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Volumn 118, Issue , 1998, Pages 165-172

Homeric Talents and the Ethics of Exchange

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EID: 33645777059     PISSN: 00754269     EISSN: 20414099     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/632237     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (10)

References (123)
  • 1
    • 51049118951 scopus 로고
    • Exchange and reciprocity
    • in T. Ingold (ed) For the theoretical background, see London
    • For the theoretical background, see C.A. Gregory, ‘Exchange and reciprocity’, in T. Ingold (ed), Companion Encyclopaedia of Anthropology (London 1994) 911–39
    • (1994) Companion Encyclopaedia of Anthropology , pp. 911-939
    • Gregory, C.A.1
  • 3
    • 33645772049 scopus 로고
    • Reciprocities in Homer
    • See
    • See W. Donlan, ‘Reciprocities in Homer’, CW 75 (1972) 137–75
    • (1972) CW , vol.75 , pp. 137-175
    • Donlan, W.1
  • 4
    • 33645762601 scopus 로고
    • The politics of generosity in Homer
    • n.s. 9.2
    • ‘The politics of generosity in Homer’, Helios n.s. 9.2 (1982) 1–15.
    • (1982) Helios , pp. 1-15
  • 10
    • 85024013093 scopus 로고
    • The mythical idea of value in Greece
    • tr. J. Hamilton et al See Baltimore
    • See L. Gernet, ‘The mythical idea of value in Greece’, in The Anthropology of Ancient Greece, tr. J. Hamilton et al. (Baltimore 1981)
    • (1981) in The Anthropology of Ancient Greece
    • Gernet, L.1
  • 12
    • 85022920774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • van Wees 53, 103 f., 244 ff.
    • , vol.53
    • Wees, V.1
  • 13
    • 85022981067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epithets are not used to describe any other metal. Note in particular the application of timēeis to golden or gilded gifts at (= 15.114), 8.393
    • The epithets are not used to describe any other metal. Note in particular the application of timēeis to golden or gilded gifts at Od. 4.614 (= 15.114), 8.393
    • Od , vol.4 , pp. 614
  • 14
    • 85022976541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cf.
    • (cf. Od. 1.312)
    • Od , vol.1 , pp. 312
  • 15
    • 85022953574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • of eritimos to gold won as a prize by racehorses =268
    • of eritimos to gold won as a prize by racehorses (Il. 9.126=268).
    • Il , vol.9 , pp. 126
  • 16
    • 85022913786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cf. 18.161 f. and IL. 9.125 ff., 18.475
    • Od. 11.326: cf. 18.161 f. and IL. 9.125 ff., 18.475
    • Od , vol.11 , pp. 326
  • 17
    • 85022976541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • contrast 4.614=14.114,8.393, 13.128 ff
    • contrast Od. 1.312,4.614=14.114,8.393, 13.128 ff.
    • Od , vol.1 , pp. 312
  • 18
    • 85022930803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note that as early as timē
    • Note that as early as h. Dem. 132, timē
    • h. Dem. , pp. 132
  • 19
    • 85022971263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • itself is used to mean ‘value’ or ‘price’ in a commercial sense cf. the use of $ at
    • itself is used to mean ‘value’ or ‘price’ in a commercial sense (cf. the use of $ at Il. 23.703 ff.).
    • Il , vol.23 , pp. 703 ff
  • 20
    • 67649695542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aphrodite and the Pandora complex
    • On the story of Eriphyle and other related myths, see most recently
    • On the story of Eriphyle and other related myths, see most recently, A.S. Brown, ‘Aphrodite and the Pandora complex’, CQ 47 (1997) 26–47.
    • (1997) CQ , vol.47 , pp. 26-47
    • Brown, A.S.1
  • 21
    • 85022978890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • At (cf. 24.274) and 13.11, talents of gold are described by the epithets poludaidalos, ‘intricate’ and euergēs, ‘wrought’ respectively. Od. 13.11 refers to the gold Odysseus receives from the Phaeacians, which does not consist exclusively of talents (Od. 8.393,430–2); in 9.202 f. and 24.274 f., the talents of ‘wrought gold’ are balanced by a ‘solid silver mixing bowl’-the gold here is perhaps well-wrought in the sense of being refined and therefore pure, like the silver of the bowl (the purity or otherwise of gold as a result of refining is something of a topos in Archaic poetry
    • At Od. 9.202 (cf. 24.274) and 13.11, talents of gold are described by the epithets poludaidalos, ‘intricate’ and euergēs, ‘wrought’ respectively. Od. 13.11 refers to the gold Odysseus receives from the Phaeacians, which does not consist exclusively of talents (Od. 8.393,430–2); in 9.202 f. and 24.274 f., the talents of ‘wrought gold’ are balanced by a ‘solid silver mixing bowl’-the gold here is perhaps well-wrought in the sense of being refined and therefore pure, like the silver of the bowl (the purity or otherwise of gold as a result of refining is something of a topos in Archaic poetry
    • Od , vol.9 , pp. 202
  • 22
    • 85022979613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cf. e.g.
    • cf. e.g. Theogn. 415–8, 447–52, 1105–6
    • Theogn. , vol.415-8
  • 23
    • 85022984582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • a It is certainly possible to consider crafted artefacts merely in terms of their bullion value, as later temple inventories did, but I do not think that these three passages indicate that Homer considered them in this way. Alternatively, the epithets in these passages may convey proleptically the metal's suitability as a decorative material
    • Ibycus PMG 282(a) 420–5). It is certainly possible to consider crafted artefacts merely in terms of their bullion value, as later temple inventories did, but I do not think that these three passages indicate that Homer considered them in this way. Alternatively, the epithets in these passages may convey proleptically the metal's suitability as a decorative material.
    • PMG , vol.282 , pp. 420-425
    • Ibycus1
  • 24
    • 70449881278 scopus 로고
    • Metal-working in Homer
    • Cf.
    • Cf. D.H.F. Gray, ‘Metal-working in Homer’, JHS 74 (1954) 1–15.
    • (1954) JHS , vol.74 , pp. 1-15
    • Gray, D.H.F.1
  • 28
    • 84868863071 scopus 로고
    • KAriHAEIA and deceit: Theognis 59–60
    • Cf.
    • Cf. L. Kurke, ‘KAriHAEIA and deceit: Theognis 59–60’, AJP 100 (1989) 535–44.
    • (1989) AJP , vol.100 , pp. 535-544
    • Kurke, L.1
  • 29
    • 85022917998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Göttingen 1990 = Archaeologia Homerica, H.-G. Buchholz and F. Matz (ed) Teil M) See Anm. 551
    • See G. Kopcke, Handel (Göttingen 1990 = Archaeologia Homerica, H.-G. Buchholz and F. Matz (ed) Teil M) 97, 120 (Anm. 551).
    • Handel , vol.97 , pp. 120
    • Kopcke, G.1
  • 31
    • 79957084957 scopus 로고
    • The Homeric talent; its origins, value and affinities
    • There is a theory cf.
    • There is a theory (cf. W. Ridgeway, “The Homeric talent; its origins, value and affinities’, JHS 8 [1887] 133–58
    • (1887) JHS , vol.8 , pp. 133-158
    • Ridgeway, W.1
  • 32
    • 0012606661 scopus 로고
    • London that the Homeric talent was a precise historical weight of some 8.5 g. It is based chiefly on the assertion found in an Alexandrian source
    • C. Seltman, Greek coins2 [London 1955] 4–8) that the Homeric talent was a precise historical weight of some 8.5 g. It is based chiefly on the assertion found in an Alexandrian source
    • (1955) Greek coins2 , pp. 4-8
    • Seltman, C.1
  • 33
    • 85022969561 scopus 로고
    • Leipzig that ‘the Homeric talent weighed the same as the later Daric’. We have no reason to suppose that the anonymous metrologist who wrote this in the first or second century AD knew the exact weight of a Homeric talent any better than we do; for the rest, Ridgeway's theory largely depends on a misunderstanding of the nature of the copper so-called ox-hide ingots
    • F. Hultsch, ed., Metrologorum Scriptorum Reliquiae i [Leipzig 1864] 301 that ‘the Homeric talent weighed the same as the later Daric’. We have no reason to suppose that the anonymous metrologist who wrote this in the first or second century AD knew the exact weight of a Homeric talent any better than we do; for the rest, Ridgeway's theory largely depends on a misunderstanding of the nature of the copper so-called ox-hide ingots
    • (1864) Metrologorum Scriptorum Reliquiae , vol.i , pp. 301
    • Hultsch, F.1
  • 34
    • 85022978175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • on which see If the Homeric talent really did weigh 8.5 g. then whoever left a 500 g. hoard of gold in a pot at Eretria
    • on which see Kopcke [n. 11] 33. If the Homeric talent really did weigh 8.5 g. then whoever left a 500 g. hoard of gold in a pot at Eretria
    • , Issue.11 , pp. 33
    • Kopcke1
  • 35
    • 0012608995 scopus 로고
    • An eighth century goldsmith's workshop at Eretria
    • Stockholm in R. Hagg (ed.) would have possessed almost sixty ‘Homeric talents’ of gold-that is, more than are mentioned in the whole of the Iliad and Odyssey put together. Such a listener would not have been much impressed by the wealth of the epic heroes!
    • P.G. Themelis, ‘An eighth century goldsmith's workshop at Eretria’, in R. Hagg (ed.), The Greek Renaissance of the Eighth Century BC [Stockholm 1983] 157–65) would have possessed almost sixty ‘Homeric talents’ of gold-that is, more than are mentioned in the whole of the Iliad and Odyssey put together. Such a listener would not have been much impressed by the wealth of the epic heroes!
    • (1983) The Greek Renaissance of the Eighth Century BC , pp. 157-165
    • Themelis, P.G.1
  • 36
    • 85022926385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the talent in general, see Suppl. 8
    • On the talent in general, see RE Suppl. 8, 791–848.
    • RE , pp. 791-848
  • 37
    • 85022923450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the importance of the ‘personal history’ of items of symbolic exchange, and useful examples of ‘ordinal ranking systems’, see
    • For the importance of the ‘personal history’ of items of symbolic exchange, and useful examples of ‘ordinal ranking systems’, see Gregory (n.1) 918–9.
    • , Issue.1 , pp. 918-919
    • Gregory1
  • 38
    • 85022965610 scopus 로고
    • Oxford Of course, later temple accountants did weigh gold and silver dedications (see for instance cf. the admittedly exceptional case of Croesus, Hdts. 1.50 f.), and doubtless those wealthy enough to make such offerings were as conscious of their precise weight-and as keen that others should be aware of it-as the mikrophilotimos of Theophrastus is to let his neighbours know that he has sacrificed an ox (Characters 21.7)
    • Of course, later temple accountants did weigh gold and silver dedications (see for instance R. Meiggs and D.M. Lewis, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions2 [Oxford 1988] No. 76; cf. the admittedly exceptional case of Croesus, Hdts. 1.50 f.), and doubtless those wealthy enough to make such offerings were as conscious of their precise weight-and as keen that others should be aware of it-as the mikrophilotimos of Theophrastus is to let his neighbours know that he has sacrificed an ox (Characters 21.7).
    • (1988) A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions2 , Issue.76
    • Meiggs, R.1    Lewis, D.M.2
  • 39
    • 85022954052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The context is also significant: we have here the germ of the Archaic controversy over the true value of athletic success and the proper form of the athletic competitor's reward
    • The context is also significant: we have here the germ of the Archaic controversy over the true value of athletic success and the proper form of the athletic competitor's reward (Tyrtaeus 12.1–4
    • , vol.12 , pp. 1-4
    • Tyrtaeus1
  • 41
    • 85022941426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hdts. 8.26.3
    • Hdts. , vol.8 , Issue.26 , pp. 3
  • 42
    • 85010409369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Money, law and exchange, coinage in the Greek polis
    • see most recently esp. 164–8, with bibliography
    • see most recently S. von Reden, ‘Money, law and exchange, coinage in the Greek polis’, JHS 117 (1997) 154–76 (esp. 164–8, with bibliography).
    • (1997) JHS , vol.117 , pp. 154-176
    • von Reden, S.1
  • 43
    • 33645758878 scopus 로고
    • The unequal exchange between Glaucus and Diomedes in light of the Homeric gift-economy
    • Cf.
    • Cf. W. Donlan, “The unequal exchange between Glaucus and Diomedes in light of the Homeric gift-economy’, Phoenix 43 (1989) 1–15
    • (1989) Phoenix , vol.43 , pp. 1-15
    • Donlan, W.1
  • 44
    • 84911124506 scopus 로고
    • Gold armor for bronze and Homer's use of compensatory TIMH
    • D.B. Traill, ‘Gold armor for bronze and Homer's use of compensatory TIMH’, CPh 84 (1989) 310–15
    • (1989) CPh , vol.84 , pp. 310-315
    • Traill, D.B.1
  • 46
    • 5844270157 scopus 로고
    • On the episode as a whole, see also Amsterdam
    • On the episode as a whole, see also I.J.F. de Jong, Narrators and Focalizers (Amsterdam 1987) 162–8.
    • (1987) Narrators and Focalizers , pp. 162-168
    • de Jong, I.J.F.1
  • 47
    • 85022956054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • So e.g.
    • So e.g. Il. 21.444 f.
    • Il , vol.21 , pp. 444 f
  • 48
    • 85022915558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 358
    • Od. 10.84; 18.358
    • Od , vol.10 , Issue.84 , pp. 18
  • 49
    • 85022927892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cf. There is also the unheroic Dolon
    • cf. Il. 12.435. There is also the unheroic Dolon
    • Il , vol.12 , pp. 435
  • 50
    • 85022917906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • to find parallels for his legalistic approach to Hector's call for volunteers we must look either to farmers in Hesiod
    • Il. 10.303–31): to find parallels for his legalistic approach to Hector's call for volunteers we must look either to farmers in Hesiod
    • Il , vol.10 , pp. 303-331
  • 51
    • 85022916507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WD 370 f.
    • WD , pp. 370 f
  • 52
    • 85022978996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • or the divine low comedy of All these (Dolon, the farmer, and Hypnos) nicely illustrate Bourdieu's observations on the need for guarantees as a function of social distance
    • or the divine low comedy of IL. 14.270–79. All these (Dolon, the farmer, and Hypnos) nicely illustrate Bourdieu's observations on the need for guarantees as a function of social distance
    • IL , vol.14 , pp. 270-279
  • 54
    • 85022926153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On misthos, see
    • On misthos, see von Reden 89–92.
    • Reden, V.1
  • 55
    • 85022976896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and 10.378–81 cf. According to Agamemnon, Antimachus went so far as to argue that the ambassadors should be killed then and there. It is with some irony that the Trojan's sons plead for mercy from Agamemnon in the familiar terms that refer to the quantities of gold and other metals their father possesses
    • According to Agamemnon, Antimachus went so far as to argue that the ambassadors should be killed then and there. It is with some irony that the Trojan's sons plead for mercy from Agamemnon in the familiar terms (cf. Il. 6.46–50 and 10.378–81) that refer to the quantities of gold and other metals their father possesses.
    • Il , vol.6 , pp. 46-50
  • 56
    • 85022951317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For gold as the distinctive metal of ransom-payments, cf. Thersites at and n. 28 below
    • For gold as the distinctive metal of ransom-payments, cf. Thersites at Il. 2.229 ff., and n. 28 below.
    • Il , vol.2 , pp. 229 ff
  • 57
    • 85022959846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • So it is that Odysseus' men assume that the bag he received from Aeolus and of which he has been keeping such careful guard must contain gold and silver it is harder to hide a tripod
    • So it is that Odysseus' men assume that the bag he received from Aeolus and of which he has been keeping such careful guard must contain gold and silver (Od. 10.35, 45): it is harder to hide a tripod.
    • Od , vol.10 , Issue.35 , pp. 45
  • 58
    • 85022927502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See e.g.
    • See e.g. Alcaeus PMG 69
    • PMG , pp. 69
    • Alcaeus1
  • 59
    • 85022961042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pind. Pyth. 3.54–56
    • Pind. Pyth. , vol.3 , pp. 54-56
  • 61
    • 85022910110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cf.
    • Cf. Gernet (n.4) 83 ff.
    • , Issue.4 , pp. 83 ff
    • Gernet1
  • 63
    • 85022921274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • His attempts to avert the anger of the gods with lavish offerings were, of course, ineffectual
    • His attempts to avert the anger of the gods with lavish offerings (Od. 3.273–5) were, of course, ineffectual.
    • Od , vol.3 , pp. 273-275
  • 64
    • 85022975371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As a prelude to final defeat, the futile erosion of the Trojans' treasuries is highlighted more than once in the Iliad (e.g. 18.288–92). Valued items are needed both to pay the Trojans' ransoms when they are captured, and to retain the support of their allies. The slow bleeding of these articles simply prolongs the war and hence the suffering of both sides. Cf.
    • As a prelude to final defeat, the futile erosion of the Trojans' treasuries is highlighted more than once in the Iliad (e.g. 18.288–92). Valued items are needed both to pay the Trojans' ransoms when they are captured, and to retain the support of their allies. The slow bleeding of these articles simply prolongs the war and hence the suffering of both sides. Cf. Il. 24.380–84, 543–48
    • Il , vol.24 , Issue.380-84 , pp. 543-548
  • 65
    • 85022974618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ilias Parva fr. 29
    • Parva fr. , pp. 29
  • 66
    • 85022983660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ∑ Od. 11.521
    • Od , vol.11 , pp. 521
  • 69
    • 85022953420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For gold highlighting the values of xenia, see e.g. 18
    • For gold highlighting the values of xenia, see e.g. Il. 9.670, 18.385–87
    • Il , vol.9 , Issue.670 , pp. 385-387
  • 70
    • 85022978966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Od. 1.136–42
    • Od , vol.1 , pp. 136-142
  • 71
    • 85022969948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • its immortal lustre also makes it particularly appropriate for offerings to the gods see e.g.
    • its immortal lustre also makes it particularly appropriate for offerings to the gods (see e.g. Il. 24.304 ff
    • Il , vol.24 , pp. 304 ff
  • 72
    • 85022962319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Od. 3.382–4).
    • Od , vol.3 , pp. 382-384
  • 73
    • 85022942894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Among the gifts that have been lost along the way are seven talents given to Odysseus by Maron when his life was spared
    • Od. 11.359. Among the gifts that have been lost along the way are seven talents given to Odysseus by Maron when his life was spared
    • Od , vol.11 , pp. 359
  • 74
    • 85022978890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Od. 9.202.
    • Od , vol.9 , pp. 202
  • 75
    • 85022940334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 19.269 ff., 24.271–9 (this last including seven talents of gold)
    • Od. 14.323 f., 19.269 ff., 24.271–9 (this last including seven talents of gold).
    • Od , vol.14 , pp. 323 f
  • 76
    • 85022933074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 23.338–41 and 355-note that the gifts are most often collectively referred to as khrusos, although they contain much else besides gold
    • Od. 16.266–231, 23.338–41 and 355-note that the gifts are most often collectively referred to as khrusos, although they contain much else besides gold.
    • Od , vol.16
  • 77
    • 85022913570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See and Ch. 3
    • See von Reden 36 f., and Ch. 3.
    • Reden, V.1
  • 78
    • 85022968144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compare the poet's emphasis on how Menelaus' wealth has been acquired at the cost of great suffering 4.71–135
    • Compare the poet's emphasis on how Menelaus' wealth has been acquired at the cost of great suffering (Od. 3.301–5, 4.71–135
    • Od , vol.3 , pp. 301-305
  • 79
    • 84971793558 scopus 로고
    • ‘At home and abroad: aspects of the structure of the Odyssey
    • with
    • with R.B. Rutherford, ‘At home and abroad: aspects of the structure of the Odyssey (PCPS 31 [1985] 133–50, 140).
    • (1985) PCPS , vol.31 , Issue.133-50 , pp. 140
    • Rutherford, R.B.1
  • 80
    • 85022915919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • answer the unrepeated 158–61
    • Il. 9.308–77 answer the unrepeated 158–61.
    • Il , vol.9 , pp. 308-377
  • 81
    • 85022951605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cf.
    • Cf. Taplin (n.16) 66 ff
    • , Issue.16 , pp. 66 ff
    • Taplin1
  • 85
    • 85022928075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of a formal handover of the gifts is not lost on Odysseus, as his two interventions in the scene show (see esp. 172 ff.). The importance of the gold is indicated by its being mentioned last of all (247)
    • Il. 19.146–50. The importance of a formal handover of the gifts is not lost on Odysseus, as his two interventions in the scene show (see esp. 172 ff.). The importance of the gold is indicated by its being mentioned last of all (247).
    • Il , vol.19 , pp. 146-150
  • 86
    • 85022980218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It is interesting that Odysseus, sensitive to matters of tone, substitutes $
    • It is interesting that Odysseus, sensitive to matters of tone, substitutes $(Il. 9.261)
    • Il. , vol.9 , pp. 261
  • 87
    • 85022921359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • for Agamemnon's more legalistic $
    • for Agamemnon's more legalistic $ (Il. 9.157).
    • Il. , vol.9 , pp. 157
  • 88
    • 85022941931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The result is an ‘endless reconversion of economic capital into symbolic capital’ through a process of ‘collective misrecognition which is the basis of the ethic of honour, a collective denial of the economic reality of exchange [which] is only possible because, when the group lies to itself in this way, there is neither deceiver nor deceived’ (195–6)
    • Bourdieu (n.21) 194. The result is an ‘endless reconversion of economic capital into symbolic capital’ through a process of ‘collective misrecognition which is the basis of the ethic of honour, a collective denial of the economic reality of exchange [which] is only possible because, when the group lies to itself in this way, there is neither deceiver nor deceived’ (195–6).
    • , Issue.21 , pp. 194
    • Bourdieu1
  • 89
    • 85022969329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • References in n. 22 above. Cf. also
    • References in n. 22 above. Cf. also Il. 21.34–135.
    • Il , vol.21 , pp. 34-135
  • 90
    • 85022947426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Achilles' behaviour towards Hector, though it eventually becomes excessively savage, is not without parallel: parts of
    • Achilles' behaviour towards Hector, though it eventually becomes excessively savage, is not without parallel: parts of Od. 22.54–64
    • Od , vol.22 , pp. 54-64
  • 91
    • 85022925540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • almost an imitation of but the Odyssean episode lacks the moral and emotional complexity as well as some of the rhetorical intensity of its original
    • almost an imitation of Il. 9.379 ff., but the Odyssean episode lacks the moral and emotional complexity as well as some of the rhetorical intensity of its original.
    • Il , vol.9 , pp. 379 ff
  • 92
    • 84977309659 scopus 로고
    • From the Iliad to the Odyssey
    • Cf.
    • Cf. R.B. Rutherford, ‘From the Iliad to the Odyssey’ (BICS 38, 1993) 44 f.
    • (1993) BICS , vol.38 , pp. 44 f
    • Rutherford, R.B.1
  • 93
    • 85022938380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See on
    • See Macleod on Il. 24.594 f
    • Il , vol.24 , pp. 594 f
    • Macleod1
  • 94
    • 85022911866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note in particular Hera's concern that the timē of Achilles should be differentiated from that of Hector
    • Note in particular Hera's concern that the timē of Achilles should be differentiated from that of Hector, Il. 24.55–63.
    • Il , vol.24 , pp. 55-63
  • 95
    • 84919723030 scopus 로고
    • Heroic and unheroic ideas in Homer
    • in J. Boardman and C.E. Vaphopoulou-Richardson (eds.) Oxford
    • J. Griffin, ‘Heroic and unheroic ideas in Homer’, in J. Boardman and C.E. Vaphopoulou-Richardson (eds.), Chios (Oxford 1986) 3–13, 8
    • (1986) Chios , vol.3-13 , pp. 8
    • Griffin, J.1
  • 96
    • 77958060101 scopus 로고
    • Der soziologische Aspekt der homerischen Epen
    • cf. more generally
    • cf. more generally H. Strasburger, ‘Der soziologische Aspekt der homerischen Epen’, Gymnasium 60 (1953)97–114.
    • (1953) Gymnasium , vol.60 , pp. 97-114
    • Strasburger, H.1
  • 97
    • 85022947708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homeric wealth depends on a genuine historical tradition, rather than pure fantasy
    • Homeric wealth depends on a genuine historical tradition, rather than pure fantasy: Gray (n.8).
    • , Issue.8
    • Gray1
  • 98
    • 85022937668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Really splendid items, like Agamemnon's corselet are few and far between, and generally introduced for more reasons than simply to indicate an individual's wealth
    • Really splendid items, like Agamemnon's corselet (Il. 11.19–31), are few and far between, and generally introduced for more reasons than simply to indicate an individual's wealth
    • Il , vol.11 , pp. 19-31
  • 99
    • 84959652410 scopus 로고
    • Dark age and oral poet
    • cf.
    • cf. G.S. Kirk, ‘Dark age and oral poet’, PCPS 7 (1961) 34–48
    • (1961) PCPS , vol.7 , pp. 34-48
    • Kirk, G.S.1
  • 101
    • 85022952752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ch. 1
    • Griffin (n.39) Ch. 1.
    • , Issue.39
    • Griffin1
  • 102
    • 85022968492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gernet (n.4).
    • , Issue.4
    • Gernet1
  • 103
    • 85022980432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kurke (n.24).
    • , Issue.24
    • Kurke1
  • 104
    • 85022966505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 7.28 f
    • Hdts. 6.130.2, 7.28 f.
    • Hdts. , vol.6 , Issue.130 , pp. 2
  • 105
    • 85022934697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arch 19W
    • Arch 19W; Pind. Nem. 8.37–39
    • Nem. , vol.8 , pp. 37-39
    • Pind1
  • 106
    • 85022978321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • fr. 221
    • fr , pp. 221
  • 108
    • 85022909674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kurke (n.20).
    • , Issue.20
    • Kurke1
  • 111
    • 85022926419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kurke (n.24).
    • Kurke , Issue.24
  • 112
    • 85022958777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theogn. 119–26,415–8,447–52,499–502, 1105 f.
    • Theogn. , vol.119-26 , Issue.415-8
  • 113
    • 85022927453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cf.
    • cf. PMG 541, 901, 988
    • PMG , vol.541
  • 114
    • 85022924553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hdts. 7.10a
    • Hdts. , vol.7 , pp. 10a
  • 115
    • 85022962030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D.L. 1.71.
    • D.L. , vol.1 , pp. 71
  • 116
    • 85022979774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olymp. 7.1 ff.
    • Olymp. , vol.7 , pp. 1 ff
  • 117
    • 85022984826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nem. 1.11 ff.
    • Nem. , vol.1 , pp. 11 ff
  • 118
    • 85022974601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ef.
    • ef. Pyth. 6.5–18
    • Pyth. , vol.6 , pp. 5-18
  • 119
    • 85022980842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isth. 5.1–10
    • Isth. , vol.5 , pp. 1-10
  • 120
    • 85022950649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3.42–4
    • Olymp. 1.1–7,3.42–4.
    • Olymp. , vol.1 , pp. 1-7
  • 121
  • 122
    • 85022910085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cf.
    • cf. Bloch and Parry (n.29) 12–16.
    • , Issue.29 , pp. 12-16
    • Bloch1    Parry2
  • 123
    • 85022931505 scopus 로고
    • Harmondsworth Contrast the profusion of gold in Irish epic, for instance 47 f
    • Contrast the profusion of gold in Irish epic, for instance: J. Gantz, Early Irish Myths and Sagas (Harmondsworth 1981) 41, 47 f., 52, 79, 85, 87–90, 148, 204, 235 ff.
    • (1981) Early Irish Myths and Sagas , vol.41 , Issue.52
    • Gantz, J.1


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