Electric power generation from solar photovoltaic technology: Is it marketable in Pakistan?

Pakistan Development Review

Volumn 43, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 267-294

  Shinwari, Waqasullah Khan ^a   Ali, Fahd ^b   Nayyar, A H ^c  

^a Sui Northern Gas Corporation   (Pakistan)

^b Sustainable Development Policy Institute Islamabad   (Pakistan)

^c QUAID I AZAM UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS; ELECTRICITY GENERATION; INVESTMENT; PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM; SOLAR POWER;

ASIA; EURASIA; PAKISTAN; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 33646058260     PISSN: 00309729     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.30541/v43i3pp.267-294     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Statistics taken from Pakistan Energy Yearbook 2001 published by Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, January 2002.
2. This includes energy from the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant that started supplying electricity in early 2001.
3. From Paul Maycock, Renewable Energy World, July-August 2003.
4. All the formulae have been taken from "Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Renewable Energy Technologies" by the International Energy Agency, OECD/IEA, 1991.
5. Government of Pakistan. Economic Survey 2000-2001. Economic Adviser's Wing, Finance Division, Islamabad.
6. Ibid, Statistical Appendix, p. 7.
7. Ibid, Table 7. 1, p. 7.
8. Herzog, A. V., T. E. Lipman, and D. M. Kammen (2001) "Renewable Energy Sources". In, OUR FRAGILE WORLD: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Development, forerunner to the Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Volume 1, Section 1 (UNESCO-EOLSS Secretariat, EOLSS Publishers Co. Ltd.)
9. Khan, Nasim A, "Solar Energy Guide and Data Book for Pakistan", College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, 1986.
10. 2. Our estimate is conservative in the sense that it is 25 percent lower than this. See http://www.worldenergy.org/wecgeis/publications/reports/renewable/ country_reports/chap_2_6_2.asp.
11. Ibid, pp. 78-83.
12. National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners [NARUC] and Prices from Trillium (a company importing PV cell panels in Pakistan).
13. http://www.solarbuzz.com.
14. From A Consumer's Guide to Buying a Solar Electric System, U.S. Department of Energy, September 1999, http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/pdfs/ 26591.pdf.
15. Maycock, p. 84.
16. Maycock p. 90.
17. Quoted from A Consumer's Guide to Buying a Solar Electric System, U.S. Department of Energy, September 1999, http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/pdfs/ 26591.pdf.
18. This is a "standard" assumption as the cost of connectivity to the grid is low when the plant is located near the national grid. Furthermore, grid connections are usually provided by the Government to the private investors. This was also the case in 1994 policy in which this was part of incentive package offered to the investors.
19. http://www.solarbuzz.com/.
20. As noted in Section 2, the base year in this formulation is taken to be the start of the plant operation.
21. Data from National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners [NARUC].
22. Policy Framework and Package of Incentives for Private Sector Power Generation Projects in Pakistan, Private Power Cell, Ministry of Water and Power, Government of Pakistan, 1994, Annexure I, p. 1.
23. http://www.hubpower.com/.
24. Natural gas combined cycle plants incur less fuel charges, while high speed diesel plants incur more than the furnace oil, Energy Year Book 2001, Table 5.11, p. 62.
25. Pakistan Energy Yearbook 2001, Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, Government of Pakistan, p. 82.
26. Pakistan Energy Yearbook 2001, Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, Government of Pakistan, p. 39.
27. Government of Pakistan. Economic Survey 2000-2001. Economic Advisers Wing, Finance Division, Islamabad, Statistical Appendix, Table 7. 1, p. 79.
28. Data from National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners [NARUC].
29. Policy Framework and Package of Incentives for Private Sector Power Generation Projects in Pakistan, Private Power Cell, Ministry of Water and Power, Government of Pakistan, 1994, Annexure I, p. 1.
30. Maycock, p. 94-95.
31. They also have smaller conversion factor, but in our financial analysis is based on the cost of a 1kW panel and not on the number of cells contained in that panel.
32. Private communication from M/S Trillium, Rawalpindi, a company involved in import of PV cell panels.
33. Private communication from Dr. Parvaiz Akhtar, Chief Research Officer, PCRET.
34. Test, Rating, and Specification of PV Concentrator Components and Systems, (C-Rating Project), Book 1, "Classification of PV concentrators", http://www.ies-def.upm.es/ies/CRATING.
35. Eldon C. Boes and Luque, Antonio, Photovoltaic Concentrator Technology. In Thomas B. Johansson, Henry Kelly, Amulya K. N. Reddy and Robert H. Wiliams (eds.) Renewable Energy: Sources for Fuels and Electricity. Washington, D.C. and Covelo California: Island Press, 1993.
36. All the formulae have been taken from "Guidelines for the economic analysis of renewable energy technologies" by the International Energy Agency, OECD/IEA, 1991.
37. The tariff rate for private power has a complicated structure. The average tariff for the first ten years is 6.1 cents a unit up to the capacity factor. However, not all IPPS sell power at this rate. It has been negotiated with some to 4 cents a unit while others are still allowd to charge over 6 cents a unit. In our estimation, we assume an average tariff of about 5 cents a unit.
38. At the current exchange rate of Rs 60 to a US$.
39. In all the figures in this section, only the cost of generation of a unit of electricity is considered. The electricity tariff, i.e., the unit sale price, as mentioned in the text, is assumed at 1.2 times the cost.
40. http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/reports/renewable/ future_development/future_development.asp.
41. http://www.self.org/shs_envir.asp.
42. Ibid.
43. http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/reports/renewable/ issues_barriers/chap_3_5.asp.