keressünk kiutat," 236-37;
126. and "Social Contract," 759-64, 780-84.
127. "Social Contract," 759-61.
128. "Felhívás," 766.
129. Kis, "Gondolatok," 121, 122.
130. Interview with János Kis, 29 July 2004.
131. "Democracy for All," 135.
132. Ibid., "Democracy for All," 137.
133. Ibid., "Democracy for All," 137.
134. Cf. Falk, Dilemmas of Dissidence, 8-9.