The benthic community of the eastern US continental shelf: A literature synopsis of benthic faunal resources

Continental Shelf Research

Volumn 26, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 804-818

  Allen Brooks, R ^a   Purdy, Carla N ^b   Bell, Susan S ^b   Sulak, Kenneth J ^c  

^a ENSR   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^c U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

Atlantic coast; Benthos; Continental shelf; Dredging; Gulf of Mexico; Infauna; Macrofauna; Sand mining

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; BENTHOS; CONTINENTAL SHELF; DREDGING; HUMAN ACTIVITY; MINING; POLYCHAETE;

ATLANTIC COAST [NORTH AMERICA]; ATLANTIC COAST [UNITED STATES]; ATLANTIC OCEAN; GULF OF MEXICO; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

ANIMALIA; BOMBYX MORI; NEPHTYS INCISA; POLYCHAETA; PRIONOSPIO CRISTATA; SPIOPHANES BOMBYX;

EID: 33646100526     PISSN: 02784343     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2006.02.005     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Alexander S.K., Boothe P.N., Flint R.W., Giam C.S., Holland J.S., Neff G., Pequegnat W.E., Powell P., Rabalais N.N., Schwarz J.R., Szaniszlo P.J., Venn C., Wohlschlag D.E., and Yoshiyama R. Benthic biota. In: Flint W.R., and Rabalais N.N. (Eds). Environmental Studies of a Marine Ecosystem South Texas Outer Continental Shelf (1981), University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, USA
2. Applied Coastal Research and Engineering Inc., 2000. Environmental Survey of Potential Sand Resource Sites: Offshore New Jersey. U.S. Department of Interior Minerals Management Service, OCS Study MMS 2000-052.
3. Auster P.J., Malatesta R.J., and LaRosa S.C. Microhabitat use by continental slope megafauna. American Zoologist, Abstracts: Annual Meeting 1991 31 5 (1991) 127A
4. Barry A., Vittor & Associates Inc., 1985. Tuscaloosa Trend Regional Data Search and Synthesis Study (vol. 1-Synthesis Report). U.S. Department of Interior, Minerals Management Service, OCS Contract No. 14-12-0001-30048.
5. Bedinger Jr., C.A., 1981. Ecological Investigations of Petroleum Production Platforms in the Central Gulf of Mexico. U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management, SWRI Project 01-5245, OCS Contract AA551-CT8-17.
6. Bergen M., Weisberg S.B., Smith R.W., Cadien D.B., Dalkey A., Montagne D.E., Stull J.K., Velarde R.G., and Ranasinghe J.A. Relationship between depth, sediment, latitude, and the structure of benthic infaunal assemblages on the mainland shelf of southern California. Marine Biology 138 (2001) 637-647
7. Berryhill H.L. Environmental studies, South Texas Outer Continental Shelf, 1975, An atlas and integrated study. Bureau of Land Management (1977)
8. Blake, N., 1978. Infaunal macromolluscs of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico. In: Blake, N. (Ed.), The Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Outer Continental Shelf Baseline Environmental Survey. U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management, AA550-CT7-34.
9. Blake, N.J., Doyle, L.J., Culter, J.J., 1996. Impacts and Direct Effects of Sand Dredging for Beach Renourishment on the Benthic Organisms and Geology of the West Florida Shelf, Final Report. U.S. Department of Interior Minerals Management Service, OCS Report MMS 95-0005.
10. Boesch, D.F., 1979. Benthic Ecological Studies: Macrobenthos. U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management Contract AA550-CT6-62, Special report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 194.
11. Boesch D.F. Classification and community structure of macrobenthos in the Hampton Roads Area, Virginia. Marine Biology 21 (1973) 226-244
12. Boesch, D.F., Kraeuter, J.N., Serafy, D.K., 1977. Benthic Ecological Studies: Megabenthos and Macrobenthos, Chapter 6. Middle Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies, vol. II. Chemical and biological benchmark studies. In: Boesch et al. (Eds.), Distribution and Structure of Communities of Macrobenthos on the Outer Continental Shelf of The Middle Atlantic Bight: 1975-1973 Investigations. U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management, Contract No. 08550-CT-5-42.
13. Bousfield E.L. Shallow-water Gammariean Amphipoda of New England (1973), Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA
14. Bowen P.R., and Marsh G.A. Benthic Faunal Colonization of an Offshore Borrow Pit in Southeastern Florida (1988), U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi (Miscellaneous Paper D-88-5)
15. Brooks, R.A., Bell, S.S., Purdy, C.N., Sulak, K.J., 2004. The Benthic Community of Offshore Sand Banks: A Literature Synopsis of the Benthic Fauna Resources in Potential MMS OCS Sand Mining Areas. USGS Outer Continental Shelf Studies Ecosystem Program Report USGS-SIR-2004-5198.
16. Burlas, M., Ray, G., Clarke, D., 2001. The New York District's Biological Monitoring Program for the Atlantic Coast of New Jersey, Asbury Park to Manasquan Section Beach Erosion Control Project. US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Reserach and Development Center, Waterways Experiment Station.
17. Byrnes, M.R., Hammer, R.M., Vittor, B.A., Ramsey, J.S., Snyder, D.B., Bosma, K.F., Wood, J.D., Thibaut, T.D., Phillips, N.W., 1999. Environmental Survey of Identified Sand Resource Areas Offshore Alabama: vol. I: Main Text, vol. II: Appendices. U.S. Department of Interior Minerals Management Service, OCS Report MMS 99-0052.
18. Byrnes, M.R., Hammer, R.M., Vittor, B.A., Kelley, S.W., Snyder, D.B., Cote, J.M., Ramsey, J.S., Thibaut, T.D., Phillips, N.W., Wood, J.D., 2003. Collection of Environmental Data Within Sand Resource Areas Offshore North Carolina and the Environmental Implications of Sand Removal for Coastal and Beach Restoration: vol. I: Main Text, vol. II: Appendices. U.S. Department of Interior Minerals Management Service, OCS Report MMS 2000-056.
19. Caracciolo, J.V., Steimle Jr., F.W., 1983. An Atlas of the Distribution and Abundance of Dominant Benthic Invertebrates in the New York Bight Apex with Reviews of their Life Histories. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-766.
20. Carney, R.S., 1993. Review and Reexamination of OCS Saptial-temporal Variability as Determined by MMS Studies in the Gulf of Mexico. U.S. Department of Interior Minerals Management Service, OCS Study MMS 93-0041.
21. Cerame-Vivas M.J., and Gray I.E. The distributional pattern of benthic invertebrates of the continental shelf off North Carolina. Ecology 47 (1966) 260-270
22. Chang S., Steimle F.W., Reid R.N., Fromm S.A., Zdanowicz V.S., and Pikanowski R.A. Association of benthic macrofauna with habitat types and quality in the New York Bight. Marine Ecology Progress Series 89 (1992) 237-251
23. Collard S.B., and D'Asaro C.N. Benthic invertebrates of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico. In: Jones J.I. (Ed). A Summary of Knowledge of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico (1973), State University at Florida Institute of Oceanography, St. Petersburg, FL
24. Collie J.S., Escanero G.A., and Valentine P.C. Effects of bottom fishing on the benthic megafauna of Georges Bank. Marine Ecology Progress Series 155 (1997) 159-172
25. Conner W.G., and Simon J.L. The effects of oyster shell dredging on an estuarine benthic community. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 9 (1979) 749-758
26. Continental Shelf Associates Inc., 1987. Tampa Harbor Dredged Material Disposal Site Monitoring Study. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Criteria and Standards Division.
27. Cronin, T., Ishman, M.S., Wagner, R., Cutter Jr., G.R., 1998. Benthic Formanifera and Ostracoda from Virginia Continental Shelf. In: Hobbs III, C.H. (Ed.), Environmental Studies Relative to Potential Sand Mining in the Vicinity of the City of Virginia Beach, Virginia. U.S. Department of Interior Minerals Management Service, Agreement 14-35-0001-3087.
28. Cutler Jr., G.R., Diaz, R.J., 1998. Benthic habitats and biological resources off the VIrginia coast 1996 and 1997. In: Hobbs III, C.H. (Ed.), Environmental Studies Relative to Potential Sand Mining in the Vicinity of the City of Virginia Beach, Virginia. U.S. Department of Interior Minerals Management Service, Agreement 14-35-0001-3087.
29. Cutler, J.K., 1988. Evaluation of Hard Bottom and Adjacent Soft Bottom Macrofaunal Communities in the Vicinity of the Tampa Bay Material Ocean Disposal Site 4. U.S. Ecological Protection Agency Contract no 68-03-3319, Mote Marine Laboratory Technical Report No. 125.
30. Culter, J.K., 1994a. Benthic Macrofauna Community and Response Characterization, Thin-layer Disposal National Demonstration Project, Gulfport, Mississippi. Mote Environmental Services, Inc., Technical Report No. 274, Contract No. DACW01-91-C-0092.
31. Culter, J.K., 1994b. Summary of Benthic Infaunal Analysis for May/June 1990 Collections off South Hutchinson Island, Martin County, Florida: A technical data summary. Mote Marine Laboratory, Applied Technology and Management, Inc., submitted for publication.
32. Cutler, J.K., Mahadevan, S., 1982. Long-term Effects of Beach Nourishment on the Benthic Fauna of Panama City Beach, Florida. Controlling Office, Department of Army, Coastal Engineering Research Ctr. Misc. Report No. 82-2.
33. Culter, J.K., Mahadevan, S., Yarbrough, R., Gallo, M., 1992. Benthic macroinfauna and sediment studies. In: Mahadevan, S. (Ed.), Marine Sampling and Measurement Program off Northern Pinellas County Florida 1982. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 904/9-82-102.
34. Dauer, D.M., 1980. Benthic monitoring of the Norfolk disposal site. In: Alden, et al. (Eds.), Appendix A, An Assessment of the Ecological Impact of Open Ocean Disposal of Materials Dredged from a Highly Industrialized Estuary. Norfolk District COE, Final EIS Norfolk Disposal Site.
35. Defenbaugh, R.E., 1976. A study of the Benthic Macroinvertebrates of the Continental Shelf of the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Texas A&M University, Dissertation.
36. Emery K.O., and Uchupi E. Western North Atlantic Ocean: Topography, Rocks, Structure, Water, Life, and Sediments (1972), Memoir 17, The American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
37. Emery K.O., Merrill A.S., and Trumbull J.V.A. Geology and biology of the sea floor as deduced from simultaneous photographs and samples. Limnology and Oceanography 10 (1965) 1-21
38. EMSAGG. Marine sand and gravel extraction on the US continental shelf by Barry Drucker and Roger Amato, US Minerals Management Servies. The Biannual Bulletin of the European Sand and Gravel Group Issue 7 (2003)
39. Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc., LGL Ecological Research Associates, Inc., Continental Shelf Associates, Inc., 1987. Florida Shelf Ecosystems Study Data Synthesis Report. U.S. Department of Interior Minerals Management Service, Contract No. 14-12-0001-30276.
40. Escobar-Briones E.G., and Soto L.A. Continental shelf benthic biomass in the western Gulf of Mexico. Continental Shelf Research 17 (1997) 585-604
41. Fauchald L., and Jumars P.A. The diet of worms: a study of polychaete feeding guilds. In: Barnes M. (Ed). Oceanography and Marine Biology An Annual Review vol. 17 (1979), Aberdeen University Press
42. Finkl Jr. C.W., Khalil S.M., and Andrews J.L. Offshore sand sources for beach replenishment: Potential borrows on the continental shelf of the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 15 (1997) 155-173
43. Fitzhugh, K., 1984. Temporal and spatial patterns of the polychaete fauna on the central Northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf. in: Proceedings of the First International Polychaete Conference, Sydney, 1983.
44. Flint R.W., and Holland J.S. Benthic infaunal variability on a transect in the Gulf of Mexico. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 10 (1980) 1-14
45. Flint R.W., and Rabalais N.N. Environmental Studies of a Marine Ecosystem: South Texas Outer Continental Shelf. first ed (1981), University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, USA
46. Giammona C.P., and Darnell R.N. Environmental effects of the strategic petroleum reserve program on Louisiana continental shelf communities. American Zoologist 30 (1990) 37-43
47. Harper Jr., D.E., 1990. Macroinfauna and macroepifauna. In: Brooks, J.M., Giammona, C.P. (Eds.), Mississippi-Alabama Continental Shelf Ecosystem Study Annual Report, Year 2, vol. 1, Technical Narrative. Department on Interior, Minerals Management Service, OCS Study MMS 89-0095.
48. Heard, R.W., 1978. Macroarthropods from the MAFLA box core program. In: Blake, N. (Ed.), The Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Outer Continental Shelf Baseline Environmental Survey. U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management, AA550-CT7-34.
49. Hildebrand H.H. A study of the fauna of the Brown Shrimp (Penaeus aztecus Ives) grounds in the western Gulf of Mexico. Publications of the Institue of Marine Science, University of Texas 3 (1954) 233-366
50. Hobbs C.H. An investigation of potential consequences of marine mining in shallow water: An example from the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States. Journal of Coastal Research 18 (2002) 94-101
51. Hobbs III, C.H., 2000. Environmental Survey of Potential Sand Resource Sites Offshore Delaware and Maryland. U.S. Department of Interior Minerals Management Service, OCS Study 2000-055.
52. Ivester, M.S., 1978. Analysis of Benthic Meiofana from the MAFLA/Eastern Gulf of Mexico. In: Blake, N. (Ed.), The Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Outer Continental Shelf Baseline Environmental Survey. U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management. Contract AA550-CT7-34.
53. Johnson R.O., and Nelson W.G. Biological effects of dredging in an offshore borrow area. Florida Scientist 48 (1985) 166-188
54. Jutte P.C., Van Dolah R.F., and Gayes P.T. Recovery of benthic communities following offshore dredging, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Shore and Beach 70 (2002) 25-30
55. Kaiser M.J., Cheney K., Spence F.E., Edwards D.B., and Radford K. Fishing effects in northeast Atlantic shelf seas: patterns in fishing effort, diversity and community structure VII. The effects of trawling disturbance on the fauna associated with the tubeheads of serpulid worms. Fisheries Research 40 (1999) 195-205
56. Lewis, M.A., Weber, D.E., Stanley, R.S., Moore, J.C., 2001. Dredging Impact on an Urbanized Florida Bayou: effects on Benthos and Algal-periphyton: Environmental Pollution. US Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Gulf Ecology Division.
57. The Louis Berger Group Inc., 1999. Use of Federal Offshore Sand Resources for Beach and Coastal Restoration in New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia. U.S. Department of Interior Minerals Management Service, OCS Study MMS 99-0036.
58. Lyons, W.G., Collard, S.B., 1974. Benthic invertebrate communities of the eastern Gulf of Mexico. In: Smith, R.E. (Ed.), Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico.
59. Mahadevan, S., Culter, J., Hoover, S., Murdoch, J., Reeves, F., Schulze, R., 1976. A Study on the Effects of Silt-spill and Subsequent Dredging on Benthic Infauna at Apollo Beach Embayment: Conservation Consultants, Inc. Department of Environmental Planning, Tampa Electric Company, submitted for publication.
60. Mahadevan, S., Sprinkel, J., Heatwole, D., Wooding, D.H., 1984. A Review and Annotated Bibliography of Benthic Studies in the Coastal and Estuarine Areas of Florida. Report No. 66, Florida Sea Grant College.
61. Marsh, G.A., Bowen, P.R., Deis, D.R., Turbeville, D.B., Courtenay Jr., W.R., 1980. Volume II. Evaluating benthic communities adjacent to a restored beach, Hallandale (Broward County), Florida. In: Marsh, et al. (Eds.), Ecological Evaluation of a Beach Nourishment Project at Hallandale (Broward County), Florida. U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center, Miscellaneous Report No. 80-1 (II).
62. Maurer D., and Leathem W. Ecological distribution of polychaetous annelids from the New England outer continental shelf, Georges Bank. Internationale Revue Der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 66 (1981) 505-528
63. Maurer D., Kinner P., Leathem W., and Watling L. Benthic faunal assemblages off the Delmarva Peninsula. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 4 (1976) 163-177
64. Maurer D., Leathem W., and Menzie C. Macrobenthic invertebrates from the middle Atlantic continental shelf. Internationale Revue Der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 67 (1982) 491-515
65. McKinney L.D., and Harper D.E. The effects of hypoxia on the structure of benthic marine communities in the western Gulf of Mexico. American Zoologist 20 (1980) 742
66. McNulty J.K., Work R.C., and Moore H.B. Some relationships between the infauna of the level bottom and the sediment in south Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean 12 (1962) 322-332
67. Messieh S.N., Rowell T.W., Peer D.L., and Cranford P.J. The effects of trawling, dredging and ocean dumping on the eastern Canadian continental shelf seabed. Continental Shelf Research 11 (1991) 1237-1263
68. Miller D.C., Muir C.L., and Hauser O.A. Detrimental effects of sedimentation on marine benthos: what can be learned from natural processes and rates?. Ecological Engineering 19 (2002) 211-232
69. Parker, R.H., 1960. Ecology and distributional patterns of marine macro-invertebrates, Northern Gulf of Mexico. In: Shepard, et al. (Eds.), Recent Sediments, Northwest Gulf of Mexico, A Symposium Summarizing the Results of Work Carried on in Project 51 of the American Petroleum Institute 1951-1958.
70. Pearce, J.B., 1970. The effects of solid waste disposal on benthic communities in the New York Bight: FAO technical conference on marine pollution and its effect on living resources and fishing.
71. Pearce, J.B., Radosh, D.J., Caracciolo, J.V., Steimle Jr., F.W., 1981. Benthic Fauna. NESA New York Bight Atlas monograph 14, New York Sea Grant Institute.
72. Phillips, N.W., James, B.M., 1988. Offshore Texas and Louisiana Marine Ecosystem Data Synthesis, vol. II: Synthesis report. U.S. Department of Interior Minerals Management Service, OCS Study MMS 88-0067.
73. Phillips, N.W., Thompson, J.M., 1990. Offshore benthic communities. In: Phillips, N.W., Larson, K.S. (Eds.), Synthesis of Available Biological, Geological, Chemical, Socioeconomic, and Cultural Resource Information for the South Florida area. U.S. Department of Interior Minerals Management Service, OCS Study MMS 90-0019.
74. Posey M., and Alphin T. Resilience and stability in an offshore benthic community: responses to sediment borrow activities and hurricane disturbance. Journal of Coastal Research 18 (2002) 685-697
75. Posey M.H., Alphin T.D., Banner S., Vose F., and Lindberg W. Temporal variability, diversity and guild structure of a benthic community in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 63 (1998) 143-155
76. Powers S.P., Harper Jr. D.E., and Rabalais N.N. Effects of hypoxia/anoxia on the supply and settlement of benthic invertebrate larvae. Coastal and Estuarine Studies 58 (2001) 185-210
77. Pratt, S.D., 1973. Benthic fauna. In: Saila S.B. (Ed.), Coastal and Offshore Environmental Inventory, Cape Hatteras to Nantucket Shoales. Rhode Island University, Graduate School of Oceanography Marine Publication Series, No. 2 (Occasional Publication No. 5).
78. Rabalais N.N., Smith L.E., Harper Jr. D.E., and Justic D. Effects of seasonal hypoxia on continental shelf benthos. Coastal and Estuarine Studies 58 (2001) 211-240
79. Ranasinghe, J.A., Harlan, W.T., Dauer, D.M., 1985. Macrobenthic Communities of the Dam Neck Disposal Site. Department of the Army, Contract DACW65-81C-0051 Work Orders 19 and 23.
80. Ray, G.L., 2001. Responses of Benthic Invertebrate Assemblages to the Asbury-Manasquan Inlet Beach Nourishment project, Northern New Jersey. Proceedings of the Coastal Ecosystems and Federal Activities Technical Training Symposium, August 20-22, 2001.
81. Renaud P.E., Syster D.A., and Ambrose Jr. W.G. Recruitment patterns of continental shelf benthos off North Carolina, USA: effects of sediment enrichment and impact on community structure. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 237 (1999) 89-106
82. Research Planning Inc., W.F. Baird and Associates Ltm., and Applied Marine Services Inc., 2001. Development and Design of Biological and Physical Monitoring Protocols to Evaluate the Long-term Impacts of Offshore Dredging Operations on the Marine Environment. U.S. Department of Interior Minerals Management Service, OCS Study MMS 2001-089.
83. Rice, S.A., Culter, J.K., 1984. Analysis of Sampling Procedures for Benthic Infaunal Communities at an Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site. Camp Dresser & McKee Inc, Mote Marine Laboratory Technical Report No. 87.
84. Rice, S.A., Patton, G.W., Mahadevan, S., 1981. An Ecological Study of the Effects of Offshore Dredged Material Disposal with Special Reference to Hard-bottom Habitats in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico. Mote Marine Laboratory, Manatee County Chamber of Commerce, submitted for publication.
85. Rijnsdorp A.D., and Vingerhoed B. Feeding of plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. and sole Solea solea (L.) in relation to the effects of bottom trawling. Journal of Sea Research 45 (2001) 219-229
86. Rowe G.T. The effects of pollution on the dynamics of the benthos of New York Bight. Thalassia Jugoslavica 7 (1971) 353-359
87. Saila, S.B., Pratt, S.D., Polgar, T.T., 1972. Dredge Spoil Disposal in Rhode Island Sound. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Marine Technical Report, No. 2.
88. Saloman, C.H., 1974. Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics of Nearshore zone of Sand Key, Florida, Prior to Beach Restoration. Part IX Benthic Invertebrates. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Interservice Support Agreement No. CERC 73-27.
89. Saloman, C.H., Naughton, S.P., Taylor, J.L., 1982. Benthic Community Response to Dredging Borrow Pits, Panama City Beach, Florida. US Army, Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center, Miscellaneous Report No. 82-3.
90. Schaffner L.C., and Boesch D.F. Spatial and temporal resource use by dominant benthic Amphipoda (Ampeliscidae and Corophiidae) on the Middle Atlantic Bight outer continental shelf. Marine Ecology Progress Series 9 (1982) 231-243
91. Schaffner, L.C., Horvath, M.A., Hobbs Jr. III, C.H., 1996. Effects of Sand-Mining on Benthic Communities and Resource Value: Timber Shoal, Lower Chesapeake Bay. The Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation.
92. Szedlmayer S.T., and Lee J.D. Diet shifts of juvenile red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) with changes in habitat and fish size. Fisheries Bulletin 102 (2004) 366-375
93. Shaw J.K., Johnson P.G., Wewing R.M., Comiskey C.E., Brandt C.C., and Farmer T.A. Benthic macroinfana community characterization in Mississippi Sound and adjacent waters (1982), US Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, Mobile, AL
94. Sisson J.D., Shimeta J., Zimmer C.A., and Traykovski P. Mapping epibenthic assemblages and their relations to sedimentary features in shallow-water, high-energy environments. Continental Shelf Research 22 (2002) 565-583
95. Steimle Jr., F.W., Stone, R.B., 1973. Abundance and Distribution of Inshore Benthic Fauna off Southwestern Long Island, N.Y. NOAA, Technical Report NMFS SSRF-673.
96. Szedlmayer S.T., and Conti J. Nursery habitats, growth rates, and seasonality of age-0 red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, in the northeast Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 97 (1999) 626-635
97. Turbeville, D.B., Marsh, G.A., 1982. Benthic Fauna of an Offshore Borrow Area in Broward County, Florida. U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center, Miscellaneous Report No. 82-1.
98. U.S. Ecological Protection Agency, 1983. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for Tampa Harbor, Florida Ocean Dredged Material Disposal site Designation. USEPA Office of Water Criteria and Standards Division.
99. Versar Inc., 1997. Evaluation of Benthic Macrofaunal Resources at Potential Sand Borrow Sources: Townsends Inlet to Cape May Inlet, Cape May County, New Jersey. U.S. Army Coprs of Engineers, Contract No. DACW61-95-D-0011.
100. Vittor, B.A., 1978. Abundance, Diversity, and distribution of benthic polychaetous annelids in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico. In: Blake, N. (Ed.), The Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Outer Continental Shelf Baseline Environmental Survey. U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management, AA550-CT7-34.
101. Watling L., and Norse E.A. Disturbance of the seabed by mobile fishing gear: a comparison to forest clearcutting. Conservation Biology 12 (1998) 1180-1197
102. Weston, D.P., Benthos, G.R., DeRouen, L.R., Hann, R.W., Casserly, D.M., Giammona, C., 1982. West Hackberry Brine Disposal Project Pre-discharge Characterization. Department of Energy, Contract No. DE-AC96-80P010228.
103. Wigley R.L., and McIntyre A.D. Some quantitative comparisons of offshore meiobenthos and macrobenthos South of Martha's Vineyard. Limnology and Oceanography 9 (1964) 485-493
104. Wigley, R.L., Theroux, R.B., 1981. Atlantic Continental Shelf and Slope of the United States-Macrobenthic Invertebrate Fauna of the Middle Atlantic Bight Region-Faunal Composition and Quantitative Distribution. U.S. Geological Survey, Geological Survey Professional Paper 529.
105. Woodward Clyde Consultants Inc., 1983. Southwest Florida shelf ecosystem study-year 1 final report. U.S. Department of Interior Minerals Management Service, OCS Contract 14-12-001-20142.
106. Zajac R.N., and Whitlatch R.B. Community and population-level responses to disturbance in a sandflat community. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 294 (2003) 101-125