The schoolhouse vs. the armory. U. S. teachers and the campaign against militarism in the schools, 1914-1918

Journal of Women's History

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 150-179

  Zeiger, Susan ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645820906     PISSN: 10427961     EISSN: 15272036     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jowh.2003.0058     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Katherine D. Blake, "Peace in the Schools," National Education Association Proceedings (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1911), 140-46.
2. Guy Lewis, "World War I and the Emergence of Sport for the Masses," The Maryland Historian, 4 (fall 1973), 109-22;
3. and John Garry Clifford, The Citizen Soldiers: The Plattsburg Training Camp Movement, 1913-1920 (Lexington, Ky.: The University Press of Kentucky, 1972).
4. Ellen Carol DuBois, Harriot Stanton Blatch and the Winning of Woman Suffrage (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997);
5. Frances Early, A World Without War: How U,S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1997);
6. and Kathleen Kennedy, Disloyal Mothers and Scurrilous Citizens: Women and Subversion During World War I (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999).
7. and Wayne J. Urban, Why Teachers Organized (Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State Univ. Press, 1982).
8. and Kathleen Weiler, "Reflections on Writing a History of Women Teachers," in Telling Women's Lives, 43-59;
9. Lana D. Muraskin, "The interests of the Teachers Union, 1913-1935," in Educating an Urban People: The New York City Experience, ed. Diane Ravitch and Ronald K. Goodenow (New York: Teachers College Press, 1981), 219-30;
10. and Wayne J. Urban, Gender, Race, and the National Education Association (New York: Routledge, 2000).
11. Christy Jo Snider, "Peace and Politics: Fannie Fern Andrews, Professional Politics and the American Peace Movement, 1900-1941," Mid-America 79 (winter 1997), 71-95;
12. and Susan Zeiger, "Teaching Peace: Lessons From a Peace Studies Curriculum of the Progressive Era," Peace and Change 25 (Jan. 2000), 52-69.
13. Sandi E. Cooper, Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815-1914 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991);
14. and Leila J. Rupp, Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997).
15. Merle Curti, Peace or War: The American Struggle, 1636-1936 (New York: Norton, 1936), 197;
16. Charles DeBenedetti, The Peace Reform in American History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980);
17. David Patterson, "An Interpretation of the American Peace Movement, 1898-1914," in Peace Movements in America, ed. Charles Chatfield (New York: Schocken, 1973), 20-38;
18. "Barbara Kraft, "Peace-making in the Progressive Era: A Prestigious and Proper Calling," Maryland Historian, I (fall 1970), 121-44;
19. and Zeiger, "Teaching Peace."
20. Herbert M. Kliebard, The Struggle for the American Curriculum, 1893-1958 2d. ed. New York: Routledge, 1995).
21. Fannie Fern Andrews, Memory Pages of My Life (Boston: Talisman Press, 1948).
22. Early, World Without War;
23. Kennedy, Disloyal Mothers;
24. and Alonso, Peace as a Women's Issue.
25. Katherine Devereux Blake, Champion of Women: The Life of Lillie Devereux Blake (New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1943);
26. and Blake, "A Message to Teachers and Their Part in Bringing About Equality in the United States," typescript of speech, n. d., Blake Family papers.
27. Urban, Why Teachers Organized, 91-99;
28. and Murphy, Blackboard Unions, chap. 4.
29. Snider, "Peace and Politics."
30. School and Society 3 (20 May 1916), 751-52;
31. Clifford, Citizen Soldiers;
32. and Jack C. Lane, Armed Progressive: A Study of the Military and Public Career of Leonard Wood (San Rafael, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1978).
33. and J. Barrett, Falling In. Australians and "Boy Conscription," 1911-1915 (Sydney: Hale and Ironmonger, 1979).
34. On the preparedness movement and public schools, see Leonard Wood, The Military Obligation of Citizenship, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1919), 64-67;
35. and Leigh Robinson Gignilliet, Arms and the Boy (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1916).
36. O'Hanlon, "Interscholastic Athletics," 58-65;
37. "New York Military Training Laws in Operation," Playground 11 (July 1917), 220-22;
38. and James McCurdy, letter to the editor, Playground 10 (September 1916), 213.
39. Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenuous life: Essays and Addresses (New York: The Century Co., 1902);
40. Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American War (New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 1998);
41. David Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870-1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983);
42. and Arnaldo Testi, "The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity," Journal of American History 81(March 1995), 1509-33.
43. Edgar Z. Steever, "The Wyoming Plan of Military Training for the Schools," School Review 25 (March 1917), 145-50,
44. quoted in "Interscholastic Athletes", 59.
45. Steever's Wyoming plan was the only one even to mention girls, but their involvement was recommended solely to relieve boys from boredom. The New York Times, 21 May 1916, I, 14:1.
46. Hugh H. Young, "Military Training Would Make Us a New Race," New York Times Magazine, Jan. 7, 1917, V, 4:1.
47. Redding S. Sugg, Jr., Motherteacher: The Feminization of American Education (Charlottesville: Univeristy Press of Virginia, 1978).
48. Quote from F. E. Chadwick, , "The Woman Peril in American Education," Educational Review 47 (Feb. 1914), 109-19.
49. Also see, "Are There Too "Many Women Teachers," Educational Review 28 (June 1904), 98-99;
50. W. Bardeen, "Why Teaching Repels Men," Educational Review 35 (April 1908), 352-357;
51. Bardeen, "The Monopolizing Woman Teacher, Educational Review 43 (Jan. 1912), 17-40.
52. "The Opportunity of the Schools in the International Peace Movement," American School Peace League Yearbook, 1915-1916, 101-112.
53. Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), esp. chap. 4;
54. Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (New York: Knopf, 1986);
55. and Robyn Muncy, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890-1935 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), esp. chaps. 1, 2 and conclusion.
56. The New York Times, 24 May 1916, 4:2;
57. Carrie A. Foster, The Women and the Warriors: The U. S. Section of the Women's International League For Peace and Freedom, 1915-1946 (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1995);
58. Barbara J. Steinson, "The Mother Half of Humanity: American Women in the Peace and Preparedness Movements in World War I," in Women, War, and Revolution, ed. Carol R. Berkm and Clara M. Lovett (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1980);
59. and Linda K. Schott, Reconstructing Women's Thoughts: The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Before World War II (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997), esp. chap. 2.
60. Lois Scharf, To Work and To Wed: Female Employment, Feminism, and the Great Depression (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1980), 75-76. In 1920, fewer than 10 percent of teachers were married, and were often subject to dismissal.
61. and Daniel J. Walkowitz, Working With Class: Social Workers and the Politics of Middle-Class Identity (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
62. On the citizen-soldier as a gendered political construct, see Jean Bethke Elshtain, Women and War (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1987).
63. Katherine Cumberson, California Committee to Promote Physical Education, Humane Society, and state suffrage organizer, correspondence with Fannie Fern Andrews, Box 53, FFA papers.
64. Foster, Women and Warriors, 2;
65. Schott, Reconstructing Women's Thoughts, 39;
66. Stephan F. Brumberg, "New York City Schools March Off to War: The Nature and Extent of Participation of the City Schools in the Great War, April 1917-June 1918," Urban Education 24 (Jan. 1990), 440-75;
67. Four Lights 8 (5 May 1917), 4.
68. Elizabeth D. Robinson to Fannie Fern Andrews, December 1917;
69. On Blake's postwar activism, see Carrie A. Foster, The Women and the Warriors: The U. S. Section of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1915-1946 (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1995);
70. Harriet Hyman Alonso, The Women's Peace Union and the Outlawry of War, 1921-1942 (Knoxville: University of Tenn. Press, 1989);
71. Lewis, "World War I and the Emergence of Sport for the Masses;"
72. and Clifford, The Citizen Soldiers.