Sea ice monitoring by L-band SAR: An assessment based on literature and comparisons of JERS-1 and ERS-1 imagery

IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 957-970

  Dierking, Wolfgang ^a,b   Busche, Thomas ^a  

^a ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

^b ESA SAR Advisory Group   (Germany)

Author keywords

Image analysis; Radar imaging; Sea ice; Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)

Indexed keywords

C-BAND; INCIDENCE ANGLES; POLAR REGIONS; SAR IMAGERY;

IMAGE ANALYSIS; MAPPING; POLARIZATION; RUBBER; SEA ICE; SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR;

RADAR IMAGING;

EID: 33645675266     PISSN: 01962892     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2005.861745     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (70)

1. F. Carsey, Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice. Washington, DC: Amer. Geophys. Union, 1992, vol. 68, Geophysical Monographs, p. 462.
2. C. Tsatsoulis and R. Kwok, Analysis of SAR Data of the Polar Oceans. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1998, p. 290.
3. M. E. Shokr, "Evaluation of second-order texture parameters for sea ice classification from radar images," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 96, no. C6, pp. 10625-10640, 1991.
4. R. Kwok, E. Rignot, B. Holt, and R. Onstott, "Identification of sea ice types in spaceborne synthetic aperture radar data," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 97, no. C2, pp. 2391-2402, 1992.
5. K. Steffen and J. Heinrichs, "Feasibility of sea ice typing with synthetic aperture radar (SAR): Merging of Landsat Thematic Mapper and ERS-1 SAR satellite imagery," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 99, no. C11, pp. 22413-22424, 1994.
6. S. V. Nghiem and C. Bertoia, "Study of multipolarization C-band backscatter signatures for arctic sea ice mapping with future satellite SAR," Can. J. Remote Sens., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 387-402, 2001.
7. M. Fily and D. A. Rothrock, "Sea ice tracking by nested correlations," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 570-580, 1987.
8. R. Kwok, J. C. Curlander, R. McConnell, and S. S. Pang, "An ice motion tracking system at the Alaska SAR facility," IEEE J. Ocean Eng., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 44-54, 1990.
9. Y. Sun, "Automatic ice motion retrieval from ERS-1 SAR images using the optical flow method," Int. J. Remote Sens., vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 2059-2088, 1996.
10. C. E. Livingstone and M. R. Drinkwater, "Springtime C-band SAR backscatter signatures of Labrador Sea marginal ice: Measurements versus model predictions," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 29-41, 1991.
11. A. K. Liu, B. Holt, and P. W. Vachon, "Wave propagation in the marginal ice zone: Model predictions and comparisons with buoy and synthetic aperture radar," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 96, no. C3, pp. 4605-4621, 1991.
12. S. T. Dokken, P. Winsor, T. Markus, J. Askne, and G. Björk, "ERS SAR characterization of coastal polynyas in the arctic and comparison with SSM/I and numerical model investigations," Remote Sens. Environ. 80, pp. 321-335, 2002.
13. R. Drucker, S. Martin, and R. Moritz, "Observations of ice thickness and frazil ice in the St. Lawrence Island polnya from satellite imagery, upward looking sonar, and salinity/temperature moorings," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 108, no. C5, 2003.
14. D. P. Winebrenner, E. D. Nelson, R. Colony, and R. D. West, "Observation of melt onset on multiyear arctic sea ice using the ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 99, no. C11, pp. 22425-22441, 1994.
15. D. P. Winebrenner, B. Holt, and E. D. Nelson, "Observation of autumn freeze-up in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas using the ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 101, no. C7, pp. 16401-16419, 1996.
16. M. Similä, M. Leppäranta, H. B. Granberg, and J. E. Lewis, "The relation between SAR imagery and regional sea ice ridging characteristics from BEPERS-88," Int. J. Remote. Sens., vol 13, no. 13, pp. 2415-2432, 1992.
17. R. Kwok, S. V. Nghiem, S. H. Yueh, and D. D. Huynh, "Retrieval of thin ice thickness from multifrequency polarimetric SAR data," Remote Sens. Environ., vol. 51, pp. 361-374, 1995.
18. D. Haverkamp, L. K. Soh, and C. Tsatsoulis, "A comprehensive, automated approach to determining sea ice thickness from SAR data," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 46-57, 1995.
19. J. J. Yackel and D. G. Barber, "Melt ponds on sea ice in the Canadian archipelago 2. On the use of Radarsat-1 synthetic aperture radar for geophysical inversion," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 105, no. C9, pp. 22061-22070, 2000.
20. L. M. H. Ulander, A. Carlström, and J. Askne, "Effect of frost flowers, rough saline snow and slush on the ERS-1 backscatter of thin arctic sea ice," Int. J. Remote Sens., vol. 16, no. 17, pp. 3287-3305, 1995.
21. M. M. Van Dyne, C. Tsatsoulis, and F. Fetterer, "Analyzing lead information from SAR images," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 647-660, 1998.
22. F. T. Ulaby, R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive. Dedham, MA: Artech House, 1986, vol. 3, From Theory to Applications, pp. 1737-1789.
23. R. Onstott, "SAR and scatterometer signatures of sea ice.,"in Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice, F. Carsey, Ed. Washington, DC: Amer. Geophys.Union, 1992, vol. 68, Geophysical Monographs, pp. 73-104.
24. L. L. Fu and B. Holt, Seasat Views Oceans and Sea Ice With Synthetic Aperture Radar. Pasadena, CA: NASA JPL, Feb. 1982, pp. 81-120.
25. J. Comiso, "Microwave remote sensing of the southern ocean ice cover," in Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice, F. Carsey, Ed: Amer. Geophys. Union, 1992, vol. 68, Geophysical Monographs, pp. 243-259.
26. L. Eriksson, M. R. Drinkwater, B. Holt, E. Valjavek, and O. Nortier, "SIR-C polarimetric radar results from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica," in Proc. IGARSS, Seattle, WA, 1998, pp. 2222-2224.
27. B. Scheuchl, R. Caves, L. Cumming, and G. Staples, "Automated sea ice classification using spaceborne polarimetric SAR data," in Proc. IGARSS, Sydney, Australia, 2001, pp. 3117-3119.
28. M. R. Drinkwater, R. Kwok, D. P. Winebrenner, and E. Rignot, "Multi-frequency polarimetric synthetic aperture radar observations of sea ice," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 96, no. C3, pp. 20679-20298, 1991.
29. W. Dierking and J. Askne, "Polarimetric L- and C-Band SAR signatures of baltic sea ice observed during EMAC-95," in Future Trends in Remote Sensing, P. Gudmandsen, Ed. Rotterdam, Germany: Balkema, pp. 329-336.
30. B. B. Thomsen, S. V. Nghiem, and R. Kwok, "Polarimetric C-band SAR observations of sea ice in the Greenland sea," in Proc. IGARSS, Seattle, WA, 1998, pp. 2502-2504.
31. T. Matsuoka, S. Uratsuka, M. Satake, T. Kobayashi, A. Nadai, T. Umehara, H. Maeno, H. Wakabayashi, K. Nakamura, and F. Nisho, "CRL/NASDA airborne SAR (Pi-SAR) observations of sea ice in the sea of okhotsk," Ann. Glaciol., vol. 33, pp. 115-119, 2001.
32. H. Wakabayashi, T. Matsuoka, K. Nakamura, and F. Nisho, "Estimation of sea ice physical parameters using polarimetric SAR: Results from Okhotsk and Lake Saroma campaign," Ann, Glaciol., vol. 33, pp. 120-124, 2001.
33. R. Horn, "DLR E-SAR operation for EMAC 94 and 95," in EMAC 94/95 Final Results Workshop Proc., Sep. 1997, ESA WPP-136, pp. 27-32.
34. M. Zink, "The TerraSAR-L mission objectives," in Proc. 5th Eur. Conf. Synthetic Aperture Radar, Ulm, Germany, 2004, pp. 23-26.
35. M. Zink, G. Levrini, B. Schättler, and T. Fritz, "TerraSAR-L product philosophy," presented at the 2004 ENVISATERS Symp., Salzburg, Austria, 2005, ESA Pub. SP-572.
36. H. Skriver and P. Gudmandsen, "Study on the use and characteristics of SAR for sea ice and polar ice applications," Electromagn. Inst., Tech. Univ. Denmark, Lyngby, Rep. 307, Jun. 1985.
37. D. Pearson, C. E. Livingstone, R. K. Hawkins, A. L. Gray, L. D. Arsenault, T. L. Wilkenson, and K. Okamoto, "Radar detection of sea-ice ridges and icebergs in frozen oceans at incidence angles from 0° to 90°," in Proc. 6th Can. Symp. Remote Sensing, Halifax, Canada, 1980, pp. 231-237.
38. E. Rignot and M. R. Drinkwater, "Winter sea ice mapping from multiparameter synthetic aperture radar data," J. Glaciol., vol. 40, no. 134, pp. 31-45, 1994.
39. J. S. Lee, M. Grunes, and R. Kwok, "Classification of multilook polarimetric SAR imagery based on complex wishart distribution," Int. J. Remote Sens., vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 2299-2311, 1994.
40. A. Rodrigues, D. Corr, K. Partington, E. Pettier, and L. Ferro-Famil, "Unsupervised wishard classifications of sea ice using entropy, alpha, and anisotropy decomposition," presented at the POLINSAR Workshop, Frascati, Italy, 2003, ESA Pub. SP-529.
41. H. Skriver and W. Dierking, "Knowledge-based sea ice classification by polarimetric SAR," in Proc. IGARSS, vol. 1, 2004, pp. 204-207.
42. S. D. Smith, R. D. Muench, and C. H. Pease, "Polynyas and leads: An overview of physical processes and environment," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 95, no. C6, pp. 9461-9479, 1990.
43. D. P. Winebrenner, L. D. Farmer, and I. R. Joughin, "On the response of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar signatures at 24-cm wavelength to sea ice thickness in arctic leads," Radio Sci., vol. 30, pp. 373-402, 1995.
44. H. Wakabayashi, T. Matsuoka, K. Nakamura, and F. Nisho, "Polarimetric characteristics of sea ice in the Sea of Okhotsk observed by air-borne L-band SAR," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 2412-2425, Nov. 2004.
45. D. G. Flett, "Potential of next generation satellite SAR's for sea ice monitoring," Can. Ice Service, May 2003.
46. P. Wadhams, Ice in the Ocean: Gordon and Breach, 2000.
47. J. F. Vesecky, M. P. Smith, and R. Samadani, "Extraction of lead and ridge characteristics from SAR images of sea ice," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 740-744, Jul. 1990.
48. H. Melling, "Detection of features in first-year pack ice by synthetic aperture radar (SAR)," Int. J. Remote Sens., vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1223-1249, 1998.
49. C. Haas, Q. Liu, and T. Martin, "Retrieval of Antarctic sea-ice pressure ridge frequencies from ERS SAR imagery by means of in situ laser profiling and usage of a neural network," Int. J. Remote Sens., vol. 20, pp. 3111-3123, 1999.
50. R. Johansson, "Detection and characterization of ice ridges in the baltic sea using CV-580 SAR imagery," in Proc. IGARSS, vol. 1, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1989, pp. 386-389.
51. M. Hallikainen, J. Hyppä, M. Toikka, T. Tares, P. Ahola, J. Haapanen, J. Pulliainen, and E. Somersalo, "Radar studies of low-salinity sea ice," in Proc. IGARSS, vol. 3, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1989, pp. 1945-1948.
52. W. Dierking and H. Skriver, "What is gained by using an L-band SAR for sea ice monitoring?," presented at the ENVISAT Symp., Salzburg, Austria, 2004.
53. T. Matsuoka, S. Uratsuka, M. Satake, T. Kobayashi, A. Nadai, T. Umehara, H. Maeno, H. Wakabayashi, K. Nakamura, F. Nisho, and Y. Fukamachi, "Deriving sea-ice thickness and ice types in the Sea of Okhotsk using dual-frequency airborne SAR (Pi-SAR) data," Ann. Glaciol., vol. 34, pp. 429-434, 2002.
54. B. Holt, D. A. Rothrock, and R. Kwok, "Determination of sea ice motion from satellite images," in Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice, F. Carsey, Ed. Washington, DC: Amer. Geophys. Union, 1992, vol. 68, Geophysical Monographs, pp. 343-354.
55. S. Sandven, O. M. Johannessen, M. W. Miles, L. H. Pettersson, and K. Kloster, "Barents sea seasonal ice zone features and processes from ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar: Seasonal ice zone experiment 1992," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 104, no. C7, pp. 15 843-15 857, 1999.
56. V. Y. Aleandrov, S. Sandven, K. Kloster, L. P. Bobylev, and L. V. Zaitsev, "Comparison of sea ice signatures in OKEAN and RADARSAT radar images for the northeastern Barents Sea," Can. J. Remote Sens., vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 882-892, 2004.
57. O. M. Johannessen, W. J. Campbell, R. Shuchman, S. Sandven, P. Gloersen, J. A. Johannessen, E. G. Josberger, and P. M. Haugan, "Microwave study programs of air-ice-ocean interactive processes in the seasonal ice zone of the Greenland and Barents Seas," in Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice, F. Carsey, Ed. Washington, DC: Amer. Geophys. Union, 1992, vol. 68, Geophysical Monographs, pp. 261-289.
58. T. Martin and P. Wadhams, "Sea ice flux in the east Greenland current," Deep Sea Res. II, vol. 46, pp. 1063-1082, 1999.
59. W. Dierking, M. I. Pettersson, and J. Askne, "Multifrequency scatterometer measurements of Baltic sea ice during EMAC-95," Int. J. Remote Sens., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 349-372, 1999.
60. W. Dierking, J. Askne, and M. I. Pettersson, "Baltic sea ice observations during EMAC-95 using multifrequency scatterometry and EMISAR data," in Workshop Proceedings EMAC 94/95 Final Results, 1997.
61. W. Dierking, A. Carlström, and L. M. H. Ulander, "The effect of inhomogeneous roughness on radar backscattering from slightly deformed sea ice," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 147-159, Jan. 1997.
62. M. Hallikainen and D. P. Winebrenner, "The physical basis for sea ice remote sensing," in Microwave. Remote Sensing of Sea Ice, F. Carsey, Ed. Washington, DC: Amer. Geophys. Union, 1992, vol. 68, Geophysical Monographs, pp. 29-46.
63. F. T. Ulaby, R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1982, vol. 2, Radar Remote Sesing and Surface Scattering and Emission Theory, pp. 848-851.
64. L. K. Soh, C. Tsatsoulis, D. Gineris, and C. Bertoia, "ARKTOS: An intelligent system for SAR sea ice classification," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 229-248, Jan. 2004.
65. T. Shimada, H. Kawamura, and M. Shimada, "An L-band geophysical model function for SAR wind retrieval using JERS-1 SAR," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 518-531, Mar. 2003.
66. H. Wakabayashi, K. Hirano, F. Nishio, M. Aota, and S. Takahashi, "A study of sea ice in the Sea of Okhotsk with SAR data," Polar Record, vol. 31, no. 78, pp. 305-314, 1995.
67. L. Kaleschke, A. Richter, J. Burrows, O. Afe, G. Heygster, J. Notholt, A. M. Rankin, H. K. Roscoe, J. Hollwedel, T. Wagner, and H.-W. Jacobi, "Frost flowers on sea ice as a source of sea salt and their influence on tropospheric halogen chemistry," Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 31, no. 16, Aug. 25, 2004.
68. J. Haarpaintner, J.-C. Gascard, and P. M. Haugan, "Ice production and brine formation in Stjorfjorden, Svalbard," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 106, no. C7, pp. 14001-14013, 2001.
69. R. Kwok and G. Cunningham, "Backscatter characteristics of the winter ice cover in the Beaufort Sea," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 99, no. C4, pp. 7787-7802, 1994.
70. R. Kwok, G. Cunningham, and B. Holt, "An approach to identification of sea ice types from spaceborne SAR data," in Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice, F. Carsey, Ed. Washington, DC: Amer. Geophys. Union, 1992, vol. 68, Geophysical Monographs, pp. 355-360.