Crime and punishment in the marketplace: Accountants and business executives repeating history

Managerial Auditing Journal

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 420-435

  Reinstein, Alan ^a   Moehrle, Stephen R ^b   Reynolds Moehrle, Jennifer ^b  

^a WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI ST LOUIS   (United States)

Author keywords

Accountants; Auditing; Business ethics; History

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645811738     PISSN: 02686902     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/02686900610661423     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. AICPA (1975), Report of the Special Committee on Equity Funding, American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, New York, NY.
2. BBC News (2003), "Parmalat boss denies fraud role", BBC News, world edition, December 31, available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3355929.stm.
3. Blasi, A. (1980), "Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature", Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 88, pp. 1-45.
4. Bloomberg News (2004), "Witness says Cendant execs reviewed fake earnings", Bloomberg News, Los Angeles Times, June 30.
5. Bowman, E.H. (1982), "Risk-seeking by troubled firms", Sloan Management Review, Vol. 23, pp. 33-42.
6. Carson, T.L. (2003), "Self-interest and business ethics: Some lessons of the recent corporate scandals", Journal of Business Ethics, April, pp. 389-403.
7. Clarke, P., Nancy Hill, N. and Stevens, K. (1996), "Ethical reasoning abilities: Accountancy practitioner practices in Ireland", Irish Business and Administrative Research, Vol. 17, pp. 94-109.
8. Commonwealth of Australia (2003), "The failure of HIH insurance", April, available at: www.hihroyalcom.gov.au/finalreport/ Front%20Matter%2C%20critical%20assessment%20 and%20summary.HTML.
9. Dixon, J. (2002), "Taubman sentenced to one year in prison for Sotheby's price-fixing", Detroit Free Press, April, p. 22.
10. Elias, R.Z. (2004), "The impact of corporate ethical values on perceptions of earnings management", Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 84-98.
11. Elm, D.R. and Nichols, M.L. (2003), "An investigation of the moral reasoning of managers", Journal of Business Ethics, November, pp. 817-33.
12. Emshwiller, J.R. (2002), "Enron may have started earlier on its off-balance-sheet deals", Wall Street Journal, Vol. 30, p. A3.
13. Ferrell, O. and Gresham, L. (1985), "A contingency framework for understanding ethical decision making in marketing", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 49, pp. 87-96.
14. Fisher, D. (2002), "Shell game", Forbes, February 14.
15. Gaa, J.C. (1995), "Moral judgment and moral cognition", Research on Accounting Ethics, Vol. 1, pp. 253-65.
16. Gilligan, C. (1982), In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development, Harvard University, Cambridge.
17. Gilligan, C. (1989), Mapping the Moral Domain, Harvard University, Cambridge.
18. Glick, W.H. (1985), "Conceptualizing and measuring organizational and psychological climate: Pitfalls in multilevel research", Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 601-16.
19. Gross, D. (2002), "The accounting trick that's killing WorldCom", Slate, June 26, available at: www.slate.msn.com//?id=2067427.
20. Guardian Newspapers (2002), "Andersen 'debated dumping Enron account'", Guardian Newspapers, May 15, available at: www.buzzle.com/editorials/text5-15-2002-18461.asp.
21. Guardian Newspapers (2003), "More arrests as Parmalat fraud scandal deepens", Guardian Newspapers, December 31, available at: www.buzzle.com/editorials/12-31-2003-49031.asp.
22. Hancox, D.R. (1997), "Equity funding: Could it happen again?", available at: http://home.nycap.rr.com/dhancox/articles.equity.htm.
23. Kahneman, D. and Tversky, A. (1984), "Choices, values, and frames", American Psychologist, Vol. 39 No. 4, pp. 341-50.
24. Kohlberg, L. (1969), "Stage and sequence: The cognitive developmental approach to socialization", in Goslin, D. (Ed.), Handbook of Socialisation Theory and Research, Rand McNally, Chicago, IL, pp. 347-480.
25. Kohlberg, L. (1976), "Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach", in Likona, T. (Ed.), Moral Development and Behavior, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, NY, pp. 31-53.
26. Kohlberg, L. (1981), The Meaning and Measurement of Moral Development, Clark University Press, Worcester, MA.
27. Kohlberg, L. (1984), The Psychology of Moral Development, Harper and Rowe, San Francisco, CA.
28. Kracher, B., Chatterjee, A. and Lundquist, A.R. (2002), "Factors related to the cognitive moral development of business students and business professionals in India and the United States: Nationality, education, sex and gender", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 35, pp. 255-68.
29. Kranhold, K., Wartzman, R. and Wilke, J.R. (2002), "As Enron inquiry intensifies, midlevel players face spotlight", Wall Street Journal, April 30, A1.
30. Messier, W.F., Glover, S.M. and Prawitt, D.F. (2005), Auditing & Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Boston, MA.
31. Milford, P. (2002) "Witness says execs told him to "manaage the number"" Bloomberg News, December 27, available at: www.dailyrecord.com/business/business1-cendtrial.htm)
32. Ponemon, L. and Gabhart, D. (1993), Ethical Reasoning in Accounting and Auditing, CGA Canada Research Foundation, Vancouver, WA.
33. Raghavan, A., Kranhold, K. and Barrionuevo, A. (2002) "How Enron bosses created a culture of pushing limits" Wall Street Journal, Vol. 26, p. A1.
34. Rest, J.R. (1979) Development in Judging Moral Issues, University of Minnesota\a Press, Minneapolis, MN.
35. Rest, J.R.. (1990) Manual for the Defining Issues Test, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN.
36. Securities and Exchange Commission (1985) Roundtable on Major Issues, September 5 and 11, 1985, Background Materials, available at: www.sechistorical.org/museum/papers/df/SEC_RT_MjIssues_1985_BGMat.pdf.
37. Securities and Exchange Commission (2002) Complaint by Securities and Exchange Commission (plaintiff) against Adelphia Communications Corporation, John J. Rigas, Timothy J. Rigas, Michael J. Rigas, James P. Rigas, James R. Brown, and Michael C. Mulcahey (defendants) available at: www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/complrl7627.htm.
38. Seidler, L.J., Andrews, F. and Epstein, M.J. (1974) The Equity Funding Papers: The Anatomy of a Fraud, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
39. Seligman, J. (2002) "No one can serve two masters: Preliminary observations on Enron" working paper, Washington University, St Louis, MO.
40. Snyder, M. (1974) "Self monitoring of expressive behavior" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 30, pp. 526-37.
41. Snyder, M. and Cantor, N. (1979) "Testing hypotheses about other people: The use of historical knowledge" Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 15, pp. 330-42.
42. Snyder, M. and Gangestad, S. (1986), "On the nature of self monitoring: Matters of assessment, matters of validity", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51 No. 1, pp. 125-39.
43. Trevino, L.K. (1986) "Ethical decision-making in organizations: A person-situation interactionist model", Academy of Management Review, July, pp. 601-17..
44. Victor, B. and Cullen, J.B. (1987) "A theory and measure of ethical climate in organizations", Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, Vol. 9, pp. 51-71.
45. Victor, B. and Cullen, J.B. (1988) "The organizational bases of ethical work climates", Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 101-25.
46. Weber, J. (1990) "Managers' moral reasoning: Assessing their responses to three moral dilemmas", Human Relations, Vol. 43 No. 7, pp. 667-86.
47. Wee, H. (2001) "Enron in perfect hindsight" Business Week, December 19.
48. Weil, J., Bgarrionuevo, A. and Kranhold, K. (2001) "Guilty plea by Enron's Kopper increases scrutiny of ex-CFO", Wall Street Journal, August 22.
49. Zellner, W., Forest, S.A., Thornton, E., Coy, P., Timmons, H., Lavelle, L. and Henry, D. (2001) "The fall of Enron", Business Week, December 17.