Creatine supplementation and swim performance: A brief review

Journal of Sports Science and Medicine

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 10-24

  Hopwood, Melissa J ^a,d   Graham, Kenneth ^b,c   Rooney, Kieron B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b New South Wales Institute of Sports   (Australia)

^c NSW Institute of Sport   (Australia)

^d Faculty of Health Sciences   (Australia)

Author keywords

Breaststroke; Butterfly; Ergometer; Gender; Phosphocreatine; Power

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645871606     PISSN: 13032968     EISSN: 13032968     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Balsom, P.D., Ekblom, B., Soderlund, K., Sjodin, B. and Hultman, E. (1993a) Creatine supplementation and dynamic high-intensity intermittent exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 3, 143-149.
2. Balsom, P.D., Harridge, S.D.R., Soderlund, K., Sjodin, B. and Ekblom, B. (1993b) Creatine supplementation per se does not enhance endurance exercise performance. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 149, 521-523.
3. Balsom, P.D., Soderlund, K., Sjodin, B. and Ekblom, B. (1995) Skeletal muscle metabolism during short duration high-intensity exercise: influence of creatine supplementation. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 154, 303-310.
4. Birch, R., Noble, D. and Greenhaff, P.L. (1994) The influence of dietary creatine supplementation on performance during repeated bouts of maximal isokinetic cycling in man. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 69, 268-270.
5. Bogdanis, G.C., Nevill, M.E., Boobis, L.H. and Lakomy, H.K.A. (1996) Contribution of phosphocreatine and aerobic metabolism to energy supply during repeated sprint exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 80(3), 876-894.
6. Burgomaster, K.A., Hughes, S.C., Heigenhauser, G.J.F., Bradwell, S.N. and Gibala, M.J. (2005) Six sessions of sprint interval training increases muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 98, 1985-1990.
7. Burke, L.M., Pyne, D.B. and Telford, R.D. (1996) Effect of oral creatine supplementation on single effort sprint performance in elite swimmers. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 6, 222-233.
8. Burke, D.G., Chilibeck, P.D., Parise, G., Candow, D.G., Mahoney, D. and Tarnopolsky, M. (2003) Effect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetarians. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 35, 1946-1955.
9. Costill, D.L., Maglischo, E.W. and Richardson, A.B. (1992) Swimming, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
10. Dawson, B., Cutler, M., Moody, A., Lawrence, S., Goodman, C. and Randall, N. (1995) Effects of oral creatine loading on single and repeated maximal short sprints. The Australian Journal of of Science and Medicine in Sport 27(3), 56-61.
11. Dawson, B., Fitzsimons, M., Green, S., Goodman, C., Carey, M. and Cole, K. (1998) Changes in performance, muscle metabolites, enzymes and fibre types after short sprint training. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 78(2), 163-169.
12. Dawson, B., Vladich, T. and Blanksby, B.A. (2002). Effects of 4 weeks of creatine supplementation in junior swimmers on freestyle sprint and swim bench performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 16, 485-490.
13. Engelhardt, M., Neumann, G., Berbalk, A. and Reuter, I. (1998) Creatine supplementation in endurance sports. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30, 1123-1129.
14. Forsberg, A.M., Nilsson, E., Werneman, J., Bergstrom, J. and Hultman, E. (1991) Muscle composition in relation to age and sex. Clincal Science 81, 249-256.
15. Green, H.J (1997) Mechanisms of muscle fatigue in intense exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences 15, 247-256.
16. Greenhaff, P.L., Casey, A., Short, A.H., Harris, R., Soderlund, K. and Hultman, E. (1993) Influence of oral creatine supplementation of muscle torque during repeated bouts of maximal voluntary exercise in man. Clincal Science 84, 565-571.
17. Greenhaff, P.L., Bodin, K., Soderlund, K. and Hultman, E. (1994) Effect of oral creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis. American Journal of Physiology 226, E725-E730.
18. Grindstaff, P.D., Kreider, R., Bishop, R., Wilson, M., Wood, L., Alexander, C. and Almada, A. (1997) Effects of creatine supplementation on repetitive sprint performance and body compostition in competitive swimmers. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 7, 330-346.
19. Harris, R.C., Soderlund, K. and Hultman, E. (1992). Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clincal Science 83, 367-374.
20. Harris, R.C., Viru, M., Greenhaff, P.L. and Hultman, E. (1993). The effect of oral creatine supplementation on running performance during maximal short term exercise in man. Journal of Physiology 467, 74P.
21. Havenetidis, K., Cooke, C., King, R. and Denison, T. (1996). Repeated creatine supplementation and swimming performance. Abstracts of the 1st Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, 566-567.
22. Havenetidis, K. (2005) Assessment of the ergogenic properties of creatine using an intermittent exercise protocol. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online 8, 26-33. Available from URL: http://www.asep.org/jeponline/issue/Doc/Feb2005/Kostas.doc
23. Hill, D.W. and Smith, J.C. (1993) Gender difference in anaerobic capacity: role of aerobic contribution. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(1), 45-48.
24. Holmer, I. (1972). Oxygen uptake during swimming in man. Journal of Applied Physiology 33, 502-509.
25. Holmer, I. (1983) Energetics and mechanical work in swimming. In: Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming. Vol. 14. Eds: Hollander, A.P., Huijing, P.A. and de Groot, G. Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc., Champaign, Illinois. 154-164.
26. Kirksey, B., Stone, M.H., Warren, B.J., Johnson, R.L., Stone, M., Haff, G.G., Williams, F.E. and Proulx, C. (1999) The effects of 6 weeks of creatine monohydrate supplementation on performance measures and body composition in collegiate track and field athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 13, 148-156.
27. Kreider, R.B., Ferreira, M., Wilson, M., Grindstaff, P., Plisk, S., Reinardy, J., Cantler, E. and Almada, A. (1998) Effects of creatine supplementation on body composition, strength and sprint performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30, 73-82.
28. Leenders, N., Sherman, W.M., Lamb, D.R. and Nelson, T. E. (1999) Creatine supplementation and swimming performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 9, 252-262.
29. Mendes, R.R., Pires, I., Oliveira, A. and Tirapegui, J. (2004) Effects of creatine supplementation on the performance and body composition of competitive swimmers. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 15, 473-478.
30. Mero, A.A., Keskinen, K.L., Malvela, M.T. and Sallinen, J.M. (2004) Combined creatine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation enhances interval swimming. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 18, 306-310.
31. Mihic, S., MacDonald, J.R., McKenzie, S. and Tarnopolsky, M.A. (2000) Acute creatine loading increases fat-free mass, but does not affect blood pressure, plasma creatine, or CK activity in men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 32, 291-296.
32. Mujika, I., Chatard, J.C., Lacoste, L. and Barale, F. (1996) Creatine supplementation does not improve sprint performance in competitive swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 28, 1435-1441.
33. Mujika, I. and Padilla, S. (1997) Creatine supplementation as an ergogenic aid for sports performance in highly trained athletes: A critical review. International Journal of Sports Medicine 18, 491-496.
34. Odland, L.M., MacDougall, J.D., Tarnopolsky, M.A., Elorriaga, A. and Borgmann, A. (1997) Effect of oral creatine supplementation on muscle [PCr] and short-term maximum power output. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 29, 216-219.
35. Peeters, B.M., Lantz, C.D. and Mayhew, J.L. (1999) Effect of oral creatine supplementation and creatine phosphate supplementation on maximal strength indicies, body composition and blood pressure. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 13, 3-9.
36. Peyrebrune, M.C., Nevill, M.E., Donaldson, F.J. and Cosford, D.J. (1998) The effects of oral creatine supplementation on performance in single and repeated sprint swimming. Journal of Sport Sciences 16, 271-279.
37. Rawson, E.S. and Volek, J.S. (2003) Effects of creatine supplementation and resistance training on muscle strength and weightlifting performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 17, 822-831.
38. Schilling, B.K., Stone, M.H., Utter, A., Kearney, J.T., Johnson, M., Coglianese, R., Smith, L., O'Bryant, H.S., Fry, A.C., Starks, M., Keith, R. and Stone, M.E. (2001) Creatine supplementation and health variables: a retrospective study. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 33, 183-188.
39. Selsby, J.T., Beckett, K.D., Kern, M. and Devor, S.D. (2003) Swim performance following creatine supplementation in division III athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 17, 421-424.
40. Sharp, R.L., Troup, J.P. and Costill, D.L. (1982) Relationship between power and sprint freestyle swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 14, 53-56.
41. Snow, R.J., McKenna, M.J., Selig, S.E., Kemp, J., Stathis, C.G. and Zhao, S. (1998) Effect of creatine supplementation on sprint exercise performance and muscle metabolism. Journal of Applied Physiology 84, 1667-1673.
42. Stone, M.H., Sanborn, K., Smith, L.L., O'Bryant, H.S., Hoke, T., Utter, A.C., Johnson, R.L., Boros, R., Hruby, J., Pierce, K.C., Stone, M.E. and Garner, B. (1999) Effects of in-season (5 weeks) creatine and pyruvate supplementation on anaerobic performance and body composition in American football players. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 9, 146-165.
43. Stroud, M.A., Holliman, D., Bell, D., Green, A.L. and MacDonald, I.A. (1994) Effect of oral creatine supplementation on respiratory gas exchange and blood lactae accumualtion during steady-state incremental treadmill exercise and recovery in man. Clincal Science 87, 707-710.
44. Tarnopolsky, M.A. (2000) Gender differences in metabolism: Nutrition and supplements. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 3, 287-298.
45. Tarnopolsky, M.A. and MacLennan, D.P. (2000) Creatine monohydrate supplementation enhances highintensity exercise performance in males and females. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 10, 452-463.
46. Terjung, R.L., Clarkson, P., Eichner, E.R., Greenhaff, P. L., Hespel, P.J., Israel, R.G., Kraemer, W.J., Meyer, R.A., Spriet, L.L., Tarnopolsky, M.A., Wagenmakers, A.J.M. and Williams, M.H. (2000). The American College of Sports Medicine Roundtable: The physiological and health effects of oral creatine supplementation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 32, 706-717.
47. Tesch, P.A., Thorsson, A. and Colliander, E.B. (1990). Effects of eccentric and concentric resistance exercise training on skeletal muscle substrates, enzyme activities and capillary supply. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 140, 575-580.
48. Theodorou, A.S. and Cooke, C.B. (1998) Effect of long-term creatine supplementation on elite swimming performance. Journal of Sport Sciences 16, 62.
49. Theodorou, A.S., Cooke, C.B., King, R.F.G.J., Hood, C., Denison, T., Wainwright, B.G. and Havenetidis, K. (1999) The effect of longer-term creatine supplementation on elite swimming performance after an acute creatine loading. Journal of Sport Sciences 17, 853-859.
50. Theodorou, A.S., Havenetidis, K., Zanker, C.L., O'Hara, J.P., King, R.F.G.J., Hood, C., Paradisis, G. and Cooke, C.B. (2005) Effects of acute creatine loading with or withoug carbohydrate on repeated bouts of maximal swimming in high-performance swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 19, 265-269.
51. Thompson, C.H., Kemp, G.J., Sanderson, A.L., Dixon, R.M., Styles, P., Taylor, D.J. and Radda, G.K. (1996) Effect of creatine on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle in swimmers. British Journal of Sports Medicine 30, 222-225.
52. Toussaint, H.M. and Hollander, A.P. (1994) Energetics of competitive swimming. Sports Medicine 18, 384-405.
53. van Loon, L.J.C., Oosterlaar, A.M., Hartgens, F., Hesselink, M.K.C., Snow, R.J. and Wagenmakers, A.J.M. (2003) Effects of creatine loading and prolonged creatine supplementation on body composition, fuel selection, sprint and endurance performance in humans. Clincal Science 104, 153-162.
54. Vandebuerie, F., Vanden Eynde, B., Vandenberghe, K. and Hespel, P. (1998) Effect of creatine loading on endurance capacity and sprint power in cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine 19, 490-495.
55. Vandenberghe, K., Goris, M., Van Hecke, P., Van Leemputte, M., Vangerven, L. and Hespel, P. (1997) Long-term creatine intake is beneficial to muscle performance during resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology 83, 2055-2063.
56. Volek, J.S., Duncan, N.D., Mazzetti, S.A., Staron, R.S., Putukian, M., Gomez, A.L., Pearson, D.R., Fink, W.J. and Kraemer, W.J. (1999) Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 31, 1147-1156.
57. Walsh, B., Tonkonogi, M., Soderlund, K., Hultman, E., Saks, V. and Sahlin, K. (2001) The role of phosphorylcreatine and creatine in the regualtion of mitochondrial respiration in human skeletal muscle. Journal of Physiology 537, 971-978.