Examining the relationship between free recall and immediate serial recall: The effect of concurrent task performance

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 215-229

  Bhatarah, Parveen ^a   Ward, Geoff ^b   Tan, Lydia ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Free recall; Recency; Rehearsal; Short term memory

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; AUDITORY STIMULATION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; LONG TERM MEMORY; MALE; METHODOLOGY; PAIRED ASSOCIATE LEARNING; PHYSIOLOGY; RECALL; REFERENCE VALUE; SHORT TERM MEMORY; TASK PERFORMANCE; TIME;

ACOUSTIC STIMULATION; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; MENTAL RECALL; PAIRED-ASSOCIATE LEARNING; PRACTICE (PSYCHOLOGY); REFERENCE VALUES; RETENTION (PSYCHOLOGY); TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 33645729697     PISSN: 02787393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.32.2.215     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. W. Spence & J. T. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 2, 89-195). New York: Academic Press.
2. Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press.
3. Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. Bower (Ed.), Recent advances in learning and motivation, Vol. 8. (pp. 47-90). London: Academic Press.
4. Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1977). Recency re-examined. In S. Dornic, (Ed.), Attention and performance VI (pp. 647-667). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
5. Baddeley, A. D., Thomson, N., & Buchanan, M. (1975). Word length and the structure of short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 575-589.
6. Beaman, C. P., & Morton, J. (2000). The separate but related origins of the recency and the modality effect in free recall. Cognition, 77, B59-B65.
7. Bhatarah, P. (2004). An experimental investigation of the similarities between free recall and immediate serial recall. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Essex, United Kingdom.
8. Bhatarah, P., Ward, G., & Tan, L. (2006). Examining the relationship between free recall and immediate serial recall: The effect of test expectancy. Unpublished manuscript.
9. Bjork, E. L., & Healy, A. F. (1974). Short-term order and item retention. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 80-97.
10. Bjork, R. A. (2001). Recency and recovery in human memory. In H. L. Roediger, III, J. S. Nairne, I. Neath, & A. M. Surprenant (Eds.) The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder (pp. 211-232). American Psychological Association: Washington, DC.
11. Bjork, R. A., & Whitten, W. B. (1974). Recency-sensitive retrieval processes in long-term free recall. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 173-189.
12. Brown, G. D. A., Neath, I. & Chater, N. (2002). A ratio model of scale-invariant memory and identification. Manuscript submitted for publication.
13. Burgess, N., & Hitch, G. (1999). Memory for serial order: A network model of the phonological loop and its timing. Psychological Review, 106, 551-581.
14. Craik, F. I. M. (1971). Primary memory. British Medical Bulletin, 27, 232-236.
15. Crowder, R. G. (1976). Principles of learning and memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
16. Crowder, R. G. (1982). The demise of short-term memory. Acta Psychologica, 50, 291-323.
17. Crowder, R. G. (1993). Short-term memory: Where do we stand? Memory & Cognition, 21, 142-145.
18. Cunningham, T. F., Healy, A. F., & Williams, D. M. (1984). Effects of repetition on short-term retention of order information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 575-597.
19. Davelaar, E. J., Goshen-Gottstein, Y., Ashkenazi, A., Haarmann, H. J., & Usher, M. (2005). The demise of short-term memory revisited: Empirical and computational investigations of recency effects. Psychological Review, 112, 3-42.
20. Estes, W. K. (1972). An associative basis for coding and organization in memory. In A. W. Melton & E. Martin (Eds.), Coding processes in human memory. Washington, DC: Winston.
21. Fischler, I., Rundus, D., & Atkinson, R. C. (1970). Effects of overt rehearsal procedures on free recall. Psychonomic Science, 19, 249-250.
22. Friendly, M., Franklin, P. E., Hoffman, D., & Rubin, D. C. (1982). Norms for the Toronto Word Pool. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 14, 375-399.
23. Glanzer, M. (1972). Storage mechanisms in recall. In G. H. Bower, (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory, Vol. V (pp. 129-193). New York: Academic Press.
24. Glenberg, A. M. (1984). A retrieval account of the long-term modality effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 16-31.
25. Glenberg, A. M. (1987). Temporal context and recency. In D. S. Gorfein & Robert R. Hoffman (Eds.), Memory and learning: The Ebbinghaus Centennial Conference. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
26. Glenberg, A. M., Bradley, M. M., Stevenson, J. A., Kraus, T. A. Tkachuk, M. J., Gretz, A. L., et al. (1980). A two-process account of long-term serial position effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 355-369.
27. Glenberg, A. M., & Swanson, N. G. (1986). A temporal distinctiveness theory of recency and modality effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 3-15.
28. Greene, R. L. (1986). Sources of recency effects in free recall. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 221-228.
29. Healy, A. F. (1974). Separating item from order information in short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 644-655.
30. Healy, A. F., Fendrich, D. W., Cunningham, T. F., & Till, R. E. (1987). Effects of cuing on short-term retention of order information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 413-425.
31. Healy, A. F., & McNamara, D. S. (1996). Verbal learning and memory: Does the modal model still work? Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 143-172.
32. Henson, R. N. A. (1998). Short-term memory for serial order: The start-end model of serial recall. Cognitive Psychology, 36, 73-137.
33. Howard, M. W., & Kahana, M. J. (1999). Contextual variability and serial position effects in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 923-941.
34. Howard, M. W., & Kahana, M. J. (2002a). A distributed representation of temporal context. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 46, 269-299.
35. Howard, M. W., & Kahana, M. J. (2002b). When does semantic similarity help episodic retrieval? Journal of Memory and Language, 46, 85-98.
36. Kahana, M. J. (1996). Associative retrieval processes in free recall. Memory & Cognition, 24, 103-109.
37. Kahana, M. J., Howard, M. W., Zaromb, F., & Wingfield, A. (2002). Age dissociates recency and lag-recency effects in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 530-540.
38. Laming, D. (1999). Testing the idea of distinct storage mechanisms in memory. International Journal of Psychology, 34, 419-426.
39. Lee, C. L., & Estes, W. K. (1977). Order and position in primary memory for letter strings. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16, 395-418.
40. Lee, C. L., & Estes, W. K. (1981). Item and order information in short-term memory: Evidence for multilevel perturbation processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 149-169.
41. Marks, A. R., & Crowder, R. G. (1997). Temporal distinctiveness and modality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 164-180.
42. Miller, G. A. (1956). The magic number seven plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity to process information. Psychological Review, 63, 81-97.
43. Murdock, B. B., Jr. (1960). The distinctiveness of stimuli. Psychological Review, 67, 16-31.
44. Murdock, B. B., Jr. (1967). Recent developments in short-term memory. British Journal of Psychology, 58, 421-433.
45. Murdock, B. B., Jr., & Walker, K. D. (1969). Modality effects in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8, 665-676.
46. Nairne, J. S. (1988). A framework for interpreting recency effects in immediate serial recall. Memory & Cognition, 16, 343-352.
47. Nairne, J. S. (1990). A feature model of immediate memory. Memory & Cognition, 18, 251-269.
48. Nairne, J. S. (1992). The loss of positional certainty in long-term memory. Psychological Science, 3, 199-202.
49. Nairne, J. S., Neath, I., Serra, M., & Byun, E. (1997). Positional distinctiveness and the ratio rule in free recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 37, 155-166.
50. Nairne, J. S., Riegler, G. J., & Serra, M. (1991). Dissociative effects of generation on item and order information. Memory & Cognition, 17, 702-709.
51. Neath, I. (1993). Distinctiveness and serial position effects in recognition. Memory & Cognition, 21, 689-698.
52. Neath, I., & Crowder, R. G. (1996). Distinctiveness and very short-term serial position effects. Memory, 4, 225-242.
53. Page, M. P. A., & Norris, D. (1998). The primacy model: A new model of immediate serial recall. Psychological Review, 105, 761-781.
54. Pinto, A. C., & Baddeley, A. D. (1991). Where did you park your car? Analysis of a naturalistic long-term recency effect. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 3, 297-313.
55. Raaijmakers, J. G. W. (1993). The story of the two-store model of memory: Past criticisms, current status, and future directions. In D. E. Meyer & S. Kornblum, (Eds.), Attention and performance, XIV, 467-480. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
56. Raaijmakers, J. G. W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1981). Search of associative memory. Psychological Review, 88, 93-134.
57. Rundus, D. (1971). Analysis of rehearsal processes in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 89, 63-77.
58. Rundus, D., & Atkinson, R. C. (1970). Rehearsal processes in free recall: A procedure for direct observation. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 9, 99-105.
59. Tan, L., & Ward, G. (2000). A recency-based account of primacy effects in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1589-1625.
60. Tzeng, O. J. L. (1973). Positive recency effect in a delayed free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 436-439.
61. Ward, G. (2001). A critique of the working memory model. In J. Andrade, (Ed.), Working memory in perspective, pp. 219-239. Psychology Press.
62. Ward, G. (2002). A recency-based account of the list length effect in free-recall. Memory & Cognition, 30, 885-892.
63. Ward, G., & Tan, L. (2004). The effect of the length of to-be-remembered lists and intervening lists on free recall: A re-examination using overt rehearsal. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 1196-1210.
64. Ward, G., Woodward, G., Stevens, A., & Stinson, C. (2003). Using overt rehearsals to explain word frequency effects in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 186-210.
65. Watkins, M. J., Neath, I., & Sechler, E. S. (1989). Recency effect in recall of a word list when an immediate memory task is performed after each word presentation. American Journal of Psychology, 102, 265-270.
66. Waugh, N. C., & Norman, D. A. (1965). Primary memory. Psychological Review, 72, 89-104.