Measurements and modelling of beach groundwater flow in the swash-zone: a review

Continental Shelf Research

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 622-652

  Horn, Diane P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Beach groundwater; Boussinesq equation; Capillary fringe; Effective porosity; Exfiltration; Hydraulic conductivity; Infiltration; Phreatic; Sediment transport; Swash; Vadose; Watertable

Indexed keywords

BEACH; CAPILLARY FRINGE; GROUNDWATER FLOW; HYDRODYNAMICS; INFILTRATION; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; SURFACE WATER; WAVE RUNUP;

EID: 33646040442     PISSN: 02784343     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2006.02.001     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Ang, L.S., Sum, C., H.-Y., Baldock, T.E., Li, L., Nielsen, P., 2004. Measurement and modelling of controlled beach groundwater levels under wave action. In: Proceedings of the 15th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, CD-ROM.
2. Aseervatham, R., 1994. Tidal dynamics of the coastal water table. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Queensland, 201pp.
3. Atherton R.J., Baird A.J., and Wiggs G.F.S. Inter-tidal dynamics of surface moisture content on a meso-tidal beach. Journal of Coastal Research 17 2 (2001) 482-489
4. Austin, M., Masselink, G., 2005 forthcoming. Infiltration and exfiltration in the swash zone of a steep gravel beach: implications for morphological change. In: Proceedings of Coastal Dynamics '05, Barcelona, Spain, April 2005.
5. Bagnold, R.A., 1940. Beach formation by waves: some model-experiments in a wave tank. Journal of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Paper No. 5237, pp. 27-53.
6. Baird A.J., and Horn D.P. Monitoring and modelling ground water behaviour in sandy beaches. Journal of Coastal Research 12 3 (1996) 630-640
7. Baird A.J., Mason T.E., and Horn D.P. Validation of a Boussinesq model of beach ground water behaviour. Marine Geology 148 (1998) 55-69
8. Baldock, T.E., Holmes, P., 1998. Seepage effects on sediment transport by waves and currents. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 3601-3614.
9. Baldock T.E., Baird A.J., Horn D.P., and Mason T. Measurements and modelling of swash-induced pressure gradients in the surface layers of a sand beach. Journal of Geophysical Research 106 C2 (2001) 2653-2666
10. Barry D.A., Barry S.J., and Parlange J.-Y. Capillarity correction to periodic solution of the shallow flow approximation. In: Pattiaratchi C.B. (Ed). Mixing Processes in Estuaries and Coastal Seas. Coastal and Estuarine Studies 50 (1996), American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC 496-510
11. Bascom W.H. The relationship between sand size and beach slope. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 32 (1951) 866-874
12. Blewett J.C., Holmes P., and Horn D.P. Measurement and modelling of swash hydrodynamics. In: Kraus N.C., and McDougal W.G. (Eds). Coastal Sediments '99 (1999), American Society of Civil Engineers, New York 377-392
13. Blewett, J.C., Holmes, P., Horn, D.P., 2000. Field measurements of swash hydrodynamics on sand and shingle beaches: implications for sediment transport. In: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 597-609.
14. Blewett J.C., Holmes P., and Horn D.P. Field measurements of swash on gravel beaches. In: Hanson H., and Larson M. (Eds). Coastal Dynamics '01 (2001), New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, New York 828-837
15. Bradshaw, M.P., 1974. High frequency water table fluctuations and mass movement on sandy beaches. BA Honours Thesis, Department of Geography, Australian National University, 122pp.
16. Butt T., Russell P., and Turner I. The influence of swash infiltration-exfiltration on beach face sediment transport: onshore or offshore?. Coastal Engineering 42 (2001) 35-52
17. Buxbom I.P., Fredsøe J., Sumer B.M., Conley D.C., and Christensen E.D. Large eddy simulation of turbulent wave boundary layer subject to constant ventilation. In: Davis R.A. (Ed). Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastal Sediments 2003 (2003), CD-ROM published by World Scientific Publishing Corp. and East Meets West Productions, Corpus Christi, TX, USA. 981-238-422-7 14pp
18. Cartwright, N., 2004. Groundwater dynamics and the salinity structure in sandy beaches. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Queensland, 189pp.
19. Cartwright, N., Nielsen, P., 2001. Groundwater dynamics and salinity in beaches. In: Proceedings of Coasts and Ports 2001, 15th Australasian Coastal and Ocean Engineering Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, pp. 441-446.
20. Cartwright, N., Nielsen, P., 2003. Dynamics of the salt-freshwater mixing zone in ocean beaches. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Saltwater Intrusion and Coastal Aquifers, Mérida, Mexico, CD-ROM.
21. Cartwright, N., Nielsen, P., Jessen, O.Z., 2002. Swash zone and near-shore watertable dynamics. In: Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. World Scientific, New York, pp. 1006-1015.
22. Cartwright N., Li L., and Nielsen P. Response of the salt-freshwater interface in a coastal aquifer to a wave-induced groundwater pulse: field observations and modelling. Advances in Water Resources 27 (2004) 297-303
23. Cartwright N., Nielsen P., and Li L. Experimental observations of watertable waves in an unconfined aquifer with a sloping boundary. Advances in Water Resources 27 (2004) 991-1004
24. Cartwright, N., Nielsen, P., Li, L., 2004c. The influence of offshore storm waves on groundwater dynamics and salinity in a sandy beach. In: Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 1841-1850.
25. Cartwright, N., Baldock, T.E., Nielsen, P., Jeng, D.-S., Tao, L. 2005 forthcoming. Swash-aquifer interaction in sandy beaches. Coasts and Ports, 17th Australasian Coastal and Ocean Engineering Conference, Adelaide, Australia, September 2005.
26. Cartwright, N. Jessen, O.Z., Nielsen, P., In press. Application of a coupled ground-surface water flow model to simulate periodic groundwater flow influenced by a sloping boundary, capillarity and vertical flows. Environmental Modelling and Software.
27. Childs E.C., and Pulovassilis A. The moving profile above a moving water table. Journal of Soil Science 13 2 (1962) 272-285
28. Clarke S., Dodd N., and Damgaard J. Modelling flow in and above a porous beach. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 130 5 (2004) 223-233
29. Conley D.C., and Inman D. Ventilated oscillatory boundary layers. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 273 (1994) 261-284
30. Constantz J., Herkelrath W.N., and Murphy F. Air encapsulation during infiltration. Journal of the Soil Science Society of America 52 (1988) 10-16
31. Dominick T.F., Wilkins B., and Roberts H. Mathematical model for beach groundwater fluctuations. Water Resources Research 7 (1971) 1626-1635
32. Dow, F.M., Gaston, G., Li, L., Masselink. G., Pers. Comm. In situ measurement of hydraulic conductivity of beach sand in the swash zone.
33. Dracos, T., 1963. Ebene nichtstationare Grundwasserabflüsse mit freier Oberfläche. Report 57, Swiss Federal Technical Laboratory of Hydraulic Research and Soil Mechanics, Zurich, 114pp.
34. Duke H.R. Capillary properties of soils-influence upon specific yield. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 15 (1972) 688-691
35. Duncan J.R. The effects of water table and tidal cycle on swash-backwash sediment distribution and beach profile development. Marine Geology 2 (1964) 186-197
36. Emery K.O. Entrapment of air in beach sand. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 15 (1945) 39-49
37. Emery K.O., and Foster J.F. Water tables in marine beaches. Journal of Marine Research 7 (1948) 644-654
38. Emery K.O., and Gale J.F. Swash and swash mark. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 32 (1951) 31-36
39. Ericksen N.J. Measurement of tide induced change to water table profiles in coarse and fine sand beaches along Pegasus Bay, Canterbury. Earth Sciences Journal 4 1 (1970) 24-31
40. Fang C.S., Wang S.N., and Harrison W. Groundwater flow in a sandy tidal beach. Two dimensional finite element analysis. Water Resources Research 8 (1972) 121-128
41. Faybishenko B.A. Hydraulic behaviour of quasi-saturated soils in the presence of entrapped air: laboratory experiments. Water Resources Research 31 (1995) 2421-2435
42. Fayer M.J., and Hillel D. Air encapsulation: 1. Measurement in a field soil. Journal of the Soil Science Society of America 50 (1986) 568-572
43. Fayer M.J., and Hillel D. Air encapsulation: 2: Profile water storage and shallow-water table fluctuations. Journal of the Soil Science Society of America 50 3 (1986) 572-577
44. Fetter C.W. Applied Hydrogeology. third ed (1994), Macmillan, New York
45. Gillham R.W. The capillary fringe and its effect on water-table response. Journal of Hydrology 67 (1984) 307-324
46. Grant U.S. Effects of groundwater table on beach erosion. Geological Society of American Bulletin 57 (1946) 1952 (abstract)
47. Grant U.S. Influence of the water table on beach aggradation and degradation. Journal of Marine Research 7 (1948) 655-660
48. Green W.H., and Ampt G.A. Studies on soil physics I: the flow of air and water through soils. Journal of Agricultural Science IV(I) (1911) 1-24
49. Gourlay, M.R., 1980. Beaches: profiles, processes and permeability. Research Report CE14, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, 36pp.
50. Gourlay M.R. Beaches: states, sediments and set-up (1985), Preprints of 6th Australasian Conference on Coastal and Ocean Engineering, Christchurch, New Zealand pp. 347-356
51. Gourlay M.R. Wave set-up, wave run-up and beach water table: interaction between surf zone hydraulics and groundwater hydraulics. Coastal Engineering 17 (1992) 93-144
52. Hanslow D., and Nielsen P. Shoreline set-up on natural beaches. Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue 15 (1993) 1-10
53. Harris C.R. A quantitative study of compaction with depth in a vesicular sand layer in an intertidal area of Dublin Bay, Ireland. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 44 (1974) 1024-1028
54. Harrison W., Fang C.S., and Wang S.N. Groundwater flow in a sandy tidal beach 1. One-dimensional finite analysis. Water Resources Research 7 (1971) 1313-1322
55. Heathershaw A.D., Carr A.P., Blackley M.W.L., and Wooldridge C.F. Tidal variations in the compaction of beach sediments. Marine Geology 41 (1981) 223-238
56. Hegge B.J., and Masselink G. Groundwater-table responses to wave run-up: an experimental study from Western Australia. Journal of Coastal Research 7 3 (1991) 623-634
57. Holmes P., Baldock T.E., Chan R.T.C., and Neshai M.A.L. Beach evolution under random waves. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Coastal Engineering (1996), American Society of Civil Engineers, New York 3006-3019
58. Holmes P., Horn D.P., Blewett J.C., Blanco B., Peel-Yates T., and Shanehsaz-zadeh A. Hydraulic gradients and bed level changes in the swash zone on sand and gravel beaches. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Coastal Engineering (2002), World Scientific, New York 1016-1027
59. Horn D.P. Beach groundwater dynamics. Geomorphology 48 (2002) 121-146
60. Horn, D.P., Li, L. 2006. Measurement and modelling of gravel beach groundwater response to wave run-up: effects on beach profile changes. Journal of Coastal Research 22(5).
61. Horn, D.P., Baldock, T.E., Baird, A.J., Mason, T., 1998. Field measurements of swash induced pressure gradients within a sandy beach. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 2812-2825.
62. Horn, D.P., Li, L., Holmes, P., 2003. Measurement and modelling of gravel beach groundwater response to wave run-up. In: Davis, R.A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastal Sediments 2003, CD-ROM published by World Scientific Publishing Corp. and East Meets West Productions, Corpus Christi, TX, USA, ISBN 981-238-422-7, 11pp.
63. Hoyt J.H., and Henry V.J. Development and geological significance of soft beach sand. Sedimentology 3 (1964) 44-51
64. Hughes M., and Turner I. The beachface. In: Short A.D. (Ed). Handbook of Beach and Shoreface Morphodynamics (1999), Wiley, Chichester 119-144
65. Isla F.I., and Bujalesky G.G. Groundwater dynamics on macrotidal gravel beaches of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Journal of Coastal Research 21 1 (2005) 65-72
66. Kang H.-Y., and Nielsen P. Watertable dynamics in coastal areas. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Coastal Engineering (1996), American Society of Civil Engineers, New York 4601-4612
67. Kang, H.Y., Aseervatham, A.M., Nielsen, P., 1994a. Field measurements of wave runup and the beach water table. Research Report no. CE148, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, 44pp.
68. Kang, H-Y., Nielsen, P., Hanslow, D., 1994b. Watertable overheight due to wave runup on a sandy beach. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 2115-2124.
69. Kazanci N., Ileri O., Varol B., and Ergin M. On the significance of small-scale and short-lived air escape structures for the destruction of primary sedimentary laminations in the Colakli beach deposits, Gulf of Antalya, Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 47 (1998) 181-190
70. Karambas T.V. Modelling of infiltration-exfiltration effects of cross-shore sediment transport in the swash zone. Coastal Engineering Journal 45 1 (2003) 63-82
71. Kirkham D. Explanation of paradoxes in Dupuit-Forchheimer seepage theory. Proceedings of the Soil Science Society of America 10 (1967) 58-68
72. Knight J.H. Steady periodic flow through a rectangular dam. Water Resources Research 17 4 (1981) 1222-1224
73. Lanyon J.A., Eliot I.G., and Clarke D.J. Observations of shelf waves and bay sieches from tidal and beach groundwater records. Marine Geology 49 (1982) 23-42
74. Lanyon J.A., Eliot I.G., and Clarke D.J. Groundwater-level variation during semidiurnal spring tidal cycles on a sandy beach. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33 (1982) 377-400
75. Lewandowski, A., Zeidler, R.B., 1978. Beach ground-water oscillations. In: Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Coastal Engineering, pp. 2051-2065.
76. Li L., and Barry D.A. Wave-induced beach groundwater flow. Advances in Water Resources 23 (2000) 325-337
77. Li L., Barry D.A., and Pattiaratchi C.B. Modelling coastal groundwater response to beach dewatering. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 122 (1996) 273-280
78. Li L., Barry D.A., Parlange J.-Y., and Pattiaratchi C.B. Beach water table fluctuations due to wave run-up: capillarity effects. Water Resources Research 33 (1997) 935-945
79. Li L., Barry D.A., and Pattiaratchi C.B. Numerical modelling of tide-induced beach water table fluctuations. Coastal Engineering 30 1/2 (1997) 105-123
80. Li L., Barry D.A., Parlange J.-Y., and Pattiaratchi C.B. Reply (to Nielsen 1999). Water Resources Research 35 (1999) 1325-1327
81. Li L., Barry D.A., Stagnitti F., and Parlange J.-Y. Groundwater waves in a coastal aquifer: a new governing equation including vertical effects and capillarity. Water Resources Research 36 2 (2000) 411-420
82. Li L., Barry D.A., Stagnitti F., Parlange J.-Y., and Jeng D.-S. Beach water table fluctuations due to spring-neap tides: moving boundary effects. Advances in Water Resources 23 (2000) 817-824
83. Li L., Barry D.A., Pattiaratchi C.B., and Masselink G. BeachWin: modelling groundwater effects on swash sediment transport and beach profile changes. Environmental Modelling and Software 17 (2002) 313-320
84. Li L., Baird A.J., and Horn D.P. Spring-neap tidal water table fluctuations in a coastal aquifer: beach slope vs. seepage face effects. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Coastal Engineering (2002), World Scientific, New York 1037-1049
85. Longuet-Higgins M.S. Wave set-up, percolation and undertow in the surf zone. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 390 (1983) 283-291
86. Longuet-Higgins M.S., and Parkin D.W. Sea waves and beach cusps. Geographical Journal 128 (1962) 194-201
87. Madsen O.S. Wave-induced pore pressures and effective stresses in a porous bed. Geotechnique 28 (1978) 377-393
88. Makaske B., and Augustinius P.G.E.F. Morphologic changes of a micro-tidal, low wave energy beach face during a spring-neap cycle, Rhône-Delta, France. Journal of Coastal Research 14 2 (1998) 632-645
89. Martin C.S. Effect of a porous sand bed on incipient sediment motion. Water Resources Research 6 (1970) 1162-1174
90. Mason T., and Coates T.T. Sediment transport processes on mixed beaches: a review for shoreline management. Journal of Coastal Research 17 3 (2001) 645-657
91. Masselink G., and Hughes M.G. Field investigation of sediment transport in the swash zone. Continental Shelf Research 18 (1998) 1179-1199
92. Masselink G., and Li L. The role of swash infiltration in determine the beachface gradient: a numerical study. Marine Geology 176 (2001) 139-156
93. Masselink G., and Turner I. The effect of tides on beach morphodynamics. In: Short A.D. (Ed). Handbook of Beach and Shoreface Morphodynamics (1999), Wiley, Chichester 204-229
94. Nachabe M. Analytical expressions for transient specific yield and shallow water table drainage. Water Resources Research 38 10 (2002) 1193 10.1029/2001WRR001071
95. Nachabe M., Masek C., and Obeysekera J. Observations and modelling of profile soil water storage above a shallow water table. Soil Science Society of American Journal 68 3 (2004) 719-724
96. Nelson C.L., and Miller R.L. The interaction of fluid and sediment on the foreshore (1974), Fluid Dynamics and Sediment Transport Laboratory Technical Report No. 15, Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago (175pp)
97. Nielsen P. Tidal dynamics of the water table in beaches. Water Resources Research 26 (1990) 2127-2134
98. Nielsen P. Coastal Bottom Boundary Layers and Sediment Transport (1992), World Scientific, Singapore (324pp)
99. Nielsen P. Coastal groundwater dynamics. In: Thornton E.B. (Ed). Coastal Dynamics 97 (1997), American Society of Civil Engineers, New York 546-555
100. Nielsen P. Groundwater dynamics and salinity in coastal barriers. Journal of Coastal Research 15 3 (1999) 732-740
101. Nielsen P., and Kang H.Y. Ground water dynamics in beaches and coastal barriers. In: Dally W.R., and Zeidler R.B. (Eds). Coastal Dynamics '95 (1995), American Society of Civil Engineers, New York 521-532
102. Nielsen P., and Perrochet P. Watertable dynamics under capillary fringes: experiments and modelling. Advances in Water Resources 23 (2000) 503-515
103. Nielsen P., and Perrochet P. Errata: Watertable dynamics under capillary fringes: experiments and modelling. Advances in Water Resources 23 (2000) 907-908
104. Nielsen P., and Turner I.L. Groundwater waves and water exchange in beaches. Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering (2000), American Society of Civil Engineers, New York 2356-2363
105. Nielsen P., and Voisey C.J. Watertable overheights and salinity in coastal barriers: field measurements (1998), Report CH49/98, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland 92pp
106. Nielsen P., Davis G.A., Winterbourne J.M., and Elias G. Wave setup and the water table in sandy beaches (1988), Technical Memorandum T.M. 88/1, New South Wales Public Works Department, Coastal Branch 132pp
107. Nielsen P., Aseervatham R.A., Fenton J.D., and Perrochet P. Watertable waves in aquifers of intermediate depth. Advances in Water Resources 20 1 (1997) 37-43
108. Nielsen P., Robert S., Møller-Christiansen B., and Oliva P. Infiltration effects on sediment mobility under waves. Coastal Engineering 42 2 (2001) 105-114
109. Obhrai C., Nielsen P., and Vincent C.E. Influence of infiltration on suspended sediment under waves. Coastal Engineering 45 (2002) 111-123
110. Okusa S. Wave-induced stresses in unsaturated submarine sediments. Geotechnique 35 (1985) 517-532
111. Oldenziel D.M., and Brink W.E. Influence of suction and blowing on entrainment of sand particles. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 100 (1974) 935-949
112. Packwood A.R. The influence of beach porosity on wave uprush and backwash. Coastal Engineering 7 (1983) 29-40
113. Packwood A.R., and Peregrine D.H. The propagation of solitary waves and bores over a porous bed. Coastal Engineering 3 (1980) 221-242
114. Parlange J.-Y., and Brutsaert W. A capillary correction for free surface flow of groundwater. Water Resources Research 23 5 (1987) 805-808
115. Philip J.R. Periodic non-linear diffusion: an integral relation and its physical consequences. Australian Journal of Physics 26 (1973) 513-519
116. Pollock L.W., and Hummon W.D. Cyclic changes in interstitial water content, atmospheric exposure and temperature in a marine beach. Limnology and Oceanography 10 (1971) 522-535
117. Quick M.C. Onshore-offshore sediment transport on beaches. Coastal Engineering 15 (1991) 313-332
118. Rao A.R., Subrahmannyam V., Thayumanavan S., and Namboodiripad D. Seepage effects on sand-bed channels. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 120 1 (1994) 60-79
119. Raubenheimer B., Guza R.T., and Elgar S. Tidal watertable fluctuations in a sandy ocean beach. Water Resources Research 35 (1999) 2313-2320
120. Robinson, C., Baldock, T.E., Horn, D.P., Gibbes, B., Hughes, M.G., Nielsen, P., Li, L., 2005 forthcoming. Measurement of groundwater and swash interactions on a sandy beach. In: Proceedings of Coastal Dynamics '05, Barcelona, Spain, April 2005.
121. Sakai T., Hatanaka K., and Mase H. Wave-induced effective stress in a seabed and its momentary liquefaction. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, ASCE, 118 (1992) 202-206
122. Silliman S.E., Berkowitz B., Simunek J., and van Genuchten M.T. Fluid flow and solute migration within the capillary fringe. Ground Water 40 1 (2002) 76-84
123. Sleath J.F.A. Wave induced pressures in beds of sand. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 96 (1970) 367-378
124. Turner I.L. The total water content of sandy beaches. Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue 15 (1993) 11-26
125. Turner I.L. Water table outcropping on macro-tidal beaches: a simulation model. Marine Geology 115 (1993) 227-238
126. Turner I.L. Simulating the influence of groundwater seepage on sediment transported by the sweep of the swash zone across the intertidal profile of macrotidal beaches. Marine Geology 125 (1995) 153-174
127. Turner I.L. Simulating the time-varying extent of groundwater seepage on tidal beaches. Software and Technical Bulletin, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 20 (1995) 833-843
128. Turner I.L. Monitoring groundwater dynamics in the littoral zone at seasonal, storm, tide and swash frequencies. Coastal Engineering 35 (1998) 1-16
129. Turner I.L., and Acworth R.I. Field measurements of beachface salinity structure using cross-borehole resistivity imaging. Journal of Coastal Research 20 3 (2004) 753-760
130. Turner I.L., and Masselink G. Swash infiltration-exfiltration and sediment transport. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 C13 (1998) 30,813-30,824
131. Turner I.L., and Nielsen P. Rapid watertable fluctuations within the beachface: implications for swash zone sediment mobility?. Coastal Engineering 32 (1997) 45-59
132. Turner I.L., Coates B.P., and Acworth R.I. Tides, waves and the super-elevation of groundwater at the coast. Journal of Coastal Research 13 1 (1997) 46-60
133. van Gent M.R.A. The modelling of wave action on and in coastal structures. Coastal Engineering 22 (1994) 311-399
134. Waddell E. Dynamics of swash and implications to beach response (1973), Technical Report 139, Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge (49pp)
135. Waddell E. Swash-groundwater-beach profile interactions. In: Davis R.A., and Etherington R.L. (Eds). Beach and nearshore sedimentation (1976), Society of Economic and Paleontological Mineralogists Special Publication 24 115-125
136. Waddell, E., 1980. Wave forcing of beach groundwater. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, pp. 1436-1452.
137. Watters G.Z., and Rao M.V.P. Hydrodynamic effects of seepage on bed particles. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE 97 HY3 (1971) 421-439
138. Werner A.D., and Lockington D.A. Influence of hysteresis on tidal capillary fringe dynamics in a well-sorted sand. Advances in Water Resources 26 11 (2003) 1199-1204
139. Willets B.B., and Drossos M.E. Local erosion caused by rapid infiltration. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 101 (1975) 1477-1488
140. Wurjanto A., and Kobayashi N. Irregular wave reflection and runup on permeable slopes. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 119 5 (1993) 537-557