Killer species

Daedalus

Volumn 133, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 25-34

  Wrangham, Richard ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645898674     PISSN: 00115266     EISSN: 15486192     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/0011526042365573     Document Type: Article

References (18)

1. Colin A. Chapman, Richard Wrangham, and Lauren J. Chapman, "Ecological Constraints on Group Size: An Analysis of Spider Monkey and Chimpanzee Subgroups," Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 36 (1995): 59-70.
2. Michael L. Wilson, Marc D. Hauser, and Richard W. Wrangham, "Does Participation in Intergroup Conflict Depend on Numerical Assessment, Range Location, or Rank for Wild Chimpanzees ?" Animal Behaviour 61 (2001): 1203-1216, Describe playback experiments showing that when a call is heard from a single stranger, chimpanzees move forward only if there are at least three males in the listening party, and that otherwise they retreat.
3. Rates are calculated from data presented in Michael L. Wilson and Richard W. Wrangham, "Intergroup Relations in Chimpanzees," Annual Review of Anthropology 32 (2003): 363-392. For adult males as a separate class, the equivalent rates are between 0.38 and 1.30 percent per year.
4. Lawrence H. Keeley, War Before Civilization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
5. Karl G. Heider, The Dugum Dani: A Papuan Culture in the Highlands of West New Guinea (Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1970), 128, recorded for Dani living in the Grand Valley of Balim River in the central highlands of western New Guinea.
6. Death rates in the twentieth century were presented by Keeley, War Before Civilization.
7. Carolyn Nordstrom, "Deadly Myths of Aggression," Aggressive Behavior 24 (1998): 147-159.
8. L. David Mech, Layne G. Adams, Thomas J. Meier, John W. Burch, and Bruce W. Dale, The Wolves of Denali (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998).
9. James A. Yost and Patricia M. Kelley, "Shotguns, Blowguns, and Spears: The Analysis of Technological Efficiency," in Raymond B. Hames and William T. Vickers, eds., Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians (New York: Academic Press, 1983), 189-224. The recorded deaths include an unrecorded proportion of killings within villages, so these figures do not correspond exactly to the wolf data.
10. Bruce M. Knauft, "Violence and Sociality in Human Evolution," Current Anthropology 32 (1991): 391-428, has stressed the evidence that rates of war are higher among horticulturalists than among hunter-gatherers.
11. Paul S. Martin and Christine R. Szuter, "War Zones and Game Sinks in Lewis and Clark's West," Conservation Biology 13 (1999): 36-45.
12. P. Bion Griffin, "Forager Resource and Land Use in the Humid Tropics: The Agta of North-eastern Luzon, the Philippines," in Carmel Schrire, ed., Past and Present in Hunter-Gatherer Studies (New York: Academic Press, 1984), 106
13. The quotation is from R. G. Kimber, "Hunter-Gatherer Demography: The Recent Past in Central Australia," in Betty Meehan and Neville White, eds., Hunter-Gatherer Demography Past and Present (Sydney: University of Sydney Press, 1990), 160-170.
14. Jennifer M. Williams, Anne E. Pusey, John V. Carlis, B. P. Farm, and Jane Goodall, "Female Competition and Male Territorial Behavior Influence Female Chimpanzees' Ranging Patterns," Animal Behaviour 63 (2002): 347-360.
15. A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, The Andaman Islanders: A Study in Social Anthropology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948), 85.
16. Azar Gat, "The Human Motivational Complex: Evolutionary Theory and the Causes of Hunter-Gatherer Fighting, Part I: Primary Somatic and Reproductive Causes," Anthropological Quarterly 73 (2000): 20-34.
17. Steven A. LeBlanc, Constant Battles (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003).
18. Klaus Reinhold, "Influence of Male Related-ness on Lethal Combat in Fig Wasps: A Theoretical Analysis," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270 (2003): 1171-1175.