Small-scale randomized controlled trials need more powerful methods of mediational analysis than the Baron-Kenny method

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology

Volumn 59, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 457-464

  Cerin, Ester ^a   Taylor, Lorian M ^b   Leslie, Eva ^a   Owen, Neville ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Exercise related social support; Mediational effect; Randomized controlled trials; Small sample; Statistical power; Walking

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; ADULT; AGED; ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTICLE; BARON KENNY METHOD; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; BOOTSTRAP METHOD; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MALE; MEDIATIONAL ANALYSIS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SELF REPORT; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; STATISTICS; SUPPORT GROUP; WALKING;

AGED; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, STATISTICAL; SOCIAL SUPPORT; TELEPHONE; WALKING;

EID: 33646019272     PISSN: 08954356     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.11.008     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Bauman A.E., Sallis J.F., Dzewaltowski D.A., and Owen N. Toward a better understanding of the influences on physical activity: the role of determinants, correlates, causal variables, mediators, moderators, and confounders. Am J Prev Med 23 2 Suppl (2002) 5-14
2. Kraemer H., Wilson G., Fairburn C., and Agras W. Mediators and moderators of treatment effects in randomized clinical trials. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59 (2002) 877-883
3. Baranowski T., Anderson C., and Carmack C. Mediating variable framework in physical activity interventions: how are we doing? How might we do better?. Am J Prev Med 15 (1998) 266-297 [Erratum in: Am J Prev Med 1999;17:98]
4. Castro C., and King A. Telephone-assisted counselling for physical activity. Exerc Sports Sci Rev 30 (2002) 64-68
5. MacKinnon D.P., Lockwood C.M., Hoffman J.M., West S.G., and Sheets V. A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychol Methods 7 (2002) 83-104
6. Trost S., Owen N., Bauman A., Sallis J., and Brown W. Correlates of adults' participation in physical activity: review and update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34 (2002) 1996-2001
7. Dzator J.A., Hendrie D., Burke V., Gianguilio N., Gillam H.F., Beilin L.J., and Houghton S. A randomized trial of interactive group sessions achieved greater improvements in nutrition and physical activity at a tiny increase in cost. J Clin Epidemiol 57 (2004) 610-619
8. Calfas K.J., Sallis J.F., Nichols J.F., Sarkin J.A., Johnson M.F., Caparosa S., Thompson S., Gehrman C.A., and Alcaraz J.E. Project GRAD: two-year outcomes of a randomized controlled physical activity intervention among young adults. Am J Prev Med 18 (2000) 28-37
9. Miller Y., Trost S., and Brown W. Mediators of physical activity behavior change among women with young children. Am J Prev Med 23 2 Suppl (2002) 98-103
10. Pinto B., Lynn H., Marcus B., DePue J., and Goldstein M. Physician-based activity counseling: intervention effects on mediators of motivational readiness for physical activity. Ann Behav Med 23 (2001) 2-10
11. Brassington G.S., Atienza A.A., Perczek R.E., DiLorenzo T.M., and King A.C. Intervention-related cognitive versus social mediators of exercise adherence in the elderly. Am J Prev Med 23 2 Suppl (2002) 80-86
12. Castro C., Sallis J., Hickmann S., Lee R., and Chen A. A prospective study of psychological correlates of physical activity for ethnic minority women. Psychol Health 14 (1999) 277-293
13. Baron R., and Kenny D. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol 51 (1986) 1173-1182
14. Lewis B., Marcus B., Pate R., and Dunn A. Psychosocial mediators of physical activity behavior among adults and children. Am J Prev Med 23 2 Suppl (2002) 26-35
15. Cohen J. Statistical power for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. (1988), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
16. Shrout P.E., and Bolger N. Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychol Methods 7 (2002) 422-445
17. Green B.B., McAfee T., Hindmarsh M., Madsen L., Caplow M., and Buist D. Effectiveness of telephone support in increasing physical activity levels in primary care patients. Am J Prev Med 22 (2002) 177-183
18. MacKinnon D.P., Krull J.L., and Lockwood C.M. Equivalence of mediation, confounding and suppression effects. Prevention Sci 1 (2000) 173-181
19. Freedman L.S., and Schatzkin A. Sample size for studying intermediate endpoints within intervention trials of observational studies. Am J Epidemiol 136 (1992) 1148-1159
20. Clogg C.C., Petkova E., and Shihadeh E.S. Statistical methods for analyzing collapsibility in regression models. J Educ Stat 17 (1992) 51-74
21. MacKinnon DP, Lockwood C, Hoffman J. A new method to test for mediation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Park City, UT, June 5, 1998.
22. Sobel M.E. Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In: Leinhardt S. (Ed). Sociological methodology 1982 (1982), American Sociological Association, Washington, DC 290-312
23. MacKinnon D.P., Warsi G., and Dwyer J.H. A simulation study of mediated effect measures. Multivariate Behav Res 30 (1995) 41-62
24. Bollen K.A., and Stine R. Direct and indirect effects: classical and bootstrap estimates of variability. Sociol Method 20 (1990) 115-140
25. Napolitano M., and Marcus B. Targeting and tailoring physical activity information using print and information technology. Exerc Sports Rev 30 (2002) 122-128
26. Stewart A.L., Mills K.M., King A.C., Haskell W.L., Gillis D., and Ritter P.L. CHAMPS physical activity questionnaire for older adults: outcomes for interventions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33 (2001) 1126-1141
27. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). Participation in sport and physical activity in Australia (No. 4177.0) (2000), Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra
28. Sallis J., Grossman R., Pinski R., Patterson T., and Nader P. The development of scales to measure social support for diet and exercise behaviors. Prev Med 16 (1987) 825-836
29. Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory (1986), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
30. Prochaska J.O., and Marcus B.H. The transtheoretical model: applications to exercise. In: Dishman R.K. (Ed). Advances in exercise adherence (1994), Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL 161-180
31. Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care. National physical activity guidelines for Australians (1999), CDHAC, Canberra, Australia
32. Arbuckle J.L. Amos user's guide (1995), SmallWaters, Chicago
33. Enders C.K. A primer on maximum likelihood algorithms available for use with missing data. Struct Equation Model 8 (2001) 128-141
34. Bennett D.A. How can I deal with missing data in my study?. Aust NZ J Pub Health 25 (2001) 464-469
35. Schafer J.L., and Graham J.W. Missing data: our view of the state of the art. Psychol Methods 7 (2002) 147-177
36. Collins L.M., Schafer J.L., and Chi-Ming K. A comparison of inclusive and restrictive strategies in modern missing data procedures. Psychol Methods 6 (2001) 330-351
37. Burke V., Giangiulio N., Gillam H., Beilin L.J., and Houghton S. Physical activity and nutrition programs for couples: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Epidemiol 56 (2003) 421-432
38. Cohen J., and Cohen P. Applied multiple regression: correlational analysis for the behavioral sciences (1983), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
39. MacKinnon D.P., Krull J.L., and Lockwood C.M. Equivalence of the mediation, confounding, and suppression effect. Prev Sci 1 (2000) 173-181
40. Sheets V.L., and Braver S.L. Organizational status and perceived sexual harassment: detecting the mediators of a null effect. Pers Soc Psychol B 25 (1999) 1159-1171