A comparison of the governmental costs of long-term foster care and adoption

Social Service Review

Volumn 80, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 127-158

  Barth, Richard P ^a   Lee, Chung Kwon ^a   Wildfire, Judith ^a   Guo, Shenyang ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645957101     PISSN: 00377961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/499339     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Allphin, Sally, Brian Phillip Simmons, and Richard P. Barth. 1997. "Adoption Workload in California: Revising the Yardstick: Final Report." Report. University of California School of Social Welfare, Child Welfare Research Center, Berkeley.
2. Allphin, Sally, Brian Phillip Simmons, and Richard P. Barth. 2001. "Adoption of Foster Children: How Much Does It Cost Public Agencies?" Children and Youth Services Review 23 (11): 865-91.
3. Barth, Richard P. 1993. "Fiscal Issues and Stability in Special-Needs Adoptions." Public Welfare 51 (3): 21-29.
4. Barth, Richard P. 1994. "Adoption Research: Building Blocks for the Next Decade." Child Welfare 73 (5): 625-38.
5. Barth, Richard P. 1997. "The Value of Special Needs Adoptions." 171-204 in Adoption Policy and Special Needs Children, edited by Rosemary J. Avery. Westport, CT: Auburn House.
6. Barth, Richard P., and Marianne Berry. 1994. "Implications of Research on the Welfare of Children under Permanency Planning." 323-68 in Child Welfare Research Review, edited by Richard P. Barth, Jill Duerr Berrick, and Neil Gilbert. New York: Columbia University Press.
7. Barth, Richard P., and Chung Kwon Lee. 2003. "Subsidy Costs for Foster Children in the California Long Range Adoption Study." Unpublished raw data. University of North Carolina, School of Social Work, Chapel Hill.
8. Barth, Richard P., Judith Wildfire, Chung Kwon Lee, and Deborah Gibbs. 2003. "Adoption Subsidy Dynamics: Explorations in the Analysis of State Administrative Data." Adoption Quarterly 7 (2): 3-27.
9. Barth, Richard P., Fred H. Wulczyn, and Thomas M. Crea. 2005. "From Anticipation to Evidence: Research on the Adoption and Safe Families Act." Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law 12 (3): 371-99.
10. Bloom, Howard S., Charles Michalopoulos, Carolyn J. Hill, and Ying Lei. 2002. "Can Nonexperimental Comparison Group Methods Match the Findings from a Random Assignment Evaluation of Mandatory Welfare-to-Work Programs?" MDRC Working Papers on Research Methodology. MDRC, New York.
11. Brooks, Devon, and Richard P. Barth. 1999. "Adult Transracial and Inracial Adoptees: Effects of Race, Gender, Adoptive Family Structure, and Placement History on Adjustment Outcomes." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 69 (1): 87-99.
12. Cornerstone Consulting Group. 2001. "A Carrot among the Sticks: The Adoption Incentive Bonus." Report. Cornerstone Consulting Group, Houston, TX.
13. Courtney, Mark E., and Richard P. Barth. 1996. "Pathways of Older Adolescents Out of Foster Care: Implications for Independent Living Services." Social Work 41 (1): 75-83.
14. Courtney, Mark E., Irving Piliavin, Andrew Grogan-Kaylor, and Ande Nesmith. 2001. "Foster Youth Transitions to Adulthood: A Longitudinal View of Youth Leaving Care." Child Welfare 80 (6): 685-717.
15. Cyphers, Gary. 2001. "Report from the Child Welfare Workforce Survey: State and County Data and Findings." Report. American Public Human Services Association, Washington, DC.
16. D'Agostino, Ralph B., Jr. 1998. "Tutorial in Biostatistics: Propensity Score Methods for Bias Reduction in the Comparison of a Treatment to a Non-randomized Control Group." Statistics in Medicine 17 (19): 2265-81.
17. Dalberth, Barbara, Deborah Gibbs, and Nancy Berkman. 2005. Understanding Adoption Subsidies: An Analysis of AFCARS Data: Final Report. Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation.
18. Dehejia, Rajeev H., and Sadek Wahba. 2002. "Propensity Score-Matching Methods for Nonexperimental Causal Studies." Review of Economics and Statistics 84 (1): 151-61.
19. Eckholm, Erik. 2005. "Law Cutting Adoption Payments Is Faulted." New York Times, August 16, A9.
20. Emlen, Arthur, Janet Lahti, Glen Downs, Alec McKay, and Susan Downs. 1978. Overcoming Barriers to Planning for Children in Foster Care. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Publication no. (OHDS) 78-30138. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
21. Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget. 2003. Budget of the United States Government: Fiscal Year 2004. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. http:// www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2004.
22. Fanshel, David, and Eugene B. Shinn. 1972. Dollars and Sense in the Foster Care of Children: A Look at Cost Factors. New York: Child Welfare League of America.
23. Feigelman, William. 1997. "Adopted Adults: Comparisons with Persons Raised in Conventional Families." Marriage and Family Review 25 (3-4): 199-223.
24. Fishman, Daniel B. 1975. "Development of a Generic Cost-Effectiveness Methodology for Evaluating the Patient Services of a Community Mental Health Center." 139-59 in Program Evaluation: Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Services, edited by Jack Zusman and Cecil R. Wurster. Lexington, MA: Heath.
25. Furstenberg, Frank F., Jr., Sheela Kennedy, Vonnie C. McLoyd, Rubén G. Rumbaut, and Richard A. Settersten Jr. 2003. "Between Adolescence and Adulthood: Expectations about the Timing of Adulthood." MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Transitions to Adulthood and Public Policy Working Paper no. 1. University of Pennsylvania, Department of Sociology, Philadelphia.
26. Giliberti, Mary, and Rhoda Schulzinger. 2000. "Relinquishing Custody: The Tragic Result of Failure to Meet Children's Mental Health Needs." Report. Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, Washington, DC.
27. Halfon, Neal, Gale Berkowitz, and Linnea Klee. 1992. "Mental Health Service Utilization by Children in Foster Care in California." Pediatrics 89 (6): S1238-S44.
28. Hansen, Mary Eschelbach, and Bradley A. Hansen. Forthcoming. "The Economics of Adoption of Children from Foster Care." Child Welfare.
29. Hardin, Mark, H. Ted Rubin, and Debra Rotterman Baker. 1995. A Second Court That Works: Judicial Implementation of Permanency Planning Reforms. Washington, DC: American Bar Association.
30. Harman, Jeffrey S., George E. Childs, and Kelly J. Kelleher. 2000. "Mental Health Care Utilization and Expenditures by Children in Foster Care." Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 154 (11): 1114-17.
31. Heckman, James J. 2000. "Policies to Foster Human Capital." Research in Economics 54 (1): 3-56.
32. Heckman, James J., and Richard Robb Jr. 1985. "Alternative Methods for Evaluating the Impact of Interventions." 156-245 in Longitudinal Analysis of Labor Market Data, edited by James J. Heckman and Burton Singer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
33. James, Sigrid. 2004. "Why Do Foster Care Placements Disrupt? An Investigation of Reasons for Placement Change in Foster Care." Social Service Review 78 (4): 601-27.
34. Kerman, Benjamin, Richard P. Barth, and Judith Wildfire. 2004. "Extending Transitional Services to Former Foster Children." Child Welfare 83 (3): 239-62.
35. Kerman, Benjamin, Judith Wildfire, and Richard P. Barth. 2002. "Outcomes for Young Adults Who Experienced Foster Care." Children and Youth Services Review 24 (5): 319-44.
36. Levin, Henry M. 1983. Cost-Effectiveness: A Primer. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
37. Libby, Anne M., Alison Cuellar, Lonnie R. Snowden, and Heather D. Orton. 2002. "Substitution in a Medicaid Mental Health Carve Out: Services and Costs." Journal of Health Care Finance 28 (4): 11-23.
38. Maza, Penelope L. 2000. "Using Administrative Data to Reward Agency Performance: The Case of the Federal Adoption Incentive Program." Child Welfare 79 (5): 444-56.
39. Nagelkerke, Nico J. D. 1991. "A Note on a General Definition of the Coefficient of Determination." Biometrika 78 (3): 691-92.
40. NCDHHS (North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services), Division of Social Services. 2002a. "Foster Care Funding." Chap. 4, sec. 1203, of Children's Services, vol. 1 of Family Services Manual. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. http://info.dhhs.state.nc.us/olm/manuals/dss/csm-20/man/CSs1203.pdf.
41. NCDHHS (North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services), Division of Social Services. 2002b. "SFY (State Fiscal Year) 2002-2003 Facility Rates." Memorandum (July 1). North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh.
42. Newton, Rae R., Alan J. Litrownik, and John A. Landsverk. 2000. "Children and Youth in Foster Care: Disentangling the Relationship between Problem Behaviors and Number of Placements." Child Abuse and Neglect 24 (10): 1363-74.
43. Parsons, Lori S. 2001. "Reducing Bias in a Propensity Score Matched-Pair Sample Using Greedy Matching Techniques." SUGI Paper no. 214-26 in Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Annual SAS Users Group International Conference, edited by SAS Institute. Cary, NC: SAS Institute. http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi26/p214-26.pdf.
44. Rosenbach, Margo, Kimball Lewis, and Brian Quinn. 2000. Health Conditions, Utilization, and Expenditures of Children in Foster Care: Final Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
45. Rosenbaum, Paul R., and Donald B. Rubin. 1984. "Reducing Bias in Observational Studies Using Subclassification on the Propensity Score." Journal of the American Statistical Association 79 (387): 516-24.
46. Rubin, Donald B. 1997. "Estimating Causal Effects from Large Data Sets Using Propensity Scores." Annals of Internal Medicine 127 (8, pt. 2): 757-63.
47. Schoeni, Robert F., and Karen E. Ross. 2005. "Material Assistance from Families during the Transition to Adulthood." 396-416 in On the Frontier of Adulthood: Theory, Research, and Public Policy, edited by Richard A. Settersten, Frank. F. Furstenberg Jr., and Rubén G. Rumbaut. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
48. Schwartz, Edward E., and Martin Wolins. 1959. Cost Analysis in Child Welfare Services: Adoption and Foster Home Costs. Children's Bureau Publication no. 366. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
49. Sedlak, Andrea J., and Diane D. Broadhurst. 1993. "Study of Adoption Assistance Impact and Outcomes: Final Report." Report to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Westat, Rockville, MD.
50. Shadish, William R., Thomas D. Cook, and Donald Thomas Campbell. 2002. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
51. Smith, Susan L., and Jeanne Howard. 1999. Promoting Successful Adoptions: Practice with Troubled Families. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
52. Spar, Karen, and Christine Devere. 2001. Child Welfare Financing: Issues and Options. Report. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
53. Triseliotis, John. 2002. "Long-Term Foster Care or Adoption? The Evidence Examined." Child and Family Social Work 7 (1): 23-33.
54. USDHHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services), Administration for Children and Families. 2003. Preliminary FY 2001 Estimates as of March 2003. AFCARS (Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System) Report no. 8. Washington, DC: USDHHS. http://www.acf.dhhs.gov/ programs/cb/stats_research/afcars/tar/report8.pdf.
55. USDHHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services), Administration for Children and Families. 2005. Child Welfare Outcomes 2002: Annual Report. Report to Congress. Washington, DC: USDHHS.
56. USDHHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Budget, Technology and Finance. 2002. Summary of Comparable President's Budget - FY 2003. Washington, DC: USDHHS. http:// www.hhs.gov/budget/pdf/hhs2003apt.pdf.
57. USGAO (U.S. Government Accountability Office). 2004. Foster Youth: HHS Actions Could Improve Coordination of Services and Monitoring of States' Independent Living Programs. Report no. GAO-05-25. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
58. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means. 2000. 2000 Green Book: Background Material and Data on Programs within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means Committee Print no. 106-14. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
59. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means. 2004. 2004 Green Book: Background Material and Data on Programs within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means. Ways and Means Committee Print no. 108-6. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
60. Whitehead, C. M. E., J. E. Stockdale, and G. Razzu. 2003. "The Economic and Social Costs of Anti-social Behaviour: A Review." Report. London School of Economics and Political Science, London. http:// www.together.gov.uk/cagetfile.asp?rid=831.
61. Wulczyn, Fred H. 2003. "Closing the Gap: Are Changing Exit Patterns Reducing the Time African American Children Spend in Foster Care Relative to Caucasian Children?" Children and Youth Services Review 25 (5-6): 431-62.
62. Wulczyn, Fred H., and Kristin Brunner Hislop. 2003. "Growth in the Adoption Population." Issue papers on Foster Care and Adoption, topic no. 2. Chapin Hall Center for Children at the University of Chicago, Chicago.
63. Yates, Brian T. 1996. Analyzing Costs, Procedures, Processes, and Outcomes in Human Services. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
64. Young, David W., and Brandit Allen. 1977. "Benefit-Cost Analysis in the Social Services: The Example of Adoption Reimbursement." Social Service Review 51 (2): 249-64.
65. Zelizer, Viviana A. Rotman. 1985. Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children. New York: Basic Books.