Ethno-religious evolution in pre-colonial Sri Lanka

Ethnic Studies Report

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 103-147

  Bandarage, Asoka ^a,b  

^a MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE   (United States)

^b GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33645998104     PISSN: 10105832     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (276)

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2. Cited in K M de Silva, Separatist Ideology in Sri Lanka: A Historical Appraisal, Kandy, International Centre for Ethnic Studies, 1995, p 13.
3. R A L H Gunawardana, Historiography in a Time of Conflict: Construction of the Past in Contemporary Sri Lanka, Colombo, Social Scientists Association, 1995, p 22;
4. See also, Sirima Kiribamune, "Tamils in Ancient and Medieval Sri Lanka: The Historical Roots of Ethnic Identity," Ethnic Studies Report, Kandy, International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Vol. IV, No.1, January 1986, p 1.
5. Heinz Bechert, "The Beginnings of Buddhist Historiography" in Bardwell Smith (ed.), Religion and Legitimation of Power in Sri Lanka, Chambersburg, PA, Anima Books, 1978, p 3;
6. See also, Karthigesu Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements and the Beginnings of the Kingdom of Jaffna," PhD Thesis, University of London, 1965, p 15.
7. Steven Kemper, The Presence of the Past: Chronicles, Politics, and Culture in Sinhala Life, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1991, p 116.
8. Kiribamune, "Tamils," The Presence of the Past: Chronicles, Politics, and Culture in Sinhala Life, op.cit., p 14;
9. See also, Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," The Presence of the Past: Chronicles, Politics, and Culture in Sinhala Life, op.cit., p 61 and
10. A Veluppillai (ed.), Ceylon Tamil Inscriptions, Part 1, Peradeniya, 1971, passim.
11. Gunawardana, Historiography, op.cit., p 15.
12. Kemper, The Presence of the Past, op.cit., p 116.
13. The Mahavamsa or The Great Chronicle of Ceylon, Trans. Wilhelm Geiger, Colombo, Government of Ceylon, 1950;
14. See, for example, Walpola Rahula, History of Buddhism in Ceylon, Colombo, M D Gunasena and Co. Ltd., 1956.
15. See, for example, Satchi Ponnambalam, Sri Lanka: The National Question and the Tamil Liberation Struggle, London, Zed Books, 1983.
16. See for example, Kumari Jayawardena, Ethnic and Class Conflicts in Sri Lanka, Colombo, Centre for Social Analysis, 1985;
17. Stanley Tambiah, Buddhism Betrayed?: Religion, Politics, and Violence in Sri Lanka, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1992;
18. Bruce Kapferer, Legends of People, Myths of State: Violence, Intolerance, and Political Culture in Sri Lanka and Australia, Washington D.C., Smithsonian Institute Press, 1988.
19. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Legends of People, Myths of State: Violence, Intolerance, and Political Culture in Sri Lanka and Australia, op.cit., passim.
20. Gunawardana, Historiography, op.cit., passim;
21. Ethnicity and Social Change, op.cit.,
22. and Charles Abeysekere and Newton Gunasinghe, Facets of Ethnicity in Sri Lanka, Colombo, Social Scientists Association, 1987.
23. Senake Bandaranayake, "The Periodization of Sri Lankan History and some related Historical and Archaeological Problems" in K M de Silva, Sirima Kiribamune and C R de Silva (eds), Asian Panorama: Essays in Asian History, Past and Present, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing Ltd., 1990, p 4.
24. H C Ray (ed.), History of Ceylon, Vol.I, Part I, Colombo, University Press, 1959, Chap. 1, pp 2-3;
25. K M de Silva (ed.), Sri Lanka: A Survey, Honolulu, University of Hawaii, 1977, p 4.
26. Senake Bandaranayake, "The External Factor in Sri Lanka's Historical Formation," The Ceylon Historical Journal, Vol. xxv, October 1978, Nos. 1-4, p 82;
27. Senake Bandaranayake, "The Peopling of Sri Lanka: The National Question and Some Problems of History and Ethnicity" in Ethnicity and Social Change, op.cit.
28. Ray, History of Ceylon, Vol I, op.cit., Chapter VI, p 94.
29. Bandaranayake, "The External Factor," History of Ceylon, op.cit., p 82.
30. Cited in R A L H Gunawardana, "The People of the Lion: Sinhala Consciousness in History and Historiography" in Ethnicity and Social Change, op.cit., p 38 and in
31. S Pathmanathan, The Kingdom of Jaffna, Colombo, Arul M Rajendran, 1978, p 4.
32. Sudharshan Seneviratne, "'Peripheral Regions' and 'Marginal Communities': Towards An Alternative Explanation of Early Iron Age Material and Social Formation in Sri Lanka" in R Champakalakshmi and S Gopal (eds), Tradition, Dissent and Ideology: Essays in Honour of Romila Thapar, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 311.
33. Sudharshan Seneviratne, "Tradition, Dissent and Ideology: Essays in Honour of Romila Thapar, Ibid., p 279.
34. Compare, Mudaliyar C Rasanayagam, Ancient Jaffna: Being A Research into the History of Jaffna from Very Early Times to the Portuguese Period, New Delhi, Asian Educational Services, 2003, pp 32,44 and
35. Samuel Livingstone, "The Sinhalese of Ceylon and the Aryan Theory," Colombo, Mortlake Press, n.d., pp 106, 119
36. with Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," op.cit., p 35;
37. S Paranavitana, "The Arya Kingdom in North Ceylon," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon Branch), Vol. VII, Part 2, 1961, pp 180-182;
38. See also, Pathmanathan, Kingdom of Jaffna, op.cit., p 14;
39. G C Mendis, Early History of Ceylon, Calcutta, YMCA Publishing House, 1946 .
40. J B Disanayaka, "In Search of a 'Lost Language': Some Observations on the Complex Origins of Sinhala," The Ceylon Historical Journal, Vol.XXV, Nos.1-4, October 1978.
41. Ray, History of Ceylon, Vol.1, op.cit., Chapter VI;
42. Edward Miller, Ancient Inscriptions in Ceylon, New Delhi, Asian Educational Services, 1984, pp 22-24.
43. Gananath Obeyesekere, cited in Radhika Coomaraswamy, "Myths without Conscience: Tamil and Sinhalese Nationalist Writings of the 1980s" in Abeysekere and Gunasinghe, Facets of Ethnicity, op.cit., p 95.
44. W I Siriweera, "The Evolution of South Asian Societies and Cultures and Sri Lanka's Defense and Security in the Pre-Colonial Era" in P V J Jayasekera (ed.), Security Dilemma of A Small State, Part 1, New Delhi, South Asian Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1992, p 13.
45. Ray, History of Ceylon, Vol.I, op.cit., p 34;
46. Disanayaka, History of Ceylon, op.cit., p 54;
47. Miller, Ancient Inscriptions, op.cit., pp 22-24.
48. E T Kannangara, Jaffna and the Sinhala Heritage, Colombo, M D Gunasena Ltd., 1984, p 3;
49. Mudaliyar C Rasanayagam, Ancient Jaffna, op.cit., pp 31-32.
50. Marija Gimbutas, The Language of the Goddess, San Francisco, Harper and Row, 1989;
51. Riane Eisler, Chalice and the Blade: Our History, Our Future, San Francisco, Harper and Row, 1987.
52. Ray, History of Ceylon, Vol.I, op.cit., p 219.
53. Kiribamune, "Tamils," History of Ceylon, op.cit., p 1.
54. Cited in Gunawardana, History of Ceylon, op.cit., pp 33-38;
55. Gunawardana, Historiography, op.cit., p 34.
56. Gunawardana, Historiography, Ibid., passim;
57. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Historiography, op.cit., pp 493-495;
58. Bandaranayake, "The Peopling of Sri Lanka," Historiography, op.cit.
59. Bennet Bronson, "Angkor, Anuradhapura, Prambanan, Tikal: Maya Subsistence in An Asian Perspective" in Peter D Harrison and B L Turner II (eds), Pre-Hispanic Maya Agriculture, Alburquerque, University of New Mexico, 1978, p 282.
60. Ray, History of Ceylon, Vol.I, op.cit., p 219.
61. Seneviratne, "'Peripheral Regions' and 'Marginal Communities,'" History of Ceylon, op.cit., p 311.
62. Bronson, "Angkor, Anuradhapura," History of Ceylon, op.cit., pp 282-283.
63. "Introduction" in Ethnicity and Social Change, op.cit., p 3;
64. See also, Susantha Goonatilake, "The Formation of Sri Lankan Culture: Reinterpretation of Chronicle and Archaeological Material" in Ethnicity and Social Change, op.cit., pp i-xxxiii.
65. Lakshman S Perera, The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon From Inscriptions, Vol. I (from 3 century BC to 830 AD), Kandy, Sri Lanka, International Centre for Ethnic Studies, 2001, p 41.
66. Bandaranayake, "The Periodization," The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon From Inscriptions, Vol. I (from 3 century BC to 830 AD), op.cit., p 11.
67. A Liyanagamage, "Pre-Colonial Indo-Sri Lankan Relations," The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon From Inscriptions, Vol. I (from 3 century BC to 830 AD), op.cit., p 29.
68. A Liyanagamage, "The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon From Inscriptions, Vol. I (from 3 century BC to 830 AD), Ibid., pp 29-30.
69. Bandaranayake, "The External Factor," The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon From Inscriptions, Vol. I (from 3 century BC to 830 AD), op.cit., p 87.
70. Siriweera, "The Evolution," The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon From Inscriptions, Vol. I (from 3 century BC to 830 AD), op.cit., p 20;
71. Liyanagamage, "Pre-Colonial Indo-Sri Lankan Relations," The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon From Inscriptions, Vol. I (from 3 century BC to 830 AD), op.cit., p 30.
72. Bandaranayake, "Periodization," The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon From Inscriptions, Vol. I (from 3 century BC to 830 AD), op.cit., p 12.
73. Bandaranayake, "The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon From Inscriptions, Vol. I (from 3 century BC to 830 AD), Ibid., p 12;
74. H Ellawala, Social History of Ceylon, Colombo, Department of Cultural Affairs, 1959.
75. K N O Dharmadasa, Language, Religion, and Ethnicity: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1992.
76. Gunawardana, "The People of the Lion," Language, Religion, and Ethnicity: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka, op.cit., pp 3,25;
77. Gunawardana, Historiography, op.cit., p 25.
78. Disanayaka, "In Search," Historiography, op.cit.;
79. Ray, History of Ceylon, Vol.I, op.cit., p 34;
80. V Vitharana, Sri Lankan-Maldivian Cultural Affinities, Mattegodagama, Academy of Sri Lankan Culture, 1997.
81. Kiribamune, "Tamils," Sri Lankan-Maldivian Cultural Affinities, op.cit., p 11.
82. Kiribamune, "Sri Lankan-Maldivian Cultural Affinities, Ibid., p 14;
83. Rahula, History of Buddhism, op.cit., p 65, fn7.
84. Rasanayagam, Ancient Jaffna, op.cit., pp 32, 44;
85. Ponnambalm, Sri Lanka, op.cit., p 18;
86. See also, Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Sri Lanka, op.cit., p 403.
87. Paranavitana, "The Arya Kingdom," Sri Lanka, op.cit., p 189.
88. Rasanayagam, Ancient Jaffna, op.cit., pp 383-384.
89. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Ancient Jaffna, op.cit., pp 22, 79-80.
90. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Ancient Jaffna, op.cit., p 268;
91. Gunawardana, Historiography, op.cit., p 18.
92. 57 Paranavitana, "The Arya Kingdom," Historiography, op.cit., pp 176, 202;
93. See also, Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Historiography, op.cit., pp 9, 22.
94. Indrapala, "Historiography, Ibid., pp 341, 202.
95. Ray, History of Ceylon, Vol.I, op.cit., p 97;
96. de Silva, "Ethnic and Religious Nationalism," History of Ceylon, op.cit., p 2;
97. Gunawardana, "People of the Lion," History of Ceylon, op.cit., p 4.
98. "Tamil Lexicon," Authority of the University of Madras, 1936,
99. cited in Kannangara, Jaffna and the Sinhala Heritage, op.cit., p 6;
100. S Krishnaswami Aiyangar, "Foreword" in Rasanayagam, Ancient Jaffna, op.cit., p v.
101. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Ancient Jaffna, op.cit., p 26;
102. compare Livingstone, The Sinhalese of Ceylon, op.cit., p 119.
103. Lorna Dewaraja, The Muslims of Sri Lanka: One Thousand Years of Ethnic Harmony 900-1915, Colombo, The Sri Lanka Islamic Foundation, 1994, p 23;
104. Kannangara, Jaffna and the Sinhala Heritage, op.cit., p 5.
105. Siriweera, "The Evolution," Jaffna and the Sinhala Heritage, op.cit., p 19.
106. K M de Silva, "Ethnic and Religious Nationalism: The Case of Sri Lanka," www.lankalibrary.com/pol2.html, p 2.
107. Siriweera, "The Evolution," op.cit., p 19;
108. See also, Perera, The Institutions, op.cit., p 267;
109. G P Malalasekara, "The Pali Literature of Ceylon," Kandy, Buddhist Publication Society, 1994, p 3.
110. Liyanagamage, "Pre-Colonial Indo-Sri Lankan Relations," op.cit., p 29.
111. Compare, Helena Norberg-Hodge, Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh, San Francisco, Sierra Club Books, 1992.
112. Ellawala, Social History, op.cit., passim;
113. Lorna Dewaraja, The Kandyan Kingdom, op.cit., p 64.
114. Perera, The Institutions, op.cit., pp 82-83.
115. Perera, The Institutions, Ibid., p 100.
116. Perera, The Institutions, Ibid., p 165;
117. Heinz Bechert cited in Partha Ghosh, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Devolution Discourse in Sri Lanka, Colombo, Vijitha Yapa, 2003, p 51;
118. Tilak Hettiarachchy, History of Kingship in Ceylon, Colombo, Lake House, 1972, Chap. V;
119. See also Goonatilake, "The Formation," History of Kingship in Ceylon, op.cit., passim.
120. R A L H Gunawardana, Robe and Plough: Monasticism and Economic Interest in Early Medieval Sri Lanka, Association for Asian Studies, Tucson, Arizona, University of Arizona Press, 1979, p 45.
121. K M de Silva, "Ethnic and Religious Nationalism," Robe and Plough: Monasticism and Economic Interest in Early Medieval Sri Lanka, op.cit., p 1.
122. Gunawardana, Robe and Plough, op.cit., p 340;
123. See also, Asoka Bandarage, Colonialism in Sri Lanka: The Political-Economy of the Kandyan Highlands, 1833-1886, Berlin, Mouton Publishers, 1983, pp 33-36.
124. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Colonialism in Sri Lanka: The Political-Economy of the Kandyan Highlands, 1833-1886, op.cit., p 270;
125. Medhananda, Sinhala Buddhist Heritage, op.cit., passim.
126. "Archaeological Sites: Northern and Eastern Provinces," Exploration and Documentation Section, Department of Archaeology, Ministry of Cultural Affairs and National Heritage, Sri Lanka, 2003-12-13;
127. See also, Caluwadewage Cyril Mathew, "An Appeal to UNESCO to Safeguard and Preserve the Cultural Property in Sri Lanka Endangered by Racial Prejudice, Unlawful Occupation or Willful Destruction," Colombo, 1983;
128. Kannangara, Jaffna, op.cit., pp 18-23.
129. Rasanayagam, Ancient Jaffna, op.cit., p 18;
130. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Ancient Jaffna, op.cit., p 268;
131. Kananngara, Ancient Jaffna, op.cit., pp 18-23.
132. Kananngara, Ancient Jaffna, Ibid., pp 24-27;
133. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Ancient Jaffna, op.cit., p 341.
134. Cited in K M de Silva, Separatist Ideology, op.cit., p 41.
135. R A L H Gunawardana, "The Kinsmen of the Buddha: Myth as Political Charter in the Ancient and Early Medieval Kingdoms of Sri Lanka," Sri Lanka Journal of Humanities, Vol.2, No.1, June 1976, pp 54-62.
136. K M de Silva, "Ethnic and Religious Nationalism," Sri Lanka Journal of Humanities, op.cit., p 2.
137. Gunawardana, Historiogrpahy, op.cit., p 27;
138. Susantha Goonatilake, Anthropologizing Sri Lanka: A Eurocentric Misadventure, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 2001, p 8;
139. Gunawardana, Robe and Plough, op.cit., p 37.
140. Amaradasa Liyanagamage, "A Forgotten Aspect of the Relations between the Sinhalese and the Tamils" in The Ceylon Historical Journal, Vol. XXV, Nos. 1-4, October 1978, p 10.
141. Gunawardana, Robe and Plough, op.cit., p 344;
142. Dewaraja, Kandyan Kingdom, op.cit., pp 173-174.
143. "Introduction" in Ethnicity and Social Change, op.cit., p 3;
144. Gunawardana, "People of the Lion," Ethnicity and Social Change, op.cit., passim.
145. Kiribamune, "Tamils," Ethnicity and Social Change, op.cit., p 2.
146. Siriweera, "The Evolution," Ethnicity and Social Change, op.cit., p 21.
147. Liyanagamage, "Pre-colonial Indo-Sri Lankan Relations," Ethnicity and Social Change, op.cit., p 55.
148. Liyanagamage, "A Forgotten Aspect," Ethnicity and Social Change, op.cit., p 138.
149. Liyanagamage, "Pre-Colonial Indo-Sri Lankan Relations," Ethnicity and Social Change, op.cit., p 34.
150. Gunawardana, "The People of the Lion," Ethnicity and Social Change, op.cit., pp 20-21.
151. "Introduction" in P V J Jayasekera, Security Dilemma of A Small State, op.cit., p 4.
152. de Silva, "Ethnic and Religious Nationalism," Security Dilemma of A Small State, op.cit., p 2;
153. Liyanagamage, "Pre-Colonial Indo-Sri Lankan Relations," Security Dilemma of A Small State, op.cit., pp 39-44;
154. Siriweera, "The Evolution," Security Dilemma of A Small State, op.cit., pp 22-25.
155. Kiribamune, "Tamils," Security Dilemma of A Small State, op.cit., p 15.
156. de Silva, "Ethnic and Religious Nationalism," Security Dilemma of A Small State, op.cit., pp 2-3.
157. Kiribamune, "Tamils," Security Dilemma of A Small State, op.cit., p 33;
158. Rahula, History of Buddhism, op.cit., p 65,fn7, p 66,fn1.
159. Rahula, History of Buddhism, Ibid., passim.
160. Gunawardana, "The People of the Lion," History of Buddhism, op.cit., p 221;
161. Liyanagamage, "Pre-Colonial Indo-Sri Lankan Relations," History of Buddhism, op.cit., p 140;
162. Gunawardana, Robe and Plough, op.cit., p 346.
163. Cited in Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Robe and Plough, op.cit., p 109.
164. Indrapala, Robe and Plough, Ibid., p 39.
165. Ray, History of Ceylon, Vol.I, Part II, op.cit., p 568.
166. Gunawardana, "People of the Lion," History of Ceylon, Vol.op.cit., p 25.
167. Ray, History of Ceylon, Vol.I, Part I, op.cit., p 350.
168. Cited in Ray, History of Ceylon, Vol.ibid., p 350.
169. Ray, History of Ceylon, Vol.I, Part II, op.cit., pp 567-570.
170. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," History of Ceylon, op.cit., p 227.
171. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," History of Ceylon, op.cit., pp 281, 234, 543-544;
172. See also, Ghosh, Ethnicity versus Nationalism, op.cit., p 250;
173. Indrapala, Karthigesu, "Early Tamil Settlements in Ceylon," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon), New Series 13, 1969,
174. cited in de Silva, Separatist Ideology, op.cit., pp 24-25.
175. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Separatist Ideology, op.cit., pp 133-135,193.
176. Indrapala, Separatist Ideology, Ibid., p 238.
177. Cited in Ray, History of Ceylon, Vol.II, Part II, op.cit., p 571;
178. See also, Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," History of Ceylon, op.cit., p 254.
179. Indrapala, History of Ceylon, Ibid., pp 244-245;
180. Liyanagamage, "A Forgotten Aspect," History of Ceylon, op.cit., p 105;
181. Gunawardana, Robe and Plough, op.cit., p 3.
182. Liyanagamage, "A Forgotten Aspect," Robe and Plough, op.cit., p 138.
183. Liyanagamage, Robe and Plough, Ibid.,
184. Kiribamune, "Tamils," Robe and Plough, op.cit., p 18.
185. Paranavitana, "The Arya Kingdom," Robe and Plough, op.cit., pp 209-211;
186. Dewaraja, The Muslims of Sri Lanka, op.cit., pp 33, 36;
187. See also, Pathmanathan, The Kingdom of Jaffna, op.cit., p 225.
188. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," The Kingdom of Jaffna, op.cit., p 260.
189. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," The Kingdom of Jaffna, op.cit., p 244;
190. Dewaraja, "Dravidian Settlements," The Kingdom of Jaffna, op.cit., p 32.
191. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," The Kingdom of Jaffna, op.cit., pp 259-260,545.
192. Indrapala, The Kingdom of Jaffna, Ibid., pp 265, 339, 352-356.
193. Indrapala, The Kingdom of Jaffna, Ibid., pp 362-368,390.
194. Indrapala, The Kingdom of Jaffna, Ibid., pp 134,262.
195. Quoted in Lanka Guardian, 15 March 1988, Vol.1, No.22, Colombo, p 14.
196. Bandaranayake, "The Peopling of Sri Lanka," Lanka Guardian, op.cit., p xvi.
197. Gananath Obeyesekere, "The Vicissitudes of the Sinhala-Buddhist Identity through Time and Change" in Michael Roberts (ed.), Collective Identities, Nationalisms and Protest in Modern Sri Lanka, Colombo, Marga Institute, 1979, pp 284-285;
198. Serena Tennekoon, "Symbolic Refractions of the Ethnic Crisis: The Divaina Debates on Sinhala Identity (1984-1985)" in Charles Abeysekere and Newton Gunasinghe (eds), Facets of Ethnicity in Sri Lanka, Colombo, Social Scientists Association, 1987, pp 20-24.
199. Rahula, History of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, op.cit., pp 76, 80, 111.
200. Kiribamune, "Tamils," History of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, op.cit., p 13.
201. de Silva, "Ethnic and Religious Nationalism," History of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, op.cit., p 2.
202. Dewaraja, The Muslims of Sri Lanka, op.cit., p 33;
203. Ananda Wickremeratne, The Roots of Nationalism: Sri Lanka, Colombo, the author, 1995, p 118.
204. Bandaranayake, "External Factor," The Roots of Nationalism: Sri Lanka, op.cit., p 93.
205. Paranavitana, "The Arya Kingdom," The Roots of Nationalism: Sri Lanka, op.cit., p 209.
206. Paranavitana, The Roots of Nationalism: Sri Lanka, Ibid., p 209;
207. Dewaraja, The Muslims of Sri Lanka, op.cit., p 38.
208. de Silva, "Ethnic and Religious Nationalism," The Muslims of Sri Lanka, op.cit., p 2;
209. Pathmanathan, The Jaffna Kingdom, op.cit., pp 3-5.
210. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," The Jaffna Kingdom, op.cit., pp 457, 547-548;
211. See also, Ray, History of Ceylon, Vol.I, op.cit.
212. See also, Ray, History of Ceylon, Ibid., p 117;
213. Bandaranayake, "The Peopling," History of Ceylon, op.cit., p A xvii;
214. Dewaraja, The Muslims of Sri Lanka, op.cit., p 33.
215. Paranavitana, "The Arya Kingdom," The Muslims of Sri Lanka, op.cit., p 192;
216. H W Codrington, A Short History of Ceylon, London, Macmillan and Co., 1947, p 67;
217. See also, Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," A Short History of Ceylon, op.cit., p 476.
218. K M de Silva, Separatist Ideology, op.cit., p 29.
219. Paranavitana, "The Arya Kingdom," Separatist Ideology, op.cit., p 176.
220. Siriweera,, "The Evolution," Separatist Ideology, op.cit., p 25.
221. Ray, History of Ceylon, Vol.I, Part II, op.cit., p 700.
222. K M de Silva, Separatist Ideology, op.cit., p 13;
223. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Separatist Ideology, op.cit., pp 538,540.
224. Cited in Government of Sri Lanka, Sessional Paper No.VII, 1980, July 1980, Sansoni Commission Report, pp 62-63;
225. see also, Ariyapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Sansoni Commission Report, pp op.cit., p 540.
226. K M de Silva, Separatist Ideology, op.cit., p 27;
227. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Separatist Ideology, op.cit., pp 336-340.
228. Pathmanathan, The Kingdom of Jaffna, op.cit., Chap. V;
229. Dewaraja, Kandyan Kingdom, op.cit., pp 234-240.
230. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Kandyan Kingdom, op.cit., p 545.
231. Indrapala, Kandyan Kingdom, Ibid., pp 545-546;
232. See also de Silva, Separatist Ideology, op.cit., p 26.
233. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Separatist Ideology, op.cit., pp 278, 546.
234. Paranavitana, "The Arya Kingdom," Separatist Ideology, op.cit., pp 216-217;
235. See also, Rasanayagam, Ancient Jaffna, op.cit., pp 370-371;
236. See also, Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," Ancient Jaffna, op.cit., p 277.
237. See also, Indrapala, "Ancient Jaffna, Ibid., p 372.
238. Paranavitana, "The Arya Kingdom," Ancient Jaffna, op.cit., p 218;
239. Ray, History of Ceylon, Vol.I, Part II, op.cit., p 693.
240. Cited in Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," History of Ceylon, op.cit., p 278;
241. Paranavitana, "The Arya Kingdom," History of Ceylon, op.cit., p 190.
242. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," History of Ceylon, op.cit., p 278;
243. See also, Kannangara, Jaffna, op.cit., p 34;
244. Bryan Pfaffenberger, Caste in Tamil Culture: The Religious Foundations of Sudra Domination in Tamil Sri Lanka, Foreign and Comparative Studies/South Asia Series, No.7, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, 1982, p 39.
245. G H Peiris, "An Appraisal of a Traditional Tamil Homeland' in Sri Lanka," Ethnic Studies Report, 9(1) January 1991, p 19;
246. Ghosh, Ethnicity, op.cit., p 255;
247. See also B Horsburgh quoted in Kannangara, Jaffna, op.cit., p 32;
248. Rasanayagam, Ancient Jaffna, op.cit., p 384.
249. Rasanayagam, Ancient Jaffna, Ibid., passim;
250. Kannangara, Jaffna, op.cit., p 26.
251. John D Rogers, "Post-Orientalism and the Interpretation of Pre-Modern and Modern Political Identities: The Case of Sri Lanka," The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 53, No.1, February 1994, p 16.
252. de Silva, Separatist Ideology, p 7.
253. Dewaraja, The Muslims, op.cit., pp 41-43.
254. Vijaya Samaraweera, "The Muslim Revivalist Movement: 1880-1915" in Roberts, Collective Identities, op.cit., p 244;
255. Dewaraja, The Muslims, op.cit., p 23.
256. Dewaraja, The Muslims, Ibid., p 41.
257. Indrapala, "Dravidian Settlements," The Muslims, op.cit., p 380.
258. Vitharana, Sri Lankan-Maldivian Cultural Affinities, op.cit., passim.
259. Wilfed Lasz, "The Traveller of Islam," Sunday Island, May 14, 1995.
260. J B Disanayaka, "A Buddhist History of the Maldives," D T Devendra Memorial Lecture, Times, 30 January 1994.
261. Cited in Dewaraja, The Muslims, op.cit., p 4.
262. Dewaraja, The Muslims, Ibid., p 34.
263. Dewaraja, The Muslims, op.cit., pp 28, 31, 35, 64, 114.
264. Dewaraja, The Muslims, Ibid., Chap. IV;
265. Dewaraja, Kandyan Kingdom, op.cit., pp 228-232;
266. Dewaraja, The Muslims, op.cit., Chap. IV, p 97.
267. Dewaraja, The Muslims, Ibid., p 41.
268. Dewaraja, The Muslims, Ibid., pp 44, 57,104-105.
269. Dewaraja, Kandyan Kingdom, op.cit., p 82.
270. Ray, History of Ceylon, Vol.I, Part II, p 767.
271. Bandarage, Colonialism in Sri Lanka, op.cit., pp 26, 29.
272. Michael Roberts, The Rise of the Karava: Caste Conflict and Elite Formation in Sri Lanka, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp 1-2.
273. Dewaraja, Kandyan Kingdom, op.cit., pp 118,163-164, 167.
274. Bandarage, Colonialism in Sri Lanka, op.cit., p 35.
275. Dewaraja, Kandyan Kingdom, op.cit., pp 82-84, 167.
276. Sansoni Commission, Kandyan Kingdom, op.cit., pp 60-64.