Solid-phase extraction on alkyl-bonded silica gels in inorganic analysis

Analytical Sciences

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 503-519

  Spivakov, Boris Ya ^a   Malofeeva, Galina I ^a   Petrukhin, Oleg M ^a  

^a VERNADSKY INSTITUTE OF GEOCHEMISTRY AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GELS; IONS; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIQUIDS; PHASE SEPARATION; SILICA; SILICA GEL; TRACE ELEMENTS;

BONDED SILICA GEL; CHELATE COMPOUNDS; INORGANIC ANALYSIS; LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION; NEUTRAL REAGENTS; PRE-CONCENTRATION; REVERSED PHASE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION;

EXTRACTION;

EID: 33646078097     PISSN: 09106340     EISSN: 13482246     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2116/analsci.22.503     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. A. Mizuike, "Enrichment Techniques for Inorganic Trace Analysis", 1982, Ellis Harwood, Chichester.
2. Yu. A. Zolotov and N. M. Kuz'min, "Preconcentration of Trace Elements", ed. G. Svehla, 1990, Vol. XXV, Wilson and Wilson's, Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
3. L. N. Moskvin and L. G. Tsaritsina, "Separation and Preconcentration Methods in Analytical Chemistry (in Russian)", 1991, Khimiya, Leningrad.
4. R. Lobinski and Z. Marchenko, "Spectrochemical Trace Analysis for Metals and Metalloids", 1996, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
5. R. Hering, "Chelatbildende Ionenaustauscher", 1967, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin.
6. M. C. Hennion, J. Chromatogr., A, 1999, 856, 3.
7. G. V. Myasoedova and S. B. Savvin, "Chelating Sorbents (in Russian)", 1984, Nauka, Moscow.
8. G. V. Myasoedova and S. B. Savvin, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 1986, 17, 1.
9. R. M. Izatt, J. S. Bradshaw, R. L. Bruening, B. J. Tarbet, and M. L. Bruening, Pure Appl. Chem., 1995, 67, 1069.
10. G. V. Lisichkin and F. Yu. Fadeev, Russ. Chem. J., 1996, 40, 65.
11. E. V. Thurman and M. S. Mills, "Solid-Phase Extraction. Principles and Practice", 1998, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
12. J. Pawliszyn, "Solid-Phase Microextraction. Theory and Practice", 1997, Wiley-VCH, New York.
13. "Extraction Chromatograpy", ed. T. Braun and G. Ghersini, 1975, Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.
14. L. R. Snyder and J. J. Kirkland, "An Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography", 2nd ed., 1978, New York.
15. P. J. Schoenmakers, "Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity. A Guide to Method Development", 1986, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
16. L. P. Hammett, "Physical Organic Chemistry Reaction Rates, Equilibria and Mechanisms", 2nd ed., 1970, McGraw-Hill Book Comp., New York.
17. V. A. Palm, "Fundamentals of Quantitative Theory of Organic Reactions (in Russian)", 1977, Khimiya, Leningrad.
18. R. Kaliszan, "Quantitative Structure - Chromatographic Retention Relationships", 1987, J. Wiley, New York.
19. C. Hansch and A. Leo, "Substituent Constants for Correlation Analysis in Chemistry and Biology", 1979, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
20. C. Hansch and A. Leo, "Exploring QSAR: Fundamentals and Applications in Chemistry and Biology", 1995, ACS, Washington.
21. J. Sangster, "Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients: Fundamentals and Physical Chemistry", 1997, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
22. A. R. Timerbaev, I. G. Tsoi, and O. M. Petrukhin, J. Chromatogr., 1991, 555, 163.
23. A. R. Timerbaev, O. S. Semenova, I. G. Tsoi, and O. M. Petrukhin, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 648, 307.
24. A. R. Timerbaev, O. M. Petrukhin, and Yu. A. Zolotov, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 1987, 327, 87.
25. A. R. Timerbaev and O. M. Petrukhin, "Liquid Adsorbtion Chromatography of Metal Chelates (in Russian)", 1989, Nauka, Moscow.
26. V. Yu. Salov, A. R. Timerbaev, and O. M. Petrukhin, J. Planar Chromatogr., 1989, 2, 310.
27. M. P. Volynets, "Quantitative Thin-layer Chromatography in Inorganic Analysis (in Russian)", 1993, Nauka, Moscow.
28. M. P. Volynetz and G. V. Myasoedova, CRS Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 1996, 25, 247.
29. R. G. Pearson, J. Chem. Educ., 1968, 45, 581, 643.
30. R. G. Pearson, "Chemical Hardness", 1997, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
31. Yu. A. Zolotov, "Extraction of Chelate Compounds", 1970, Ann Arbor Humphray Sci. Publs, Ann Arbor.
32. G. A. Yagodin, S. Z. Kagan, and V. V. Tarasov, "Fundamentals of Liquid-liquid Extraction (in Russian)", 1981, Khimiya, Moscow.
33. "Principle and Practices of Solvent Extraction", ed. J. Rydberg, C. Musicas, and G. R. Choppin, 1992, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
34. "Handbook of Solvent Extraction", ed. T. C. Lo, M. H. I. Baird, and C. H. Mollabar, 1991, Krieger Publ. Comp., Fl.
35. I. P. Alimarin, O. M. Petrukhin, and V. V. Bagreev, "Theory and Application of Solvent Extraction Methods (in Russian)", 1985, Nauka, Moscow.
36. Yu. E. Pazukhina, N. V. Isakova, V. Nagy, and O. M. Petrukhin, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 1997, 15, 777.
37. O. M. Petrukhin, T. V. Shipulo, V. Nagy, Yu. E. Pazukhina, and J. Narbutt, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 1997, 15, 757.
38. Unpublished data of the present authors.
39. G. I. Malofeeva, O. M. Petrukhin, B. Ya. Spivakov, and E. V. Poteshkina, Russ. J. Anal. Chem., 2003, 58, 211.
40. R. Ma and F. Adams, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, 317, 215.
41. R. Ma, W. V. Mol, and F. Adams, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, 309, 395.
42. G. I. Malofeeva, O. M. Petrukhin, L. S. Rozhkova, B. Ya. Spivakov, G. K. Genkina, and T. A. Mastryukova, Russ. J. Anal. Chem., 1996, 51, 258.
43. R. Ma and F. Adams, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1996, 51, 1917.
44. M. Kato, T. Hattori, T. Suzuki, and K. Tsutsumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1994, 67, 2712.
45. M. Kato, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1985, 58, 2056.
46. M. Kato and H. Shimofuruva, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1990, 63, 1592.
47. M. Kato, T. Nakano, and T. Hattori, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1994, 67, 3231.
48. M. Iiyama, S. Oshima, H. Kokusen, M. Sekita, Sh. Tsurubou, and Y. Komatsu, Anal. Sci., 2004, 20, 1463.
49. O. M. Petrukhin and H. A. Borshch, Russ. J. Coord. Chem., 1986, 41, 2181.
50. O. M. Petrukhin and H. A. Borshch, Russ. J. Coord. Chem., 1982, 8, 22.
51. T. V. Rodionova and V. M. Ivanov, Russ. J. Anal. Chem., 1986, 41, 2181.
52. I. P. Alimarin, T. V. Rodionova, and V. M. Ivanov, Uspekhi Khimii (in Russian), 1989, 58, 1500.
53. J. Stary, "The Solvent Extraction of Metal Chelates", 1964, Pergamon Press.
54. B. Welz, X. Yin, and M. Sperling, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1992, 261, 477.
55. B. Ya. Spivakov, O. M. Petrukhin, G. I. Malofeeva, and T. V. Danilova, Russ. J. Anal. Chem., 1992, 47, 1169.
56. G. I. Malofeeva, M. K. Chmutova, O. M. Petrukhin, B. Ya. Spivakov, and B. F. Myasoedov, Radiochemistry (in Russian), 2002, 57, 118.
57. G. I. Malofeeva, O. M. Petrukhin, L. S. Rozhkova, B. Ya. Spivakov, G. K. Genkina, and T. A. Mastryukova, Russ. J. Anal. Chem., 1996, 51, 949.
58. N. V. Semenova, E. I. Morosanova, Yu. A. Zolotov, and I. V. Pletnev, Vest. Moscow Univ., Ser. Khimiya (in Russian), 1993, 34, 390.
59. E. I. Morosanova, I. V. Pletnev, V. Yu. Solov'ev, N. V. Semenova, and Yu. A. Zolotov, Russ. J. Anal. Chem., 1994, 49, 609.
60. N. V. Semenova, E. I. Morosanova, I. V. Pletnev, I. M. Maksimova, and Yu. A. Zolotov, Microchim. Acta, 1995, 119, 81.
61. N. V. Semenova, E. I. Morosanova, I. V. Pletnev, and Yu. A. Zolotov, Russ. J. Anal. Chem., 1994, 49, 430.
62. Yu. A. Zolotov, I. M. Maksimova, E. I. Morosanova, and A. A. Velikorodny, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, 308, 378.
63. H. L. Lancaster, G. D. Marshall, E. R. Gonzalo, G. Ruzicka, and G. D. Christian, Analyst, 1994, 119, 1459.
64. I. M. Maksimova, E. I. Morosanova, A. A. Kukhto, N. M. Kuz'min, and Yu. A. Zolotov, Russ. J. Anal. Chem., 1994, 49, 1090.
65. M. Wang, A. I. Yuzefovsky, and R. G. Michel, Mikrochim. J., 1993, 48, 326.
66. M. B. Shabani, T. Akagi, and A. Masuda, Anal. Chem., 1992, 64, 737.
67. Y. Yamini, J. Hassan, R. Mohandesi, and N. Bahramifar, Talanta, 2002, 56, 375.
68. Y. Yamini, M. Chaloosi, and H. Ebrahimzdeh, Talanta, 2002, 56, 797.
69. L. S. G. Teixeira, A. C. S. Costa, S. Garrigus, and M. Guardia, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 2002, 13, 54.
70. L. S. G. Teixeira, F. R. P. Rocha, M. Korn, B. F. Reis, S. L. C. Ferreira, and A. C. S. Costa, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1999, 383, 309.
71. M. Schuster and M. Schwarzer, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1996, 328, 1.
72. A. Tong, Y. Akama, and S. Tanaka, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1990, 230, 175.
73. A. Tong, Y. Akama, and S. Tanaka, Analyst, 1996, 115, 947.
74. L. S. G. Teixeira, F. R. P. Rocha, M. Korn, B. F. Reis, S. L. C. Feireira, and A. C. S. Costa, Talanta, 2000, 51, 1027.
75. Y. Yamini, N. Alizadeh, and M. Shamsipur, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1997, 355, 69.
76. M. Shamsipur, A. R. Ghiasvand, H. Sharghi, and H. Naeimi, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2000, 408, 271.
77. M. Shamsipur, A. Avanes, M. K. Rofouei, H. Sharghi, and G. Aghapour, Talanta, 2001, 54, 863.
78. M. Shamsipur, A. R. Ghiasvand, and Y. Yamini, Anal. Chem., 1999, 71, 4892.
79. M. Shamsipur, Y. Yamini, P. Ashtari, A. R. Khanchiand, and M. Ghannadi-Maragen, Sep. Sci. Technol., 2000, 35, 1011.
80. M. Shamsipur and M. H. Mashhadizadeh, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 2000, 367, 246.
81. L. Hajiagha-Babaei, Z. Ghasemi, F. Darviche, M. Shamsipur, F. Raoufi, and M. R. Ganjali, Anal. Sci., 2001, 17, 1305.
82. O. R. Hashemi, F. Raoufi, M. R. Ganjali, A. Moghimi, M. Kargar-Razi, H. Aghabozorg, and M. Shamsipur, Anal. Sci., 2000, 16, 1221.
83. O. R. Hashemi, M. R. Kargar, F. Raoufi, A. Moghimi, H. Aghabozorg, and M. R.Ganjali, Microchem. J., 2001, 69, 1.
84. I. M. Maksimova and E. I. Morosanova, Russ. J. Anal. Chem., 1994, 49, 543.
85. E. Morosanova, A. Velikorodny, and Yu. Zolotov, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 1998, 361, 305.
86. Yu. A. Zolotov, V. M. Ivanov, and V. G. Amelin, "Chemical Test Method (in Russian)", 2002, Editorial URSS, Moscow.
87. B. F. Myasoedov, M. K. Chmutova, I. V. Smirnov, and A. Yu. Shadrin, "Proc. Global-93", 1993, Seattle, Washington, Sept. 12 - 17, 585.
88. G. I. Malofeeva, M. K. Chmutova, L. S. Rozhkova, O. M. Petrukhin, B. Ya. Spivakov, and B. F. Myasoedov, Radiochemistry (in Russian), 1998, 40, 241.
89. M. K. Chmutova, M. N. Litvina, and G. A Pribylova, Radiochemistry (in Russian), 1995, 37, 430.
90. M. K. Chmutova, L. A. Ivanova, and N. E. Kochetkova, Radiochemistry (in Russian), 1995, 37, 422.
91. G. I. Malofeeva, M. K. Chmutova, L. S. Rozhkova, O. M. Petrukhin, B. Ya. Spivakov, and B. F. Myasoedov, Radiochemistry (in Russian), 2000, 42, 79.
92. G. I. Malofeeva, T. V. Danilova, O. M. Petrukhin, and B. Ya. Spivakov, Russ. J. Anal. Chem., 1994, 49, 574.
93. V. V. Yakshin, E. A. Filippov, V. A. Belov, G. G. Arkhipov, V. M. Abashkin, and B. N. Laskorin, Rep. Russ. Acad. Sci., 1978, 241, 159.
94. G. I. Malofeeva, O. M. Petrukhin, B. Ya. Spivakov, and L. S. Rozhkova, Russ. J. Anal. Chem., 2001, 56, 238.
95. M. Kato, S. Kuto, and T. Hattory, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1998, 71, 149.
96. A. B. Tawali and G. Swedt, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 1997, 357, 50.
97. A. Ali, X. Yin, H. Shen, Y. Ye, and X. Gu, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1999, 392, 283.
98. X. Liu and Z. Fang, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995, 316, 329.
99. G. Tao and Z. Fang, Atom. Spectrosc., 1996, 17, 22.
100. V. Otruba, M. Strnadova, and B. Skalnikova, Talanta, 1993, 40, 221.
101. V. Otruba, J. Stepankova, and L. Sommer, Talanta, 1994, 41, 1185.
102. K. Akatsuka, T. Katon, N. Nobuyama, T. Okanaka, M. Okumura, and S. Hoshi, Anal. Sci., 1996, 12, 209.
103. K. Akutsuka, Y. Yoshida, N. Nobuyama, and S. Hoshi, Anal. Sci., 1998, 14, 529.
104. "Liquid Chromatography", Catologue, 1992, State Univ., Moscow.
105. J. Ruzicka and A. Arndal, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1989, 216, 243.
106. "Liquid Chromatography", Catologue, 1994, State Univ., Moscow.
107. B. W. Wenclawiak, T. H. C. E. Zoller, and H.-P. Kabus, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 1997, 358, 471.
108. M. T. Morocco, G. P. Newman, and A. Syty, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1990, 5, 29.
109. C. Haraldsson, B. Lyven, M. Pollak, and A. Skoog, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1993, 284, 327.
110. N. V. Semenova, "Mixed Sorbents and Exchange Adsorption for Improving the Selectivity of Metal Ion Separation", PhD Thesis, 1995, State Univ., Moscow.
111. A. I. Yuzefovsky, R. F. Lonardo, M. Wang, and R. G. Michel, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1994, 9, 1195.
112. Z.-S. Liu and S.-D. Huang, Spectrochim. Acta, 1995, 50B, 197.
113. Z.-S. Liu and S.-D. Huang, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1992, 267, 31.
114. Z.-S. Liu and S. D. Huang, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1993, 281, 185.
115. M. Sperling, X. Yin, and B. Welz, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1991, 6, 615.
116. M. Sperling, X Yin, and B. Welz, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 1991, 6, 295.
117. R. Ma and F. Adams, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1996, 51, 1917.
118. R. Ma, W. V. Mol, and F. Adams, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1994, 285, 33.
119. S. P. Quinaia, J. B. Silva, M. C. E. Rollemberg, and A. J. Curtius, Talanta, 2001, 54, 687.
120. R. Ma, W. V. Mol, and F. Adams, At. Spectrosc., 1996, 17, 176.
121. R. Ma, W. V. Mol, and F. Adams, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1994, 293, 251.
122. G. I. Tsizin and Yu. A. Zolotov, Russ. J. Anal. Chem., 2002, 57, 562.
123. Z. Fang, Spectrochim. Acta Rev., 1991, 14, 235.
124. R. Ma, W. V. Mol, and F. Adams, Microchim. Acta, 1995, 119, 95.
125. D. Pozebon, V. L. Dressler, and A. J. Curtius, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2001, 438, 215.
126. A. K. Das, M. Guardia, and M. L. Cervera, Talanta, 2001, 55, 1.
127. J. Posta, A. Gaspar, R. Toth, and L. Ombodi, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 1996, 355, 719.
128. J. Posta, H. Berndt, S. K. Luo, and G. Schaldach, Anal. Chem., 1993, 65, 2590.
129. T. P. Rao, S. Karthikeyan, B. Vijayalekahmy, and C. S. P. Iyer, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1998, 369, 69.
130. V. M. Shkinev, B. Ya. Spivakov, Yu. A. Zolotov, and G. A. Vorob'eva, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1985, 167, 145.
131. D. Pozebon, V. L. Dressler, J. A. G. Neto, and A. J. Curtius, Talanta, 1998, 45, 1167.
132. S. Garbos, M. Rzepecka, E. Bulska, and A. Hulanicki, Spectrochim. Acta, 1999, 54B, 873.
133. X. P. Yan, M. Sperling, and B. Welz, Anal. Chem., 1999, 71, 4354.
134. S. Krekler, W. Frenzel, and G. Schulze, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1994, 296, 115.
135. D. W. King, J. Lin, and D. R. Kester, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1991, 247, 125.
136. D. M. Sanchez, R. Martin, R. Morante, J. Marin, and M. L. Munuera, Talanta, 2000, 52, 671.
137. R. M. Blanco, M. T. Villanueva, J. E. S. Uria, and A. Sanz-Medel, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2000, 419, 137.
138. M. F. Garcia, R. P. Garcia, N. B. Garcia, and A. Sanz-Medel, Talanta, 1994, 41, 1833.
139. W. G. Sunda and A. K. Hanson, Limnol. Oceanogr., 1987, 32, 537.
140. L. B. Bjorklund and G. M. Morrison, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1997, 343, 259.
141. E. Diaz-Barrientos, M. Bejarano, and L. Madrid, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 1997, 357, 1164.
142. C. Haraldsson, B. Lyven, M. Pollak, and A. Skoog, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1993, 284, 327.
143. M. Groschner and P. Appriou, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1994, 297, 369.
144. O. Abollino, M. Aceto, C. Sarzanini, and E. Mentasti, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2000, 411, 223.
145. R. H. Atallah, G. D. Christian, and A. E. Neviss, Anal. Lett., 1991, 24, 1483.
146. P. Canizares and M. D. Luque de Castro, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1994, 295, 59.
147. Y. Ye, A. Ali, and X. Yin, Talanta, 2002, 57, 945.
148. V. L. Dressler, D. Pozebon, and A. J. Curtius, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1998, 1527.
149. V. L. Dressler, D. Pozebon, and J. Curtius, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2001, 438, 235.
150. J. J. Fardy and T. Mingguang, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1988, 123, 573.
151. S. Xu, M. Sperling, and B. Welz, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 1992, 344, 535.
152. G. I. Malofeeva, E. M. Sedykh, L. S. Rozhkova, and L. N. Bannykh, Russ. J. Anal. Chem., 1999, 54, 147.
153. M. Sperling, X. Yin, and B. Welz, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 1992, 343, 754.
154. Y. Yamini and A. Tamaddon, Talanta, 1999, 49, 119.
155. H. Berndt, A. Muller, and G. Schaldach, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 1993, 346, 711.
156. M. Sperling, X. Yin, and B. Welz, Analyst, 1992, 117, 629.
157. G. Yang, X. Dong, Q. Xu, and J. Yin, Anal. Lett., 2002, 35, 1735.
158. Z. Fang, T. Guo, and B. Welz, Talanta, 1991, 38, 613.
159. M. Sperling, X. Yin, and B. Welz, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1991, 46, 1789.
160. B. Welz, M. Sperling, and X. Sun, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 1993, 346, 550.
161. M. H. Pournaghi-Azar, Dj. Djozan, and H. A. Zadeh, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2001, 437, 217.
162. A. Bortoli, M. Gerotto, M. Marchiori, F. Mariconti, M. Palonta, and A. Troncon, Microchem. J., 1996, 54, 402.
163. N. K. Shahand and C. M. Wai, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1989, 130, 451.
164. G. Yang, Z. Huang, Q. Hu, and J. Yin, Talanta, 2002, 58, 511.
165. R. P. Stossel and A. Prange, Anal. Chem., 1985, 57, 2880.
166. Y. Yamini, N. Alizaden, and M. Shamsipur, Sep. Sci. Technol., 1997, 32, 2077.
167. B. Welz, M. Sperling, and Z. Fang, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 1990, 337, 135.
168. Z. Fang, M. Sperling, and B. Welz, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1990, 5, 639.
169. M. Shamsipur, F. Raoufi, and H. Sharghi, Talanta, 2000, 52, 637.
170. K. Akatsuka, T. Suzuki, N. Nobuyama, S. Hoshi, K. Haraguchi, R. Nakagawa, T. Ogata, and T. Kato, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1998, 13, 271.
171. R. E. Sturgeon, S. S. Berman, and S. N. Willie, Talanta, 1982, 29, 167.
172. K. Goto, S. Taguchi, J. W. McLaren, S. S. Berman, and D. S. Russel, Anal. Chem., 1981, 53, 738.
173. V. Porta, O. Abollino, E. Mentasti, and C. Sarzanini, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1991, 6, 119.
174. C. S. P. Iyer, T. P. Rao, T. Kartikeyan, and A. D. Damodaran, At. Spectrosc., 1994, 15, 6.
175. D. Colbert, K. S. Johnson, and K. H. Coale, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1998, 377, 255.
176. Dj. Dojozan, M. H. Pournaghi-Azar, and J. Toutounchi-Asr, Talanta, 1998, 46, 123.
177. Q. Jin, X. Su, F. Liang, and H. Zhang, Microchem. J., 1999, 62, 316.
178. S. Kartikeyan, B. Vijayalekshmy, S. Chandramouleeswaran, T. P. Rao, and C. S. P. Iyer, Anal. Lett., 1997, 30, 1037.
179. K. Nakagawa, K. Haraguchi, T. Ogata, T. Kato, Y. Nakata, and K. Akatsuka, Anal. Sci., 1998, 14, 317.
180. F. Raoufi, Y. Yamini, H. Sharghi, and M. Shamsipur, Microchem. J., 1999, 63, 311.
181. A. R. Ghiasvand, R. Ghaderi, and A. Kakanejadifard, Talanta, 2004, 62, 287.
182. G. Yang, Q. Hu, J. Yang, Z. Huang, and J. Yin, Anal. Sci., 2003, 19, 299.
183. M.-T. Hsu, M.-H. Chen, Sh.-R. Yang, and M.-S. Kuo, Anal. Sci., 2004, 20, 1697.
184. Q. Hu, G. Yang, Y. Zhao, and J. Yin, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2003, 375, 831.
185. A. Rudnev, B. Spivakov, and A. Timerbaev, Chromatographia, 2000, 52(1/2), 99.
186. Y.-L. Yang, M.-M. Miao, Q. Lin, and G.-Y. Yang, J. Chin. Chem. Soc., 2004, 51, 19.