Review of position-sensorless operation of brushless permanent-magnet machines

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volumn 53, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 352-362

  Acarnley, Paul P ^a   Watson, John F ^b  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Brushless machines; Estimation; Permanent magnet (PM) machines; Position measurement; Reviews

Indexed keywords

ELECTRIC CURRENT CONTROL; ELECTRIC CURRENT MEASUREMENT; ELECTRIC FREQUENCY CONTROL; ESTIMATION; INDUCTANCE; MACHINE WINDINGS; POSITION CONTROL; POSITION MEASUREMENT; ROTORS (WINDINGS); VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT;

BRUSHLESS MACHINE; PERMANENT-MAGENET (PM) MACHINES; POSITION-SENSORLESS OPERATION;

PERMANENT MAGNETS;

EID: 33645726256     PISSN: 02780046     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2006.870868     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. J. R. Frus and B. C. Kuo, "Closed-loop control of step motors using waveform detection," in Proc. Int. Conf. Stepping Motors and Systems, Leeds, U.K., 1976, pp. 77-84.
2. P. Pillay and R. Krishnan, "Application characteristics of permanent magnet synchronous and brushless DC motors for servo drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 986-996, Sep./Oct. 1991.
3. S. K. Safi, P. P. Acarnley, and A. G. Jack, "Analysis and simulation of the high-speed torque performance of brushless DC motor drives," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. - Electr. Power Appl., vol. 142, no. 3, pp. 191-200, Mar. 1995.
4. H.-C. Chen and C.-M. Liaw, "Current-mode control for sensorless BDCM drive with intelligent commutation tuning," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 747-756, Sep. 2002.
5. K.-Y. Cheng and Y.-Y. Tzou, "Design of a sensorless commutation IC for BLDC motors," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1365-1375, Nov. 2003.
6. K. Iizuka, H. Uzuhashi, M. Kano, T. Endo, and K. Mohri, "Microcomputer control for sensorless brushless motor," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-21, no. 4, pp. 595-601, May/Jun. 1985.
7. J. Shao, D. Nolan, M. Teissier, and D. Swanson, "A novel microcontroller-based sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive for automotive fuel pumps," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1734-1740, Nov./Dec. 2003.
8. H. A. Toliyat, L. Hao, D. S. Shet, and T. A. Nondahl, "Position-sensorless control of surface-mount permanent-magnet AC (PMAC) motors at low speeds," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 157-164, Feb. 2002.
9. Y. Amano, T. Tsuji, A. Takahashi, S. Ouchi, K. Hamatsu, and M. Iijima, "A sensorless drive system for brushless DC motors using a digital phase-locked loop," Electr. Eng. Jpn., vol. 142, no. 1, pp. 57-66, 2003.
10. G.-J. Su and J. W. McKeever, "Low-cost sensorless control of brushless DC motors with improved speed range," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 296-302, Mar. 2004.
11. G.-J. Su and J. W. McKeever, "Low-cost sensorless control of brushless DC motors with improved speed range," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 878-879, May 2004.
12. D.-H. Jung and I.-J. Ha, "Low-cost sensorless control of brushless DC motors using a frequency-independent phase shifter," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 744-752, Jul. 2000.
13. J. X. Shen and K. J. Tseng, "Analyses and compensation of rotor position detection error in sensorless pin brushless DC motor drives," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 87-93, Mar. 2003.
14. J. P. M. Bahlmann, "A full-wave motor drive IC based on the back-emf sensing principle," IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 415-420, Aug. 1989.
15. J. C. Moreira, "Indirect sensing for rotor flux position of permanent magnet AC motors operating over a wide speed range," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1394-1401, Nov./Dec. 1996.
16. J. X. Shen, Z. Q. Zhu, and D. Howe, "Sensorless flux-weakening control of permanent-magnet brushless machines using third harmonic back emf," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1629-1636, Nov./Dec. 2004.
17. J. Solsona, M. I. Valla, and C. Muravchik, "A nonlinear reduced order observer for permanent magnet synchronous motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 492-497, Aug. 1996.
18. J. Solsona, M. I. Valla, and C. Muravchik, "On speed and rotor position estimation in permanent-magnet AC drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1176-1180, Oct. 2000.
19. N. Matsui and M. Shigyo, "Brushless DC motor control without position and speed sensors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 120-127, Jan./Feb. 1992.
20. N. Matsui, "Sensorless pm brushless DC motor drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 300-308, Apr. 1996.
21. T. Takeshita, A. Usui, and N. Matsui, "Sensorless salient-pole PM synchronous motor drive in all speed ranges," Electr. Eng. Jpn., vol. 135, no. 3, pp. 64-73, 2001.
22. B. Nahid-Mobarakeh, F. Meibody-Tabar, and F.-M. Sargos, "Mechanical sensorless control of PMSM with online estimation of stator resistance," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 457-471, Mar./Apr. 2004.
23. K. Y. Cho, S. B. Yang, and C. H. Hong, "Sensorless control of a PM synchronous motor for direct drive washer without rotor position sensors," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. - Electr. Power Appl., vol. 151, no. 1, pp. 61-69, Jan. 2004.
24. K.-W. Lee, D.-H. Jung, and I.-J. Ha, "An online identification method for both stator resistance and back-emf coefficients of PMSMs without rotational transducers," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 507-510, Apr. 2004.
25. G. D. Andreescu, "Adaptive observer for sensorless control of permanent magnet synchronous motor drives," Electr. Power Compon. Syst., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 107-119, Feb. 2002.
26. S. Ostlund and M. Brokemper, "Sensorless rotor position detection from zero to rated speed for an integrated PM synchronous motor drive," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 1158-1165, Sep./Oct. 1996.
27. J.-I. Ha, K. Ide, T. Sawa, and S.-K. Sul, "Sensorless rotor position estimation of an interior permanent-magnet motor from initial states," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 761-767, May/Jun. 2003.
28. G. H. Jang, J. H. Park, and J. H. Chang, "Position detection and start-up algorithm of a rotor in a sensorless BLDG motor utilising inductance variation," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. - Electr. Power Appl., vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 137-142, Mar. 2002.
29. M. Tursini, R. Petrella, and F. Parasiliti, "Initial rotor position estimation method for pm motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1630-1640, Nov./Dec. 2003.
30. S. Nakashima, Y. Inagaki, and I. Miki, "Sensorless initial rotor position estimation of surface permanent-magnet synchronous motor," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1598-1603, Nov./Dec. 2000.
31. T. Noguchi, K. Yamada, S. Kondo, and I. Takahashi, "Initial rotor position estimation method of sensorless PM synchronous motor with no sensitivity to armature resistance," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 118-125, Feb. 1998.
32. T. Aihara, A. Toba, T. Yanase, A. Mashimo, and K. Endo, "Sensorless torque control of salient-pole synchronous motor at zero-speed operation," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 202-208, Jan. 1999.
33. Y.-S. Lai, F.-S. Shyu, and S. S. Tseng, "New initial position detection technique for three-phase brushless DC motor without position and current sensors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 485-491, Mar./Apr. 2003.
34. J.-H. Jang, S.-K. Sul, J.-I. Ha, K. Ide, and M. Sawamura, "Sensorless drive of surface-mounted permanent-magnet motor by high-frequency signal injection based on magnetic saliency," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 1031-1038, Jul./Aug. 2003.
35. M. E. Haque, L. Zhong, and M. F. Rahman, "A sensorless initial rotor position estimation scheme for a direct torque controlled interior permanent magnet synchronous motor drive," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1376-1383, Nov. 2003.
36. H. Kim, K.-K. Huh, R. D. Lorenz, and T. M. Jahns, "A novel method for initial rotor position estimation for IPM synchronous machine drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 1369-1378, Sep./Oct. 2004.
37. A. B. Kulkarni and M. Ehsani, "A novel position sensor elimination technique for the interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor drive," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 144-150, Jan./Feb. 1992.
38. M. J. Corley and R. D. Lorenz, "Rotor position and velocity estimation for a salient-pole permanent magnet synchronous motor at standstill and high speeds," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 784-789, Jul./Aug. 1998.
39. T. Noguchi and S. Kohno, "Mechanical-sensorless permanent-magnet motor drive using relative phase information of harmonic currents caused by frequency-modulated three-phase PWM carriers," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 1085-1092, Jul./Aug. 2003.
40. S. Shinnaka, "New 'mirror-phase vector control' for sensorless drive of permanent-magnet synchronous motor with pole saliency," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 599-606, Mar./Apr. 2004.
41. E. Robeischl and M. Schroedl, "Optimized INFORM measurement sequence for sensorless pm synchronous motor drives with respect to minimum current distortion," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 591-598, Mar./Apr. 2004.
42. V. Petrovic, A. M. Stankovic, and V. Blasko, "Position estimation in salient PM synchronous motors based on PWM excitation transients," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 835-843, May/Jun. 2003.
43. S. Ogasawara, T. Matsuzawa, and H. Akagi, "A position-sensorless IPM motor drive system using a position estimation based on magnetic saliency," Electr. Eng. Jpn., vol. 131, no. 2, pp. 68-79, 1999.
44. K. Choeisai, N. Kobayashi, and S. Kondo, "Walsh function-based position sensorless control for interior permanent-magnet motor drives using ripple-current of high-frequency triangular-wave-carrier PWM inverter," Electr. Eng. Jpn., vol. 145, no. 3, pp. 80-88, 2003.
45. P. Hartas, A. Shahin, K. I. Nuttall, and D. W. Shimmin, "A novel permanent magnet DC motor and sensorless electrical drive system," Electr. Power Compon. Syst., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 15-28, Jan. 2001.
46. J.-H. Jang, J.-I. Ha, M. Ohto, K. Ide, and S.-K. Sul, "Analysis of permanent-magnet machine for sensorless control based on high-frequency signal injection," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1595-1604, Nov./Dec. 2004.
47. T. A. Nondahl, G. Ray, P. B. Schmidt, and M. L. Gasperi, "A permanent-magnet rotor containing an electrical winding to improve detection of rotor angular position," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 819-824, Jul./Aug. 1999.
48. M. Tomita, S. Doki, S. Okuma, and H. Yamaguchi, "Sensorless rotor position estimation at standstill of cylindrical brushless DC motors using opened phase voltage change caused by eddy currents," Electr. Eng. Jpn., vol. 126, no. 1, pp. 52-60, 1999.
49. K. Matsuse, T. Baba, I. Masukane, H. Ohta, and R. Tsuchimoto, "Position-sensorless starting method and driving characteristics of closed-slot small permanent-magnet motor," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 451-456, Mar./Apr. 2003.
50. L. Harnefors and H. P. Nee, "A general algorithm for speed and position estimation of AC motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 77-83, Feb. 2000.
51. B. Terzic and M. Jadric, "Design and implementation of the extended Kalman filter for the speed and rotor position estimation of brushless DC motor," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1065-1073, Dec. 2001.
52. S. Bolognani, L. Tubiana, and M. Zigliotto, "Extended Kalman filter tuning in sensorless PMSM drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1741-1747, Nov./Dec. 2003.
53. J. Hu and B. Wu, "New integration algorithms for estimating motor flux over a wide speed range," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 969-977, Sep. 1998.
54. S. Ichikawa, Z. Chen, M. Tomita, S. Doki, and S. Okuma, "Sensorless controls of salient-pole permanent magnet synchronous motors using extended electromotive force models," Electr. Eng. Jpn., vol. 146, no. 3, pp. 55-64, 2004.
55. Z. Chen, M. Tomita, S. Doki, and S. Okuma, "An extended electromotive force model for sensorless control of interior permanent-magnet synchronous motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 288-295, Apr. 2003.
56. S. Morimoto, K. Kawamoto, and Y. Takeda, "Position and speed sensorless control for IPMSM based on estimation of position error," Electr. Eng. Jpn., vol. 144, no. 2, pp. 43-52, 2003.
57. L. A. Jones and J. H. Lang, "A state observer for the permanent magnet synchronous motor," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 374-382, Aug. 1989.
58. R. B. Sepe and J. H. Lang, "Real-time observer-based (adaptive) control of a permanent-magnet synchronous motor without mechanical sensors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1345-1352, Nov./Dec. 1992.
59. R. Wu and G. R. Slemon, "A permanent magnet motor drive without a shaft sensor," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 1005-1011, Sep./Oct. 1991.
60. T. D. Batzel and K. Y. Lee, "Slotless permanent magnet synchronous motor operation without a high resolution rotor angle sensor," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 366-371, Dec. 2000.
61. T. D. Batzel and K. Y. Lee, "An approach to sensorless operation of the permanent-magnet synchronous motor using diagonally recurrent neural networks," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 100-106, Mar. 2003.
62. N. Ertugrul and P. P. Acarnley, "New algorithm for sensorless operation of permanent magnet motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 126-133, Jan./Feb. 1994.
63. C. D. French and P. P. Acarnley, "Control of permanent magnet motor drives using a new position estimation technique," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 1089-1097, Sep./Oct. 1996.
64. T.-H. Liu, S.-H. Chen, and D.-F. Chen, "Design and implementation of a matrix converter PMSM drive without a shaft sensor," IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 228-243, Jan. 2003.
65. L. Ying and N. Ertugrul, "A novel, robust DSP-based indirect rotor position estimation for permanent magnet AC motors without rotor saliency," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 539-546, Mar. 2003.
66. S. Green, D. J. Atkinson, A. G. Jack, B. C. Mecrow, and A. King, "Sensorless operation of a fault tolerant PM drive," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. - Electr. Power Appl., vol. 150, no. 2, pp. 117-125, Mar. 2003.