Remarkably low incidence of hypospadias in Greenland despite high exposure to endocrine disrupters; possible protective effect of androgen receptor genotype

Pharmacogenetics and Genomics

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 375-377

  Giwercman, Yvonne L ^a   Kleist, Knud Erik ^b   Giwercman, Aleksander ^a   Giwercman, Charlotte ^b   Toft, Gunnar ^c   Bonde, Jens Peter ^c   Pedersen, Henning S ^d  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b Queen Ingrid's Hospital   (Greenland)

^c AARHUS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^d Centre for Arctic Environmental Medicine   (Greenland)

Author keywords

Androgen receptor; Endocrine disrupters; Hypospadias; Polymorphism

Indexed keywords

ADENINE; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; CYTOSINE; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; GUANINE; TRINUCLEOTIDE;

ARTICLE; CONTAMINATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FOOD INTAKE; GENE CONTROL; GENE FREQUENCY; GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENOTYPE; GREENLAND; HETEROZYGOTE; HUMAN; HYPOSPADIAS; INCIDENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MAMMAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTECTION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; SEA; SEX DIFFERENTIATION; TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT;

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; GENOTYPE; GREENLAND; HUMANS; HYPOSPADIAS; INCIDENCE; MALE; RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN; REGISTRIES; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 33645897346     PISSN: 17446872     EISSN: 17446880     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.fpc.0000199497.01101.93     Document Type: Article

References (10)

1. Sharpe RM. The oestrogen hypothesis-where do we stand now? Int J Androl 2003; 26:2-15.
2. Paulozzi LJ, Erickson JD, Jackson RJ. Hypospadias trends in two US surveillance systems. Pediatrics 1997; 100:831-834.
3. Calabrese EJ. Human breast milk contamination in the United States and Canada by chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides and industrial pollutants: Current status. J Am Coll Toxicol 1982; 1:91-98.
4. Nordenskjöld A, Friedman E, Tapper-Persson M, Söderhäll C, Leviav A, Svensson J, Anvret M. Screening for mutations in candidate genes for hypospadias. Urol Res 1999; 27:49-55.
5. Ogata T, Muroya K, Ishii T, Suzuki Y, Nakada T, Sasagawa I. Undermasculinized genitalia in a boy with abnormally expanded CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001; 54:835-838.
6. Lim HN, Chen H, McBride S, Dunning AM, Nixon RM, Hughes IA, Hawkins JR. Longer polyglutamine tracts in the androgen receptor are associated with moderate to severe undermasculinized genitalia in XY males. Hum Mol Genet 2000; 9:829-834.
7. Aschim EL, Nordenskjold A, Giwercman A, Lundin KB, Ruhayel Y, Haugen TB, et al. Linkage between cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and GGN repeat length in the androgen receptor gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:5105-5109.
8. Lundin KB, Giwercman A, Richthoff J, Abrahamsson P-A, Giwercman YL. No association between mutations in the human androgen receptor GGN repeat and inter-sex conditions. Mol Hum Reprod 2003; 9:375-379.
9. Van Oostdam JC, Dewailly E, Gilman A, Hansen JC, Odland JO, Chashchin V, et al. Circumpolar maternal blood contaminant survey, 1994-1997 organochlorine compounds. Sci Tot Environ 2004; 330:55-70.
10. Ruhayel Y, Lundin K, Giwercman Y, Hallden C, Willen M, Giwercman A. Androgen receptor gene GGN and CAG polymorphisms among severely oligozoospermic and azoospermic Swedish men. Hum Reprod 2004; 19:2076-2083.