A review of the status of alternative approaches to animal testing and the development of integrated testing strategies for assessing the toxicity of chemicals under REACH - A summary of a DEFRA-funded project conducted by Liverpool John Moores University and FRAME

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals

Volumn 34, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2006, Pages 149-158

  Grindon, Christina ^a   Combes, Robert ^a   Cronin, Mark T D ^b   Roberts, David W ^b   Garrod, John ^c  

^a RUSSELL AND BURCH HOUSE   (United Kingdom)

^b LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c DEFRA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Animal testing; DEFRA; Hazard identification; In silico models; In vitro testing; Integrated testing strategies; REACH; Risk assessment; Three Rs

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL AGENT;

ACHIEVEMENT; ANIMAL TESTING ALTERNATIVE; ANIMAL TESTING REDUCTION; ANIMAL TESTING REFINEMENT; ANIMAL TESTING REPLACEMENT; CHEMICAL INDUSTRY; COMPUTER MODEL; EUROPEAN UNION; EVALUATION; HEALTH HAZARD; IN VITRO STUDY; ORGANIZATION; POLICY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGISTRATION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SAFETY; TOXICITY TESTING; UNIVERSITY;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 33645569566     PISSN: 02611929     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (19)

1. Anon. (2003). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency and amending Directive 1999/45/EC and Regulation (EC) {on Persistent Organic Pollutants}. COM(2003) 644 final. 1321pp, in six volumes. Website http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/chemicals/whitepaper.htm (Accessed 3.2.05).
2. Combes, R.D., Gaunt, I. & Balls, M. (2004). A scientific and animal welfare assessment of the OECD Health Effects Test Guidelines for the safety testing of chemicals under the European Union REACH system. ATLA 32, 163-208.
3. Worth, A.P., Cronin, M.T.D. & van Leeuwen, C.J. (2004). A framework for promoting the acceptance and regulatory use of (quantitative) structure-activity relationships. In Predicting Chemical Toxicity and Fate (ed. M.T.D. Cronin & D.J. Livingstone), pp. 429-440. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
4. OECD (2004). Report from the Expert Group on (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationships ([Q]SARs) on the Principles for the Validation of (Q)SARs. OECD Environment Health and Safety Publications, Series on Testing and Assessment. 206pp. Paris, France: OECD. Website http://appli1.oecd.org/olis/ 2004doc.nsf/linkto/env-jm-mono(2004)24. (Accessed 1.3.06).
5. Pedersen, F., de Bruijn, J., Munn, S. & van Leeuwen, K. (2003). Assessment of Additional Testing Needs under REACH. Effects of (Q)SARs, Risk Based Testing and Voluntary Industry Initiatives. 33pp. Ispra, Italy: European Chemicals Bureau, European Commission Joint Research Centre.
6. van der Jagt, K., Munn, S., Tørsløv, J. & de Bruijn, J. (2004). Alternative Approaches can reduce the Use of Test Animals under REACH. 26pp. Ispra, Italy: European Chemicals Bureau, European Commission Joint Research Centre.
7. Balls, M. & Combes, R. (2005). The need for a formal invalidation process for animal and non-animal tests. ATLA 33, 299-308.
8. Cronin, M.T.D. (2004). Predicting chemical toxicity and fate in humans and the environment - an introduction. In Predicting Chemical Toxicity and Fate (ed. M.T.D. Cronin & D.J. Livingstone), pp. 3-13. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
9. Gubbels-van Hal, W.M.L.G., Blaauboer, B.J., Barentsen, H.M., Hoitink, M.A., Meerts, I.A.T.M. & van der Hoeven, J.C.M. (2005). An alternative approach for the safety evaluation of new and existing chemicals, an exercise in integrated testing. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 42, 284-295.
10. Festing, M.F.W., Baumans, V., Combes, R.D., Halder, M., Hendriksen, C.F.M., Howard, B.R., Lovell, D.P., Moore, G.J., Overend, P. & Wilson, M.S. (1998). Reducing the use of laboratory animals in biomedical research: Problems and possible solutions. The report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 29. ATLA 26, 283-301.
11. Balls, M., Goldberg, A.M., Fentem, J.H., Broadhead, C.L., Burch, R.L., Festing, M.F.W., Frazier, J.M., Hendriksen, C.F.M., Jennings, M., van der Kamp, M.D.O., Morton, D.B., Rowan, A.N., Russell, C., Russell, W.M.S., Spielmann, H., Stephens, M.L., Stokes, W.S., Straughan, D.W., Yager, J.D., Zurlo, J. & van Zutphen, B.F.M. (1995). The Three Rs: The way forward. The report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 11. ATLA 23, 838-866.
12. Combes, R.D., Barratt, M. & Balls, M. (2003). An overall strategy for the testing of chemicals for human hazard and risk assessment under the EU REACH system. ATLA 31, 7-19.
13. Hofer, T., Gerner, I., Gundert-Remy, U., Liebsch, M., Schulte, A., Spielmann, H., Vogel, R. & Wettig, K. (2004). Animal testing and alternative approaches for human health risk assessment under the proposed new European chemicals regulations. Archives of Toxicology 78, 549-564.
14. Worth, A.P. & Balls, M., eds (2002). Alternative (non-animal) methods for chemicals testing: Current status and future prospects. A report by ECVAM and the ECVAM Working Group on Chemicals. ATLA 30, Suppl. 1, 1-125.
15. Langley, G. (2001). The Way Forward - Action to End Animal Toxicity Testing. 19pp. London, UK: British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection and European Coalition to End Animal Experiments.
16. Anon. (2004). Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Toxicology, Ecotoxicology and the Environment (SCTEE) on the BUAV-ECEAE Report on 'The Way Forward - Action to End Animal Toxicity Testing'. C7/VR/csteeop/anat/080104 D(04). 20pp. Brussels, Belgium: EC Directorate General for Health and Consumer Protection.
17. Eskes, C. & Zuang, V., eds (2005). Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing: Current status and future prospects. A report prepared in the context of the 7th Amendment of the Cosmetics Directive for establishing the timetable for phasing out animal testing. ATLA 33, Suppl. 1, 1-228.
18. Corvi, R., Ahr, H-J., Albertini, S., Blakey, D.H., Clerici, L., Coecke, S., Douglas, G.R., Gribaldo, L., Groten, J.P., Haase, B., Hamernik, K., Hartung, T., Inoue, T., Indans, I., Maurici, D., Orphanides, G., Rembges, D., Sansone, S-A., Snape, J.R., Toda, E., Tong, W., van Delft, J.H., Weis, B. & Schechtman, L.M. (2006). Validation of toxicogenomics-based test systems: ECVAM-ICCVAM/NICETAM considerations for regulatory use. Environmental Health Perspectives, in press.
19. Anon. (2006). DEFRA research projects. Website http://www2.defra.gov.uk/ research/project_data/more. asp?I = CB01067&M = KWS&V=reach&scope = 0 (Accessed 1.3.06).